上海市办公楼室内空气品质的测试和分析

本文利用上海市六幢大楼的实测数据对上海市办公楼室内空气品质环境作了客观和主观两方面的评价,经分析可知,上海市办公楼内室内空气品质环境在客观评价中未达标的情况比较严重,而主观调研的结果也显示,上海市办公楼室内空气品质的可接受率远远低于ASHRAE62-1989所提出的可接受室内空气品质应满足80％的可接受率,实测说明,上海办公楼内仍然存在建筑病综合症(SBS)。同时本文强调基于“可感受的可接受的室内空气品质”这一指标,主观评价良好应是建筑物的设计人员、建造者及管理人员不懈追求的目标。     

An integrated modeling tool for simultaneous analysis of thermal performance and indoor air quality in buildings

To analyze the thermal performance and indoor air quality (IAQ) in building simultaneously and quickly, we have developed an integrated modeling tool to simulate the dynamic indoor multi-parameters distributions and concentrations. The tool can take the parameters including indoor temperature, indoor humidity, and pollutant concentrations (e.g., volatile organic compounds (VOC) CO₂, particulate matter (PM)), as well as the heating/cooling load of heating, ventilating, and air-conditioning (HVAC) system into account. It couples a new zonal approach based on room air age. This paper presents the basic concept and flow chart in developing the modeling tool, and demonstrates the tool's application in a hypothetical health care building. The tool could be used for design of HVAC system with IAQ control devices and for the simultaneous analysis of thermal performance and IAQ in buildings.     

生态建筑节能系统研究

AEP（空气-能量-植物）生态建筑节能系统的特点在于获得节能目标的同时得到高品质的室内空气质量IAQ和室内环境质量IEQ,减少PM2.5,为建筑节能和提高室内空气质量提供一个低成本的生态节能工程解决方案,在建筑电气与其他学科应用层面的结合上迈出了跨越性的一步。介绍AEP生态建筑节能系统的概念;AEP系统与室内空气质量、室内环境质量、植物绿量的关系;生态建筑节能系统的应用实例。     

空调系统新风和回风对室内空气品质的影响

分析了目前空调系统新风和回风对室内空气品质的影响，认为室内污染的不断增加是室内品质变坏的主要原因；新风的质量直接影响室内空气品质；回风是室内空气的二次污染源，导出了回风对室内空气污染的理论计算公式，文中认为新风率是20%能明显提高室内空气品质。     

室内空气质量的管理

根据LEED-CS标准,结合施工现场实际情况,指出工程施工过程中,室内空气质量(IAQ)已成为不容忽视的环境问题。分析室内空气污染物类型及其来源,同时阐述室内污染物的危害。鉴于此提出施工过程中室内空气质量(IAQ)的管理。     

Modeling the resiliency of energy‐efficient retrofits in low‐income multifamily housing

Residential energy efficiency and ventilation retrofits (eg, building weatherization, local exhaust ventilation, HVAC filtration) can influence indoor air quality (IAQ) and occupant health, but these measures’ impact varies by occupant activity. In this study, we used the multizone airflow and IAQ analysis program CONTAM to simulate the impacts of energy retrofits on indoor concentrations of PM_2.5 and NO₂ in a low‐income multifamily housing complex in Boston, Massachusetts (USA). We evaluated the differential impact of residential activities, such as low‐ and high‐emission cooking, cigarette smoking, and window opening, on IAQ across two seasons. We found that a comprehensive package of energy and ventilation retrofits was resilient to a range of occupant activities, while less holistic approaches without ventilation improvements led to increases in indoor PM_2.5 or NO₂ for some populations. In general, homes with simulated concentration increases included those with heavy cooking and no local exhaust ventilation, and smoking homes without HVAC filtration. Our analytical framework can be used to identify energy‐efficient home interventions with indoor retrofit resiliency (ie, those that provide IAQ benefits regardless of occupant activity), as well as less resilient retrofits that can be coupled with behavioral interventions (eg, smoking cessation) to provide cost‐effective, widespread benefits.     

Optimization of ventilation system design and operation in office environment,Part I: Methodology

Ventilation principles that integrate flexible and responsive elements have grown in popularity in office buildings due to increasing concerns about the impact of indoor environment quality on office workers' well-being and productivity, as well as concerns over the rising energy costs for space heating and cooling in the office building sector. Such advanced elements as underfloor air distribution (UFAD), passive swirl diffusers, and demand controlled ventilation have posed challenges to system design and operation. This paper is concerned with the development and implementation of a practical and robust optimization scheme, aiming to assist office building designers and operators to enhance thermal comfort and indoor air quality (IAQ) without sacrificing energy costs of ventilation. The objective function was constructed in a way attempting to aggregate and weight indices (for thermal comfort, IAQ, and ventilation energy usage assessment) into one indicator. The path taken was a simulation-based optimization approach by using computational fluid dynamics (CFD) techniques in conjunction with genetic algorithm (GA), with the integration of an artificial neural network (ANN) for response surface approximation (RSA) and for speeding up fitness evaluations inside GA loop.     

