热浸处理对加工芒果催熟损失的影响研究

为降低加工用原料芒果病害损失率,满足食品工业生产安全、高效、易操作的要求,研究采用不同温度、不同时间的热水浸泡处理台农1号芒果,分析微生物指标、发病指数、烂果率/烂果减少率等指标,研究热浸处理对芒果加工原料催熟后损失率的影响。结果表明:50℃10～30min、55℃5～15min、60℃3～5min的热浸处理可以显著地降低采后加工用原料芒果表面微生物的含量;抑制芒果催熟过程中病斑面积及数量的增大与增加,降低芒果催熟过程中的烂果率,达到降低芒果原料损失率的目的。其中,60℃3min的热浸处理方法,使烂果减少率达到了75%,不仅达到了通常商业热浸处理条件降低损失率的效果,而且显著地减少了热浸处理的时间,提高了处理效率。     

STORAGE QUALITY OF BELL PEPPERS PRETREATED WITH HOT WATER AND POLYETHYLENE PACKAGING

Treatments of bell peppers (Capsicum annuum, L) with hot water at 45Cfor 15 min or SSC for 4 min prior to storage at 8C markedly reduced the incidence of fungal infections. However, the hot water treatment induced shriveling during storage. When hot water treated pepper fruits were subsequently placed in low density polyethylene bags, storage quality of these peppers improved tremendously including retention of firmness, reduction of water loss, retardation of color change, and alleviation of chilling injury. Total soluble solids, titratable acidity, and pH values in the pepper fruit were generally not affected by these treatment. A 4 min dip at 53C followed by packaging with 0.065 mm low density polyethylene film was very effective in maintaining pepper quality. This treatment inhibited respiration rate, reduced decay, retained turgidity and green color, and maintained excellent overall quality after 28 days of storage at 8C. Hot water treatment combined with polyethylene film packaging is a promising technique for improving the storage quality of bell peppers.     

Internal quality and antioxidants content of cold-stored red sweet peppers as affected by polyethylene bag packaging and hot water treatment

Physical (weight, firmness) and compositional (sugars, organic acids, ascorbic acid, phenolic compounds and carotenoids) changes of red sweet peppers (Capsicum annuum L.) were monitored during 21 days of cold storage (at 7.5 °C); fruits were stored without packaging, packaged in low density polyethylene bags, or after hot water dipping (53 °C for 4 min) and packaging. Packaging prevented water loss, and preserved the firmness of the fresh product. Sugars (fructose and glucose) content was practically constant throughout the whole storage time, for all treatments. A moderate accumulation of citric acid was observed during storage, but no marked effects of packaging and hot water dipping on citric and malic acid content. Ascorbic acid content slightly increased in unpackaged and packaged fruits, but not in treated+packaged peppers. Hydroxycinnamics total content seemed not to be affected by cold storage, packaging or hot water treatment, whereas glycosylated flavonoids showed somewhat lowered levels during storage, particularly in the case of unpackaged and packaged+treated fruits. Regarding carotenoids content, the effect of the considered storage conditions seemed to be much smaller than that due to ripening stage. Provitamin A content showed an increasing trend in unpackaged and packaged fruits; packaged+treated peppers were characterised by a lower retention of provitamin A and a higher level of capsanthin and cucurbitaxanthin A with respect to not treated fruits. On the whole, packaging and hot water treatment did not produce noticeable adverse effects on the majority of the examined compositional quality parameters.     

Biocontrol of Postharvest Anthracnose of Mango Fruit with Debaryomyces Nepalensis and Effects on Storage Quality and Postharvest Physiology

