One-year Measurement of Indoor Climate and Energy Consumption of Super-insulated Houses in a Mild Climate Region of Japan

Two super-insulated houses were constructed near Sendai City in accordance with the Canadian R-2000 manual (Canadian Home Builders' Assoc., 1987). Shelter performance, thermal environment, air quality and energy consumption of these two houses were investigated for one year. The two super-insulated houses were very airtight compared with other houses. The one-year measurement of room temperature and humidity for one super-insulated house showed that the daily mean temperature for the dining-living room and the master bedroom was 15°C-20°C during the winter and 22°C-28°C during the summer. Absolute humidity for these rooms was less than 5 g/kg (DA) during the winter. The indoor environment of the two super-insulated houses during the heating season was more thermally comfortable, compared with that of ordinary houses in Japan. During the summer, the indoor temperature in these two houses was stable during the day and did not decrease at night even if the outdoor air temperature dropped. The CO₂ concentration in these two houses was lower than that of other airtight houses due to continuous mechanical ventilation. The space heating energy consumption for one super-insulated house was less than that of ordinary houses in Tohoku District in which only the living-dining room was heated.     

对热舒适、空气感觉质量及能耗的模拟研究

室内空调设计温度和新风量对热舒适，室内空气质量及能耗量有重要影响，然而对它们之间相互关系进行研究的文献却较少。通过计算机模拟空调系统在7种室内设计温度和7种新风量条件下的运行情况，得到不同的设计条件组合对热舒适、人体感觉空气质量及建筑能耗量的影响。基于这项分析，提出了此办公建筑合理的室内设计温度和新风量取值。     

东北地区太阳能农宅设计和研究

针对东北地区的气候特点和农村的自然条件,根据太阳能房的工作原理,通过对农村住宅进行合理的户型设计和构造设计,有效利用太阳能解决冬季农宅采暖和夏季降温,并对太阳能产生的经济效益进行分析,通过试点工程表明,太阳能住宅设计大大提高了农宅的热工性能,既降低了冬季农宅的采暖能耗,也调节了夏季的室内温度,达到了节能、环保、经济的目的,走可持续发展的道路是可行的。     

综合式太阳房辅助通风性能模拟

被动式太阳房是降低建筑能耗的有效方法之一。针对带有阳光间的综合式太阳房在夏季用于辅助通风时的通风性能进行了计算分析。通过对其阳光间建立传热模型,计算求解阳光间内空气的平均温度,从而求得太阳房辅助通风的通风量。结果表明,综合式太阳房的辅助通风性能可以满足一般住宅的新风要求,但对于有更高通风要求的建筑物则能力有限。文中的模拟计算,为今后对综合式太阳房进行深入的理论和实验研究提供了必要的理论基础。     

夏热冬冷地区居住建筑内外组合保温节能效果分析

本文采用建筑能耗模拟软件IES-VE,对夏热冬冷地区居住建筑外墙内外组合保温、外保温和内保温进行了建筑全年能耗模拟,结果表明外墙内外组合保温能耗值最低。通过分析夏季和冬季典型日逐时能耗值与室内空气温度,得出内外组合保温节能效果较好主要由于其更适应于夏热冬冷地区居住建筑间歇式、分室用能模式。     

夏热冬暖地区小城镇住宅建筑节能潜力的调研与评价

通过对福建省永定县凤城镇居住建筑围护结构、住宅能耗水平及室内温湿度的实地调研和测试,对比分析了夏热冬暖地区小城镇住宅单位面积能耗与全国非采暖城镇平均能耗的差异;并测评了其居住热舒适环境.在此基础上,结合当地实际情况提出以下3种研究方法探讨该地区小城镇的建筑节能潜力,即①现状建筑条件下未来(空调普及后)的建筑能耗;②仅采...     

双层铝板通风坡屋顶在湖南农村住宅节能改造中的应用

房屋建筑物顶部屋面全年受阳光热辐射,是建筑物受热最多也是最集中的部位。对于普通单层建筑,夏季屋面所得热量占建筑各面总热量的37%左右,而在冬季则能占到50%以上,导致屋顶面隔热能力的强弱直接影响了屋内的内热环境和能耗状况。湖南中北部农村的村民民房绝大部分使用小青瓦或机制瓦铺顶,下方形成阁楼与内屋相通,在没有采取隔热措施的情况下,夏季室温需要另外耗能降温。对此,以湖南农村住宅为实例,对双层铝板通风坡屋面的隔热改造技术在农村建筑节能工程中的应用进行了阐述分析。     

