Viscosity of cold lake bitumen and its fractions

New data are presented for the effect of temperature on the viscosity of bitumen fractions, which were obtained by vacuum distillation of a large Cold Lake bitumen sample. The viscosity of these fractions differs by several orders of magnitude; from 4.3 mPa?s for Cut 1 to 430 000 mPa?s for Cut 4 at 30°C. Cut 5 is a glass-like solid at room temperature with a softening temperature of about 100°C, and has a viscosity of 800 000 mPa?s at 120°C. The effect of temperature on the viscosity of each bitumen fraction is modelled very well with a two-parameter correlation that was shown to be valid generally for Alberta bitumens. The results of bitumen viscosity calculations, based on a simple liquid-mixture viscosity formula, are presented and compared with the bitumen viscosity data.     

Phase behavior measurements of CO2-SO2-brine mixtures

Phase behavior and physical property measurements were carried out on mixtures of SO₂-H₂O; CO₂-H₂O, 5, 10, and 20 weight percent NaCl brines; and ternary CO₂-SO₂-H₂O mixtures. The temperature was kept constant at 45°C, while saturation pressures were varied up to about 15 MPa. Binary measurements demonstrated that, at the same temperature and pressure, the mutual solubilities of SO₂ and H₂O are higher than those of CO₂ and H₂O. A three-phase region has been identified in the termary CO₂-SO₂-H₂O phase diagram at 7.24 MPa, but no such region was found at higher pressures.     

Correlation and prediction of gas solubility in cold lake bitumen

The solubility data for pure light gases, namely N₂, CH₄, CO₂ and C₂H₆, in Cold Lake bitumen are correlated by use of the Peng-Robinson equation of state. Modeling Cold Lake bitumen as a mixture of three pseudocomponents adequately matched two sets of the gas-solubility data. The critical properties and acentric factor for the bitumen pseudocomponents were estimated using the Kesler-Lee correlations. For each gas-bitumen pair, a single constant value of the binary interaction parameter is shown to predict the gas-solubility data with average deviations ranging from 2 to 8%. Subsequently, these calculations were extended to predict the solubility of CO₂+CH₄ gas-mixtures in Cold Lake bitumen. It is shown that the solubility predictions for the gas mixtures data are higher by approximately 6 to 9%.     

Phase equilibria predictions for the CO2-H2O-NaCl-bitumen system

Predictions of vapour-liquid, liquid-liquid and vapour-liquid-liquid phase equilibria are presented for the quaternary CO₂-H₂O-NaCI-Peace River bitumen system at reservoir conditions. Henry's law correlations are regressed from available data for the CO₂-H₂O, CO₂-(H₂O + NaCl) and CO₂-bitumen binary sub-systems. These correlations are incorporated into a model for predicting the phase behaviour of the quaternary system at temperatures of 80-200°C, NaCl concentrations of 0-10.5 mass% and pressures up to 10 MPa. It is shown that temperature, salt concentration and the global CO₂ concentration significantly affect the distribution of CO₂ in the liquid-liquid region. The proposed model is simple and computationally less demanding than those based on equations of state.     

Progress in the Study on the Phase Equilibria of the CO2·H2O and CO2-HeO-NaCI Systems