Anthracnose is presently recognized as one of the most important postharvest disease of mango worldwide. To control the disease, chemical fungicides for a long time was widely used among fruit farmers, but recently found that pathogen had developed increasingly resistance to it. With people's growing desire of healthy and green food, finding new and environmentally friendly biological control approach was very necessary. In this paper, we provided a kind of new antagonistic yeast which enriched the strain resources and the efficacy of Debaryomyces nepalensis against postharvest anthracnose of mango fruit and the influence on quality parameters were investigated. The results showed that the decay incidence and lesion diameter of postharvest anthracnose of mango treated by D. nepalensis were significantly reduced compared with the control fruit stored at 25 °C for 30 d or at 15 °C for 40 d, and the higher concentration of D. nepalensis was, the better the efficacy of the biocontrol was. Study also found that 1 h was the best treatment duration and antagonistic yeast inoculated earlier had good biocontrol effect on anthracnose. Meanwhile, treatment by D. nepalensis could significantly reduce postharvest anthracnose of mango, delay the decrease in firmness, TSS, TA, and ascorbic acid value, and do not impair surface color during postharvest storage. Moreover, the increase in MDA (malondialdehyde) content and increase in cell membrane permeability of fruit treated by D. nepalensis was highly inhibited. The results suggested D. nepalensis treatment could not only maintain storage quality of mango fruit, but also decrease the decay incidence to anthracnose disease. All these results indicated that D. nepalensis has great potential for development of commercial formulations to control postharvest pathogens of mango fruit.     

Combination of UV‐C Treatment and Metschnikowia pulcherrimas for Controlling Alternaria Rot in Postharvest Winter Jujube Fruit

The potential of using antagonistic yeast Metschnikowia pulcherrimas alone or in combination with ultraviolet‐C (UV‐C) treatment for controlling Alternaria rot of winter jujube, and its effects on postharvest quality of fruit was investigated. The results showed that spore germination of Alternaria alternata was significantly inhibited by each of the 3 doses (1, 5, and 10 kJ m^?2) in vitro. In vivo, UV‐C treatment (5 kJ m^?2) or antagonist yeast was capable of reducing the percentage of infected wounds and lesion diameter in artificially inoculated jujube fruits, however, in fruit treated with combination of UV‐C treatment and M. pulcherrima, the percentage of infected wounds and lesion diameter was only 16.0% and 0.60 cm, respectively. The decay incidence on winter jujube fruits treated with the combination of UV‐C treatment and M. pulcherrima was 23% after storage at 0 ± 1 °C for 45 d followed by 22 °C for 7 d. None of the treatments impaired quality parameters of jujube fruit. Thus, the combination of UV‐C radiation and M. pulcherrima could be an alternative to synthetic fungicides for controlling postharvest Alternaria rot of winter jujube.     

纳米二氧化硅改性LDPE膜对贡柑贮藏品质的影响

为了探索纳米二氧化硅改性低密度聚乙烯薄膜(LDPE)对贡柑的保鲜效果,分别研究了未包装、常规LDPE膜包装和纳米二氧化硅改性LDPE膜包装三种贮藏方式对贡柑采后贮藏品质的影响。结果表明:两种包装材料均能改善贡柑的贮藏品质,其中纳米二氧化硅改性LDPE膜能够更好地延缓贡柑采后失重率、腐烂率的上升和硬度的下降,更好地抑制丙二醛的积累,贮藏后期保持较高的可溶性固形物和可滴定酸含量,并能较好地维持果实抗氧化性能和感官满意度。     

Composition, sensory quality and respiration during ripening and storage of edible wild mango (Irvingia gabonensis)

The effects of tree and room ripening and of storage at chill temperatures and at 26–29°C on the sensory quality, composition and respiration of edible wild mango fruits were investigated.
Fruits harvested at the mature green stage and ripened at 26–29°C were slightly preferred to tree-ripened fruits in colour and texture. Apart from a lower moisture content, room-ripened fruits were comparable in composition with tree-ripened fruits. During storage at 26–29°C, CO₂ production increased sharply from 22 ml kg^-1 h^-1 at the end of the first day, reaching a maximum of 91 ml kg^-1 on day 5 and declining thereafter; O₂ consumption followed a similar trend. The respiratory climacteric coincided with the onset of ripening. Fruits held at 12–15°C developed symptoms of chilling injury including pitting and black spots in mature green fruits, and brownish discoloration, pitting, surface scald, excessive softening and decay in ripe fruits.     