夏热冬暖地区住宅建筑节能措施

夏热冬暖地区夏季能耗较高，其建筑节能的重点是降低夏季的空调能耗。自然通风可以为居住建筑改善空气品质，并最大限度的减少空调使用时间，改善室内热环境；而建筑外遮阳技术也可以有效降低空调能耗，同样可以减少空调使用时间。在夏热冬暖地区自然通风和建筑外遮阳技术是建筑节能的关键技术和重要组成部分。     

长沙市住宅室内热湿环境的测试与分析研究

介绍了2002年8月份和2003年1月份在长沙进行的住宅建筑室内环境的问卷调查和现场测试的对象、方法及所用仪器。问卷调查结果揭示了住宅的概况、居民的生活方式、能源的消耗以及他们对室内环境的主观评价等。测试所得的温湿度曲线反映了长沙夏季高温高湿，冬季低温高湿的特征。分析了楼层高度、建筑平面设计、住户的生活习惯、住户的消费观念等因素对室内热环境的影响，并对室内热环境进行了评价。     

Experimental investigations of a decentralized system for heating and hot water generation in a residential building

Nowadays, modern heat supply technologies are preferred by the decentralized municipal sector because they considerably reduce heat transfer losses. One such solution is a heating system using residential thermal stations (RTS). The advantages of a heating system with RTS, as compared with hot water storage vessels, include stabilizing heat costs, saving energy and a decrease in heat transfer losses.This paper presents the results of an experiment investigating heat consumption in a residential building using RTS. The building, located in Lublin, Poland, was supplied by the local district heating network. The energy consumption was monitored from April 2007 to April 2009. The efficiency of this system was 71.4% during the period when heat was required (winter) and 61.5% during the summer; an annual average efficiency of 67.1%. The energy consumption of the space heating system varied from 0.03 to 0.53 GJ m⁻² of the flat's surface area, with the average value being 0.22 GJ m⁻². The influences of the location of the flat within the building and the surface area of the flat on the quantity of heat required for space heating were analysed. Specific attention was paid to the occurrence of local heat flows between flats.     

寒区村镇住宅火炕采暖与通风一体化研究

火炕采暖住宅是我国寒冷地区村镇住宅模式的主体,长期以来此类住宅一直存在冬季室内空气质量问题,特别是我们的课题组在参加国家＂十一五＂课题科技支撑调查研究中,发现随着寒冷地区低层住宅的保温节能设计的执行,住宅的室内密闭性日益提高,而室内的通风问题,尤其是进新风问题一直没能解决。文中针对这一问题研究了火炕采暖通风一体化的设计对策和技术方案。     

Developing a passive house with a double-skin envelope based on energy and airflow performance

This research originated from an interest in developing products with a holistic and interdisciplinary systems engineering approach, toward fostering sustainability. A comprehensive method which helps designers make better decisions in the earliest design stage was applied for conceptual model development and comparison. The study developed a new-design passive house with a double-skin envelope that delivers better energy consumption performance for heating and cooling relative to a conventional reference house, while achieving comfort-level indoor temperatures. A single-façade reference house was designed with the identical geometry, material and conditions of the new house living quarters, in order to demonstrate the new house performance using a valid comparison. The new house and reference house were simulated cases and were not calibrated by actual models. The energy simulations demonstrated that the heating and cooling demands of the new house were 19.1% and 18.8% lower than those of the reference house, respectively. Furthermore, fluid dynamics behavior of the air inside the double-skin envelope was analyzed to demonstrate the airflow’s contribution to the energy performance. Computational fluid dynamics simulations revealed that turbulent airflow in the underground space on summer day increased heat transfer, and laminar airflow in the double-skin roof on winter night decreased such transfer.     

夏热冬冷地区被动式住宅中自然通风系统探索

被动式住宅是现代建筑中改善我们生活空间、节约能源的一种重要建筑形式。文章根据各种不同的通风方式,对其进行了一系列的描述和建议。并且针对夏热冬冷地区的地区特点,就“烟囱效应”在这一地区的应用进行了实际举例。     

Modeling and validation of the thermal performance of an affordable, energy efficient, healthy dwelling unit

The thermal performance of an affordable energy-efficient single-story residential building designated as Tuskegee Healthy House (THH) was simulated by developing a computational model for the house using Visual DOE-4 commercial software. Visual DOE-4 package employs the same calculation engine of the proven DOE-2 building Energy Analysis program. The THH was built from conventional building materials and construction methods according to the southern building codes of the United States. Several energy efficiency and air quality control features were incorporated throughout the THH. The present model was validated by comparison of computed results with power consumption data available from a previous study of the same house. The experimental data were obtained for forced ventilation flow rates of 0, 28.3 L/s and 54.3 L/s. A favorable agreement between the model predictions and experimental data is observed which is indicative of the model’s accuracy. The simulations also show that the heating, ventilation, and air conditioning (HVAC) energy requirement for THH is reduced when forced ventilation is increased during the summer months. However, ventilation during the winter months leads to a rise in THH energy requirement.     