To study the feasibility of CO2 geological sequestration,it is needed to understand the complicated mul- tiple-phase equilibrium and the densities of aqueous solution with CO2 and multi-ions under wide geological condi- tions（273.15—473.15K,0—60MPa）,which are also essential for designing separation equipments in chemical or oil-related industries.For this purpose,studies on the relevant phase equilibria and densities are reviewed and analyzed and the method to improve or modify the existing model is suggested in order to obtain more reliable predictions in a wide temperature and pressure range.Besides,three different models（the electrolyte non random two-liquid（ELECNRTL）,the electrolyte NRTL combining with Helgeson model（ENRTL-HG）,Pitzer activity coefficient model combining with Helgeson model（PITZ-HG））are used to calculate the vapor-liquid phase equilib- rium of CO2-H2O and CO2-H2O-NaCl systems.For CO2-H2O system,the calculation results agree with the experimental data very well at low and medium pressure（0—20MPa）,but there are great discrepancies above 20MPa.For the water content at 473.15K,the calculated results agree with the experimental data quite well.For the CO2-H2O-NaCl system,the PITZ-HG model show better results than ELECNRTL and ENRTL-HG models at the NaCl concentration of 0.52mol·L ^-1 .Bur for the NaCl concentration of 3.997mol·L ^-1 ,using the ELECNRTL and ENRTL-HG models gives better results than using the PITZ-HG model.It is shown that available experimental data and the thermodynamic calculations can satisfy the needs of the calculation of the sequestration capacity in the temperature and pressure range for disposal of CO2 in deep saline aquifers.More experimental data and more accurate thermodynamic calculations are needed in high temperature and pressure ranges（above 398.15K and 31.5MPa）.     

超临界二氧化碳-乙醇二元体系的高压相平衡

High-pressure phase behavior of supercritical (SC) CO2 ethanol system was investigated at 333.2 K,348.2K, 353.2K, 368.2K, 413.2K and 453.2K and pressure from 2.0MPa to 14.3MPa. The measurement was carried out in a cylindrical autoclave with a moveable piston and a window for adjustment and observation of phase equilibria at given T and p. The samples were taken from two coexisting phases and were analyzed to obtain their compositions. It is shown that the solubility of SC CO2 in ethanol increases drastically with pressures at the given temperature, but the content of ethanol in CO2-rich phase increase faintly.     

封存CO_2在泄漏通道中迁移及相变过程的模拟分析

预测相变位置对封存CO2泄漏过程的监控和风险评估具有重要意义。针对泄漏通道中CO2的非等温流动相变过程,提出了Span-Wagner状态方程与等效比热法的耦合计算方法描述CO2泄漏过程中相变过程,研究了焦耳-汤姆逊效应、黏性耗散效应以及地层传热效应对CO2泄漏相变过程的影响,阐明CO2泄漏过程中相变过程的影响因素及其作用。研究表明:虽然焦耳-汤姆逊效应和黏性耗散对泄漏通道温度的作用相反,但两者均使泄漏CO2液气相变位置向深层移动;增强泄漏通道与地层之间换热将使泄漏通道温度降低,焦耳-汤姆逊效应和地层换热的共同作用将进一步降低泄漏通道的温度,导致泄漏CO2液气相变位置向浅层移动,泄漏通道出口处CO2的泄漏流率增大。     

Phase behaviour modelling of Athabasca bitumen for in situ combustion applications

Phase behaviour modelling of reservoir fluid is a fundamental step for reservoir simulation. Furthermore, as the complexity of the recovery process increases, the fluid model plays a more important role in the reliability of the simulation outputs. Although the in situ combustion enhanced oil recovery method (ISC) is one of the most complex recovery techniques available in the petroleum engineering literature, for most of the simulation jobs related to this elaborate process only simple and rudimentary fluid characterization layouts are considered. In this work, the principal fluid properties of Athabasca bitumen with regard to the ISC process are recognized, extracted from the literature, validated for consistency, and used for the development of an inclusive and accurate fluid model. Then the fluid model is fully developed while considering the ISC reaction kinetics so that the model has both accuracy, indispensable for phase behaviour modelling, and consistency, essential for the reactions definitions.     

Phase behavior of mixture of supercritical CO2 + ionic liquid: Thermodynamic consistency test of experimental data

Various models have been applied composed of the Peng‐Robinson equation of state (PR‐EoS) and the Soave‐Redlich‐Kwong equation of state (SRK‐EoS) associated with three mixing rules including the following: Wong‐Sandler (WS), van der Waals one (vdW1), and van der Waals two (vdW2) for phase behavior modeling of mixtures of supercritical CO₂ + different ionic liquids in vapor–liquid equilibrium (VLE) region. It has been found that the PR EoS implying the WS mixing rule can be used as a reliable thermodynamic model to perform a thermodynamic consistency test on the experimental data of phase behaviors of the supercritical CO₂ + ionic liquid systems (19 commonly‐used ionic liquids have been studied). The results show that 40% of the experimental data seem to be thermodynamically consistent, 55.5% seem to be thermodynamically inconsistent, and 4.5% seem to be not fully consistent. © 2013 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 59: 3892–3913, 2013     