马鞍山市大型商场室内空气质量研究

测试了马鞍山市某商场的甲醛浓度、二氧化碳浓度、微生物菌落数和温度、相对湿度、风速等环境参数,通过问卷调查了营业员和顾客对室内空气质量的评价，客观评价与主观评价的结果表明,商场内空气中主要污染物的浓度符合国家标准,但仍然存在空气质量方面的问题。     

Evaluation of professional choice of sampling locations for indoor air quality assessment

The uncertainties of professional choice of ‘representative’ sampling locations for general indoor air quality (IAQ) assessment are reported from the perspective of probable errors deviated from the sample-spatial average pollutant concentration of an indoor environment. In this study, associations between the professional choices of the sampling locations and attributes of the assessors were examined to quantify the uncertainties of the IAQ assessment results for a typical air-conditioned office in Hong Kong. In particular, a long-term (one-year) measurement result of the spatial indoor carbon dioxide (CO₂) concentrations in this office was used as a basis to investigate the probable errors due to the choices of sampling locations. Comparing with the random choices, the assessment accuracy with the expert choices would be significantly improved for coarse sampling point densities at certain engineering acceptable error limits. It was reported that the location choices and assessment accuracy would be significantly influenced by the academic background of the assessors. An assessor group with higher academic level would make a choice leaning towards more accurate assessment results. To avoid an inappropriate level of reliance on the assessment results, uncertainties must be quantified for IAQ assessment. This study provided a template for further investigations into the uncertainties of IAQ assessment results involving professional choice of ‘representative’ sampling locations and the results might be a useful reference for assessing indoor environment elsewhere.     

Comparison of Data from an IAQ Test House with Predictions of an IAQ Computer Model

One of the objectives of EPA's indoor air quality (IAQ) program is to provide guidance on the impact of indoor sources on IAQ. A computer model, EXPOSURE, was developed to assist in this effort. EXPOSURE calculates pollutant concentration as a function of time for each room of the building. EXPOSURE includes effects of sources, sinks, room-to-room air movement, and air exchange with the outdoors. Several experiments designed to evaluate the impact of indoor sources on IAQ are described. Measured concentrations are compared with concentrations predicted by an IAQ model. The measured concentrations are in excellent agreement with the predictions. The model predictions and the experimental data demonstrate the importance of sinks in determining long-term IAQ.     

Persistent allergic rhinitis and indoor air quality perception--an experimental approach

In order to compare patterns of indoor air perception, including perceptions of temperature, air movement, indoor air quality (IAQ), mental concentration, and comfort, 33 subjects either with persistent allergic rhinitis or controls were exposed to different temperatures and constant relative humidity in an experimental office environment. Results were obtained by means of a self-administered visual analogue scale, analyzed using mean score comparisons and principal component analysis. At 14 degrees C, the rhinitis group reported higher scores for sensations of air dryness than controls. At 18 degrees C, in the rhinitis group, there was a correlation between dry, stagnant air, and difficult mental concentration. This group also correlated heat, dry air, and poor IAQ, in contrast to the control group, which correlated comfort, easy mental concentration, and freshness. At 22 degrees C, the rhinitis group correlated heat, dryness, stagnant air, and overall discomfort. This group also correlated non-dry air, freshness, and comfort, whereas the control group correlated heat, humidity, good indoor air, freshness, and comfort. This study suggests that the rhinitis group perceives indoor temperatures of 14 degrees C as dryer than controls do, and that at 18 and 22 degrees C this group positively correlates different adverse perceptions of IAQ. By means of a self-administered questionnaire in an experimental condition, the present study compares subjective patterns of indoor air perception from individuals with respiratory allergy (allergic rhinitis) to control individuals. It reports different patterns of perception of indoor air quality (IAQ) between the two groups, suggesting that allergic individuals could have different IAQ perception.     

An evaluation index for the control effect of the local ventilation systems on indoor air quality in industrial buildings

To evaluate the control effect on indoor air quality (IAQ) of the local ventilation systems in industrial buildings with centralized contaminant sources, a new index, namely, normalized concentration in the target zone (NC-TZ), was proposed in this paper. According to theoretical analysis, NC-TZ is non-dimensional and ranges from 0 to 1. When NC-TZ tends toward 0, the control effect of the local ventilation system on IAQ is more satisfactory. When NC-TZ tends toward 1, the control effect on IAQ is less satisfactory. The numerical simulation on a push–pull ventilation system with varying exhaust flow rates and varying distances between push and pull hoods was performed. The results demonstrate that for the same capture efficiency, changing the local ventilation system characteristics can change the control effect on the local environment. The results for obstacles at different positions also indicate that NC-TZ can clearly reflect the control effect on IAQ of the local ventilation systems in industrial buildings.     