上海地区独立住宅分布式光伏发电系统的后评估研究

基于上海一独立住宅光伏发电系统运行一年的数据,从发电量、光伏系统效率、光伏能源替代率、光伏系统效率影响因素等方面进行后评估。结果表明:过去一年度理论预测年发电量为5 738 k W·h,实际发电量为4 109 k W·h,全年度光伏系统效率为73%。为研究光伏系统效率的影响因子,在系统运行期间未对光伏组件表面实施人工清洁维护,对此条件下的运行数据进行分析发现,光伏系统效率总体呈现逐渐降低的趋势。其中在近水平安装角度的情况下,组件光电转换效率最大降低达2.08%。在该住宅按照现行理想的设计条件运行(冬季连续采暖确保室内20℃、夏季连续空调确保室内26℃)的前提下,过去一年度的总用电量为12 054 k W·h,其中空调用电量为9 332 k W·h,占到总用电量的77.4%。全年光伏能源替代率为34%,过渡季节可实现光伏能源替代率最高达180%。独立住宅上存在较大的节能空间和光伏能源替代率提升空间。     

植被结构对严寒地区城市居住区冬夏微气候的影响研究

城市绿地对于改善城市微气候、缓解城市热岛效应有重要作用,且不同的植物配置、绿地形态以及植被结构所产生的效果不同。以严寒地区典型城市哈尔滨为例,采用现场实测的方法,针对不同植被结构的居住区绿地进行冬夏两季微气候现场实测,对不同植被结构的微气候调节性能进行深入研究,比较分析不同植被结构影响下的空气温度、相对湿度和风速。结果表明：随着植被结构趋于复杂,植被对于冬季冷风的遮挡作用和夏季的降温增湿作用均随之增强。该研究为严寒地区城市居住区景观设计提供参考依据。     

夏热冬冷地区住宅建筑能耗长期测试及使用行为模拟分析

目前,夏热冬冷地区要求冬季集中采暖的呼声越来越强烈。以杭州市3户典型住宅建筑一年的电耗分项计量数据为基础,并结合现场调研,对其空调使用行为进行模拟分析。由于使用行为不同,空调能耗相差5倍以上。可为该地区住宅建筑节能工作提供参考。     

上海地区空气源热泵地板采暖系统应用研究

冬季采暖问题在夏热冬冷地区日趋得到重视，而地板采暖系统以其舒适性的优势得到越来越多的关注：其中以空气源热泵作为冷热源的系统既解决了夏季空调的需要，又可在冬季提供舒适的温水地板采暖，近几年在华北等地区得到推广应用。为了考察夏热冬冷地区的空气源热泵地板采暖的技术经济可行性，积累其运行的技术数据，本实验研究以上海地区的一栋独立别墅住宅为对象，经过采暖期中一个月的实测，系统地测得了空气源热泵地板采暖的特性参数和运行能耗数据，把握了空气源热泵地板采暖的运行规律。本文基于实测数据，对上海地区将空气源热泵用于地板采暖系统进行技术经济性分析。     

绿色住宅与自然能源利用

本文从绿色住宅与能源利用的角度，介绍了太阳能、风能、地热、生物能等能够从自然界中获得的可再生和重复利用的、洁净的自然能源在住宅建筑中的应用及其发展前景。2001年夏建于日本山口县的实验住宅是绿色住宅的典型代表，它从建筑的材料、技术、造型、设计概念等各个角度进行了创新和探索。用自然能源代替人造的热动力能源是绿色住宅的设计理念之一。     

居住建筑围护结构的节能问题

从适宜居住的角度讲,我国绝大部分地区的居住建筑都要采取一定的技术措施来保证冬夏两季的室内热舒适环境。冬夏两季室内维持的温度与室外的温度有很大的差别,这个温差导致能量以热的形式流出或流入室内,采暖,空调设备消耗的能量主要就是用来补充这个能量损失的。在相同的室内外温差条件下,建筑围护结构保温隔热性能的好坏,直接影响到流出或流入室内的热量的多少。建筑围护结构保温隔热性能好,流出或流入室内的热量就少,采暖,空调设备消耗的能量也就少;反之,建筑围护结构保温隔热性能差,流现或流入室内的热量就多,采暖,空调设备消耗的能量也就多。我国现行的居住建筑节能设计标准对建筑围护结构保温隔热性能提出了明确的要求,按照节能设计标准的要求去设计,新建的居住建筑就能比具有传统围护结构的同类建筑节约25％－35％的采暖,空调能耗,而且节能的潜力还十分巨大。