Einsatz tomographischer Meßverfahren für verfahrenstechnische Untersuchungen

Use of tomographic measuring techniques for process engineering studies . Tomographic measuring techniques have so far been employed almost exclusively in medicine and for testing of materials. They permit determination of experimental values for all local coordinates of a given volume at a given time. Classical tomography can be used for measurements only in stationary fields of flow, temperature, and concentration since the object has to be irradiated from as many directions as possible during a finite time interval. In the case of transient events, however, it is necessary to acquire all these values at the same point in time. If transparent fluids are present then coherent light is suitable for irradiation and holographic interferometry for recording the measured values. Since irradiation must take place simultaneously from several directions, the number of recording angles should be kept to a minimum. It is also necessary to employ mathematical procedures for image reconstruction in order to ensure adequate accuracy of the measured values.     

Einsatz von programmierbaren Taschenrechnern für verfahrenstechnische Berechnungen

Using of programmable pocket-calculators for process engineering calculations . Part of a chemical engineer's daily work are repeated calculations to illustrate special relations. Suitable for this purpose are programmable pocket computers, which allow easy and quick programming by the user. This contribution gives brief instructions for creation of short and more complex programs in addition to those found in the user's manual. Independently of calculator type and nature of the problem, the single steps required to get a complete program are described. Using a special example from chemical engineering, the optimal pathway from the algorithm to the program listing is shown for two calculator types.     

Anforderungen an verfahrenstechnische Anlagen durch die Weiterentwicklung der Gewässerschutz-Vorschriften

Demands placed on processing plants by developments in legislation for the protection of water . Initial legislation for protection of water against pollution was limited to general regulations ensuring safe storage of mineral oil products, especially fuel oil. In the course of time, the requirements became more and more detailed and extended to cover all substances representing a potential source of danger to water (not only liquids) and plant serving purposes other than the storage of water-endangering substances. The developments from the 1. Water Ecology Act dating from 1960 to the state regulations concerning plant for the storage, filling, and transferring of water-endangering substances are described.     

Neue Methoden der Prozeßanalysentechnik für die verfahrenstechnische Produktion

New Methods for Process Analysis in Chemical Production Processes . Process analysis provides methods and techniques for the continuous and automatic measurement of the composition of the substances handled in chemical production processes. Due to the growing automation of the processes and the necessity of on-line product quality control as well as the increasing demands on safe and environmentally compatible processing the importance of process analyzers has been steadily growing during the last years. Therefore, existing techniques of on-line analysis had to be improved, new applications have been realized and new on-line methods have been established. This paper gives some insight into these fields and illustrates trends by means of some examples.     

Planungsansatz für modulare Anlagen in der chemischen Industrie

Modularly built production plants are considered for planning new chemical plants, in case they shall be designed quickly and transformable, flexible plants are required. To date, these plants are planned mostly by the conventional planning process, so that time saving is not achieved. This paper presents a module based planning approach, which allows a structured planning of new modular plants in a time‐efficient way. All required documents for building modules are stored in the Process Equipment Design documentation, which is available for re‐use in future projects.     

Tendenzen beim Bau von Anlagen für die Düngemittelindustrie

Trends in the construction of plant for the fertilizer industry . As shown by the example of an ammonium nitrate plant, savings in plant operation can be achieved and environmental pollution decreased by process modification. If the neutralizing reactor is operated at elevated pressure the steam evolved can be utilized as process steam. On neutralization at normal pressure, polluted steam escapes to the atmosphere and is wasted.     

Planung und Konstruktion hochkorrosionsfester Anlagen für die Thermische Verfahrenstechnik

Design and construction of highly corrosion-resistant plant for thermal processes . The demands made by the chemical and pharmaceutical industry on materials science have increased considerably in recent years. Requirements have been largely satisfied in the field of corrosion by the development of materials having special properties. Applications, properties, and new developments are illustrated in connection with the use of borosilicate glass in combination with other highly corrosion-resistant materials, such as PTFE, graphite, steel/enamel, titanium, tantalum, etc.     

Neue Entwicklungen bei Anlagen und Verfahren für die Produktion von Pharmawirkstoffen

New Developments in Chemical Engineering for the Production of Drug Substances The pharmaceutical industry is moving towards a profitability gap between increasing costs and decreasing prizes. Finally management has understood that merges and acquisitions, high throughput screening and biotechnology alone will not save the companies earnings. Therefore classical approaches like the optimization of production technologies for drug substances, that might help to increase profitability, are receiving increasing attention. This paper shows how the combination of innovative components will guide the way to very efficient and cost effective production. The first component is the design and manufacturing of production facilities. The second component is a process streamlining of the production process. The key technologies discussed here are process control and mini‐plant‐technology. For these technologies a short look on future trends is taken.