胺基CO_2开关型表面活性剂的合成与性能研究

以溴代十四烷和二乙烯三胺为原料,合成了表面活性剂十四烷基二乙烯三胺(C_(14)DETA)。采用红外光谱和核磁共振氢谱对C_(14)DETA进行了结构表征。通过研究其电导率可逆、pH可逆和与SDS协同作用的开启,证明了C_(14)DETA具有良好的CO_2开关性能。测定了十四烷基二乙烯三胺碳酸氢盐(C_(14)DETA-CO_2)和SDS/C_(14)DETA-CO_2复配体系的临界胶束浓度,分别为1.0×10~(-2)和1.0×10~(-4)mol/L。通过测定C_(14)DETA-CO_2对正癸烷/水体系的乳化性能,证明了C_(14)DETA-CO_2具有良好的乳化性能,所制得乳状液为W/O型,其较佳乳化条件为:C_(14)DETA-CO_2的质量分数4%,油水体积比1∶1或1∶2。     

Hydrogenation of CO and CO2 on carbon black-supported Ru catalysts

The activity and selectivity of both unsupported Ru and carbon black-supported Ru catalysts toward the hydrogenation of CO and CO₂ have been investigated in order to learn about the effect of metal particle size on both reactions. The specific activity for both reactions decreases with metal particle size and the product distribution obtained in the hydrogenation of CO (the hydrogenation of CO₂ only yields methane) is also a function of metal dispersion; thus, the proportion of methane produced increases and the olefin/paraffin decreases with decreasing Ru particle size. This behaviour is attributed to changes in the electronic properties of the Ru crystallites in close contact with the graphitised carbon black used as support.     

Phase equilibrium characteristics of supercritical CO2/poly(ethylene terephthalate) binary system

The solubility of carbon dioxide in poly (ethylene terephthalate) (PET) at high pressure and elevated temperature conditions was investigated for a better understanding of the phase equilibrium characteristics of supercritical CO₂/PET binary system and useful data for the process development of the supercritical fluid dyeing. Based on the principle of pressure decaying, a novel experimental apparatus suitable to high pressure and high temperature measurement was established. The solubilities of CO₂ in PET were measured with the apparatus at temperatures of 110, 120, and 130°C and pressures up to 30.0 MPa. The results show that the solubility of CO₂ in PET increases with the increase of pressure and CO₂ density, respectively, at a constant temperature, whereas it decreases with the increase of temperature at a constant pressure. The Sanchez‐Lacombe equation of state (S‐L EOS) was used to correlate the experimental data. The calculated results are in good agreement with the experimental ones. The average absolute relative derivation (AARD) is less than 3.91%. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2008     

CO2在仿生物型吸收剂和其他吸收剂中的溶解度

引　言本文提出一种仿生物型ＣＯ2 吸收方法 ,试以生物体内控制呼吸作用的呼吸酶中的关键核心基团为基础 ,合成出的物质作为ＣＯ2 吸收剂 ,通过测定ＣＯ2 在包括仿生物型吸收剂在内的几种典型吸收剂中的溶解度 ,说明仿生物型ＣＯ2 吸收剂的热力学特性及其潜在的工业应用前景 .1　原　理ＣＯ2 在物理溶解时气液平衡符合Ｈｅｎｒｙ定律ＰＡ =ＨＡｃＡ (1)　　伴有化学反应的吸收[1] 较为复杂 ,其气液平衡关系既服从相平衡关系 ,又要服从化学平衡关系 .但总的来说 ,都可以表示为ＣＯ2 (Ａ)与吸收剂中活性组分Ｂ之间的作用ＣＯ2 +Ｂ ＣＯ2 ·Ｂ …     