柠檬酸处理对采后芒果保鲜效果的影响

为探索芒果采后果实保鲜新方法,“台农一号”芒果采后分别经0(对照)、5、10mmol/L 柠檬酸浸果10min后,常温贮藏,定期检测果实的常规品质、成熟进程和病情发展的变化。结果表明：柠檬酸处理使果实软化、果肉可溶性固形物增加及可滴定酸含量降低的速率减缓,果实的转黄指数和病情指数降低,说明适当水平的柠檬酸处理能有效延缓芒果采后果实的成熟进程,并且抑制果实腐烂发生。柠檬酸处理是芒果采后贮藏保鲜的一种可选新方法。     

贮前热处理对2℃贮藏黄瓜抗冷性和自由基生物学的影响

为减轻黄瓜低温贮藏时的冷害,研究了薄膜包装和贮藏前热处理对2℃条件下冷藏3周后黄瓜的冷害指数、失重、腐烂率和活性氧代谢的影响。薄膜包装极显著抑制了黄瓜的严重失水,但对冷害无显著影响,并加重了黄瓜的腐烂。在薄膜包装条件下,42℃热水处理和48℃热水处理防止了黄瓜腐烂的发生,极显著减轻了冷害,提高了活性氧清除酶SOD、CAT和POD活性,从而降低活性氧Q_2·~-和H_2O_2含量,抑制膜脂过氧化。贮前热水处理结合薄膜包装能有效防止黄瓜低温贮藏时的大量失水和腐烂,抑制活性氧代谢失调,极显著降低冷害。     

Quality of mango fruits during storage: effect of synthetic and eco‐friendly films

Mango (Mangifera indica) cv ‘Alphonso’ fruits, harvested 40–50 days after flowering, were stored at 27 ± 1 °C and 65% RH under three conditions of packaging: (1) perforated plastic boxes, (2) wax lined cartons sealed with low‐density polyethylene (LDPE) film, and (3) wax lined cartons sealed with chitosan films. The weight loss, firmness, Hunter colour values and acidity were determined periodically during storage. Sensory analysis was carried out to determine colour, firmness, flavour qualities and also defective spots. Principal component analysis (PCA) of the results indicated that fruits stored in perforated plastic boxes and LDPE film‐sealed cartons differed significantly with respect to mango flavour, firmness and development of defective spots, while those in chitosan film sealed cartons retained the desirable qualities for a longer period (up to 20 days) without developing defective spots. The higher level of carbon dioxide and lower level of oxygen, or lower rate of oxygen transmission, associated with chitosan films delay ripening, and the higher water vapour transmission rate minimizes the rate of transpiration and prevents condensation of water droplets on the film. This helps in establishing equilibrium moisture content of mangoes in the cartons, which, in turn, extends the shelf life of fruits for a longer period. Copyright © 2004 Society of Chemical Industry     

采后BTH处理对芒果果实活性氧和抗氧化酶活性的影响

以"象牙"和"台农"芒果为试材,研究BTH处理对2个品种芒果果实中活性氧(O2.-和H2O2)及其抗氧化酶(SOD和CAT)的影响,以探讨BTH增强果实抗病性的机理。结果表明:整个贮藏过程中,经过BTH处理,2个品种芒果O2.-产生速率、H2O2含量都明显高于对照;同时诱导了SOD和CAT活性的上升,但CAT在贮藏后期受到抑制。"台农"果实中O2.-产生速率、SOD和CAT活性约是"象牙"果实2倍,H2O2含量也高于"象牙"果实。     

SEQUENTIAL TREATMENTS OF HOT WATER AND MODIFIED ATMOSPHERE PACKAGING IN CHERRY TOMATOES

ABSTRACT

The effects of hot water treatment (HWT) and modified atmosphere packaging (MAP) on the storage and fruit quality of cherry tomatoes (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill. cvs. “Alona” and “Naomi”) were investigated. For this purpose, light‐red cherry tomato fruits were dipped in hot water (54C for 5 min) and subsequently stored in plastic film materials with various O₂ and CO₂ permeabilities. The cultivars used in the study were stored in a cold room at 5–7C and 90 ± 5% relative humidity (RH). The changing gas composition within the films and quality changes of the fruits were evaluated during the storage period. At the end of the study, HWT combined with MAP produced better results than MAP alone in both cultivars. Therefore, the HWT + MAP treatment proved effective with regard to fruit quality and delaying the maturity of cherry tomatoes during storage. HWT + 50 micropolyethylene (μPE) treatment produced the best result in the two cultivars at the end of the 28‐day storage with respect to the parameters evaluated in the study.

PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS

Tomato is considered a climacteric fruit, in which ripening is accompanied by a peak in respiration and a concomitant sharp increase in ethylene production, which accelerates quality loss through the physicochemical changes related to this process, such as softening and color evolution. Postharvest heating is a noncontaminating physical treatment that delays the ripening process, reduces chilling injury and controls the activity of pathogens. Because of these beneficial effects, heat treatments are currently used commercially for quality control of fresh products. Modified atmosphere packaging is another technique that has been used to prevent or retard postharvest fruit ripening and its associated biochemical and physiological changes by favorably altering the O₂ and CO₂ levels around the products. In recent years, the use of combined techniques in the postharvest handling of fresh products is increasing, and numerous authors have obtained good results using a combined treatment. Diseases have the potential to destroy the market value and utility of large amounts of fresh tomato annually. The present work evaluated a prestorage conditioning treatment to protect against these losses. The results will allow the long storage of cherry tomato, benefiting the growers, exporters, shippers and distributors of this horticultural product.

     

1-MCP和戊唑醇处理对青脆李果实贮藏期病害和品质的影响

研究5 μL/L 1-甲基环丙烯（1-methylcyclopropene,1-MCP）与两种质量浓度（13.5、27.0 mg/L）戊唑醇单独或者结合处理对采后青脆李果实贮藏期褐腐病的控制效果以及对色泽和硬度的影响,以探讨1-MCP结合戊唑醇处理应用于青脆李果实采后保鲜的可能性。结果表明,20、0 ℃贮藏条件下两种质量浓度戊唑醇单独处理、1-MCP与两种质量浓度戊唑醇结合处理能够有效控制青脆李果实褐腐病损伤接种发病和自然发病;1-MCP单独处理不能控制常温条件下损伤接种李果实的褐腐病,但能够控制低温条件下损伤接种李果实褐腐病发生以及常温、低温条件下果实的自然发病;1-MCP与27.0 mg/L戊唑醇结合处理控制病害的效果最好。同时,1-MCP单独处理、1-MCP与两种质量浓度戊唑醇结合处理能够有效抑制果实的转黄和软化进程,戊唑醇单独处理不能延缓李果实的转黄和软化进程。贮藏过程中,13.5 mg/L戊唑醇单独处理、1-MCP与13.5 mg/L和27.0 mg/L戊唑醇结合处理组李果实中戊唑醇的残留量均低于国标规定的最大残留限量。     

套袋对芒果果实采后品质和后熟的影响

在芒果(Mangifera indica L.cv.Zihua)的生长期内,分别用纸袋和无纺布袋进行套袋处理,以不套袋果实作为对照。果实采收后于20℃,85%～95%RH的环境下进行贮藏,并定期取样进行观察测定。结果表明,生长期套袋的"紫花"芒果果实果面的锈斑发生率和锈斑指数都比对照果实低,套袋对芒果果实的可溶性固形物和可滴定酸含量、硬度、呼吸强度几乎没有影响,但套袋处理更容易使果实着色。布袋的效果优于纸袋。     

绿色木霉菌发酵液对芒果采后病害及品质的影响

研究木霉菌发酵液对控制芒果采后病害及腐烂的作用。以紫花芒果果实为材料,使用绿色木霉菌(Trichoderma viride Pers.ex Fr.)发酵液涂抹果实,于(30±5)℃、相对湿度90%～95%贮藏,测定果实病斑数及面积、硬度和色泽指数。结果表明：紫花芒果贮藏至第9天,T. viride发酵液处理组腐烂指数仅为31.1%,对照组腐烂指数则达51.9%;损伤接种至7d时,T. viride发酵液处理组的病斑面积比对照组的小69.7%;贮藏至30d,T. viride发酵液处理的芒果自然发病率较清水处理组的低36.7%。T. viride发酵液处理组的芒果在贮藏6d后变软,比对照组延缓了3d。T. viride发酵液混合CMC处理的果实转黄速度较对照组延缓了3d。T. viride发酵液可显著减低损伤接种芒果的腐烂指数、病斑面积和接种发病率。     