Properties of cold lake bitumen saturated with pure gases and gas mixtures

This paper presents new data for the viscosity, density and gas solubility of Cold Lake bitumen saturated with light gases and gas mixtures over a temperature range of 15 to 103°C at up to 10 MPa pressure. Specifically, the gases whose effects on the bitumen properties were measured are N₂, CH₄, CO₂ and C₂H₆, and two mixtures of CO₂ and CH₄. With CO₂ and C₂H₆, experiments were also performed in the liquid-liquid region, and the results of these experiments generally agree with the previously published predictions. The viscosity of the gas-free Cold Lake bitumen is comparable to that of a Marguerite Lake bitumen that was tested previously. Due to the large solubilities of C0₂ and C₂H₆, the reduction in gas-saturated bitumen viscosity is quite dramatic. The density of the gas-saturated bitumen decreases with increased amounts of the dissolved CH₄ and C₂H₆ gases, but no such trends are evident for the N₂ and CO₂ gases. The results of the experiments with two binary gas mixtures (i.e., CO₂ and CH₄) indicate that the bitumen properties are affected largely by the major gas constituent.     

CO2/离子液体混合物相平衡的研究进展

离子液体对二氧化碳有良好的溶解性能,可以实现二氧化碳的固定与转化。超临界二氧化碳可以从离子液体/有机物体系中选择性萃取有机物,避免相间的交叉污染,实现离子液体的回收。从CO2在离子液体中的溶解度实验测定方法、CO2/离子液体二元体系高压相平衡测定、SC-CO2/离子液体/有机物的三元体系相平衡研究以及模型预测四个方面介绍了CO2/离子液体体系相平衡研究的最近进展,分析了这一研究领域的发展方向。     

Viscosity of compressed cold lake bitumen

Viscosity data over a temperature range of 37-115°C and a pressure range of 0-10 MPa gauge are presented for a Cold Lake bitumen sample. These data show that the compression of Cold Lake bitumen results in a significant increase in its viscosity. Results are compared with those from a similar study on an Athabasca bitumen sample. Also presented are two correlations for the effects of pressure and temperature on the viscosity of Cold Lake bitumen.     

CO2排放的商业回收利用

CO2是最主要的温室气体,其减排和回收利用关系到可持续发展.世界CO2排放185亿～242亿t/a,只有1亿t/a得到利用.主要产品是液体CO2.我国CO2排放已超过30亿t/a,只有80万t/a得到有效利用.利用方式是干冰和液体CO2.液体CO2需求量增长速度为15%～20%,未来5年后年需量达到200万t以上.     

碳酸锂碳化三相反应动力学研究

利用5 L的气液固三相机械搅拌反应器,研究了Li2CO3碳化三相反应动力学。对影响碳化过程的诸因素进行了深入的研究和探讨。结果表明,Li2CO3的碳化率随CO2压力、气流大小、搅拌速度的增大而增大;随反应温度、固体浓度、颗粒粒径、物料填充度的增大而减小。通过对实验数据的拟合得出实验范围内该过程的动力学方程;得出该过程受控于化学反应,并计算出了该过程的表观活化能-17.37 kJ/mol。该研究为Li2CO3碳化工艺条件的优化和反应器的设计等问题提供了基本理论依据。     

C3H8(CO2)-CO(NH2)2-H2O2-H2O四元体系相平衡及其应用

为了回收利用湿法合成过氧化尿素后母液中的H2O2和CO(NH2)2,提出了气体盐析法回收有用物质的方法。采用等温法测定了15℃时CO2-CO(NH2)2-H2O-H2O2四元体系在不同压力下的相平衡数据,结果表明,CO2没有盐析分离效应。实验测定5,10,15℃时C3H8-CO(NH2)2-H2O-H2O2四元体系相平衡数据表明,C3H8具有明显的盐析分离效应,且随着C3H8气体压强的增加,平衡液相中H2O2和CO(NH2)2的质量分数降低。湿法合成过氧化尿素后母液在15℃时加入C3H8气体,可继续使过氧化尿素结晶析出,H2O2的收率可提高26.54%。