采后BTH处理对不同品种芒果果实防御酶活性影响

以“象牙”和“台农”芒果为试材,研究BTH 处理对2 个不同品种芒果果实中主要防御酶—— PAL、PPO 和POD 活性的影响,以探讨其增强不同果实抗病性的机理。结果表明：在整个贮藏过程中,“台农”果实本身3 种酶的活性均明显高于“象牙”果实;而经BTH 处理后,对2 个品种的芒果果实,均刺激了3 种酶活性的上升,并且“台农”果实上升幅度明显高于“象牙”果实。BTH 处理增强果实抗病性与刺激PAL、PPO 和POD 活性上升均有关系,并且对台农果实作用明显大于象牙果实。     

Limiting the deterioration of mango fruit during storage at room temperature by oxalate treatment

Effects of oxalate on the incidence of decay and ripening in mango fruit, and its physiological effects on the peel and flesh of mango were investigated after mango fruit (Mangifera indica L.) were dipped in different oxalate solutions for 10 min and then stored at 25 °C. Oxalate application decreased the incidence of decay and delayed the ripening process in mango fruit during storage. Potassium oxalate treatment resulted in increased activities of peroxidase (POD) in both the peel and the flesh and polyphenol oxidase (PPO) in the peel, without activation of phenylalanine ammonia-lyase activity, and elevated total phenolic content in the peel. The physiological effects of oxalate in increasing activities of POD and PPO and elevating total phenolic level could be involved in induced resistance of mango fruit against postharvest disease. Oxalate application could be a promising method to suppress postharvest deterioration and extend the useful shelf-life of mangoes.     

Effect of heat treatment and individual shrink packaging on quality and nutritional value of bell pepper stored at suboptimal temperature

The goal of this study was to develop a technology for prolonged storage of pepper fruit at low temperature, based on physical treatments and packaging materials. Physical and compositional changes of red bell pepper fruit (Capsicum annuum L. cv.’Selika’) were monitored during 21 days of cold storage (at 2 °C) plus 3 days at 20 °C (market simulation). Fruits were treated with tap and hot water and stored without packaging or sealing each fruit in individual shrink packaging (Cryovac®). This research revealed that individual shrink packaging following prestorage with hot water rinse (55 °C for 15 s) over brushes, significantly reduced weight loss, softening, decay incidence and chilling injury, while maintaining a quality. The wrapped fruit ripened normally (carotenoid content increased) during shelf‐life period, when shifted to 20 °C after unwrapping. This study showed that antioxidant levels of pepper fruit may be preserved during storage.     

不同包装及延时预冷处理对模拟冷链贮运及货架期期间桃果实品质的影响

对不同包装和延时预冷的“八月脆”桃在－ 0.5～0℃低温条件下贮藏15d,随后回温3d,通过测定硬度、可溶性固形物、果实颜色、失重率和腐烂率等品质指标,以探求桃果实满足冷链贮运和货价期要求的最佳预冷和包装条件。结果表明,采用包装纸+ 纸箱(X1)和网套+ 礼品盒(X2)的果实在冷藏15d 后均能保持较高的硬度,SSC 变化不明显,X1 果实腐烂率显著高于其他两组,未包装(X3)果实失重率最高。在回温3d 后,X2 果实的硬度(11.45N)和SSC(9.99%)显著高于X1,腐烂率和失重率最低,果实表面着色充分,果肉未出现褐变;采后6h 入库预冷的果实在冷藏15d 和回温3d 后的硬度均显著高于采后12h 和18h 入库果实,腐烂率和失重率均显著低于对照组,果实表面色泽呈微红色,果心处无褐变。综合评定采后6h 入库预冷和采用网套+ 礼品盒包装果实的贮运性和货架期的商品率较高。     

钼酸铵和焦亚硫酸钠对采后苹果青霉病和黑斑病的控制

研究了GRAS物质钼酸铵和焦亚硫酸钠处理对苹果青霉病和黑斑病的控制,结果表明在离体条件下,钼酸铵和焦亚硫酸钠均能抑制Penicillium expansum和Alternaria alternate菌落的生长,其中7.5 g/L钼酸铵、0.3 g/L焦亚硫酸钠抑制效果最佳,其抑菌率分别达到78.7%、72.7%、81.3%、56.3%。体内试验表明,钼酸铵和焦亚硫酸钠对损伤接种苹果的青霉病和黑斑病也有一定的控制作用,其中7.5 g/L的钼酸铵对苹果青霉病的抑制效果最佳,0.25 g/L的焦亚硫酸钠对苹果黑斑病抑制效果最佳。