室内空气品质的模糊性综合评判

在室内空气品质各单项评价指标的基础上,应用模糊数学的基本理论,提出了评价室内空气品质优劣的综合指标,从而为更客观地评价室内空气品质状提供了一种方法和思路。     

室内环境的健康风险评价

室内空气质量与人体健康有十分密切的关系,近年来更成为社会关注的焦点之一。本文以健康风险评价的理论为基础,介绍和分析了有关室内环境暴露评价和健康效应评价的基本概念、主要内容和国内外进展,对室内环境暴露评价的三个层次和健康效应的分类评价进行了探讨,并提出今后国内在室内环境暴露标志物研究和人群健康效应的暴露反应关系评价方面应深入开展研究。     

What is IAQ?

In spaces for human occupancy indoor air quality (IAQ) is often defined as the extent to which human requirements are met. But what requirements do people have in relation to indoor air? The desire is that the air be perceived as fresh and pleasant, that it has no negative impact on their health, and that the air is stimulating and promotes their work, i.e. it increases their productivity and the learning of their children in the classroom at school. Present ventilation standards and guidelines do not care about productivity and learning and have the very modest requirement that the indoor air shall be 'acceptable,' meaning that the most sensitive group of persons (usually 20%) perceive the air as unacceptable while the remaining less sensitive persons may find the air barely acceptable. With such a modest aim it is not surprising that comprehensive field studies in many countries in buildings in which ventilation standards are met show high percentages of dissatisfied persons and of those suffering from sick building syndrome symptoms. Recent studies show that improvement of IAQ by a factor of 2-7 compared with existing standards increases office productivity and school learning significantly, while decreasing the risk of allergic symptoms and asthma in homes. To make indoor air acceptable, even for the most sensitive persons, an improvement of 1-2 orders of magnitude may be required. The paper will discuss the development of new methods that can provide such substantial improvements of IAQ while maintaining or even decreasing ventilation and energy usage. A paradigm shift is required and further future shifts are foreseen where we learn how to make indoor air equally fresh and pleasant as outdoors when it is best. Or even better, i.e. 'out of this world.' PRACTICAL IMPLICATIONS: The paper estimates an enormous potential for improving IAQ in practice utilizing new emerging technologies. This will enable us to provide IAQ which is acceptable even for the most sensitive persons. Already modest improvements compared to present minimum standards and typical conditions in practice can significantly decrease the risk of asthma/allergy in homes, improve learning in schools and increase productivity.     

Particle loading rates for HVAC filters, heat exchangers, and ducts

The rate at which airborne particulate matter deposits onto heating, ventilation, and air-conditioning (HVAC) components is important from both indoor air quality (IAQ) and energy perspectives. This modeling study predicts size-resolved particle mass loading rates for residential and commercial filters, heat exchangers (i.e. coils), and supply and return ducts. A parametric analysis evaluated the impact of different outdoor particle distributions, indoor emission sources, HVAC airflows, filtration efficiencies, coils, and duct system complexities. The median predicted residential and commercial loading rates were 2.97 and 130 g/m(2) month for the filter loading rates, 0.756 and 4.35 g/m(2) month for the coil loading rates, 0.0051 and 1.00 g/month for the supply duct loading rates, and 0.262 g/month for the commercial return duct loading rates. Loading rates are more dependent on outdoor particle distributions, indoor sources, HVAC operation strategy, and filtration than other considered parameters. The results presented herein, once validated, can be used to estimate filter changing and coil cleaning schedules, energy implications of filter and coil loading, and IAQ impacts associated with deposited particles. PRACTICAL IMPLICATIONS: The results in this paper suggest important factors that lead to particle deposition on HVAC components in residential and commercial buildings. This knowledge informs the development and comparison of control strategies to limit particle deposition. The predicted mass loading rates allow for the assessment of pressure drop and indoor air quality consequences that result from particle mass loading onto HVAC system components.     

对热舒适、空气感觉质量及能耗的模拟研究

室内空调设计温度和新风量对热舒适，室内空气质量及能耗量有重要影响，然而对它们之间相互关系进行研究的文献却较少。通过计算机模拟空调系统在7种室内设计温度和7种新风量条件下的运行情况，得到不同的设计条件组合对热舒适、人体感觉空气质量及建筑能耗量的影响。基于这项分析，提出了此办公建筑合理的室内设计温度和新风量取值。     

Indoor air quality and energy performance of air-conditioned office buildings in Singapore

An integrated indoor air quality (IAQ)-energy audit methodology has been developed in this study in Singapore, which provides a rigorous and systematic method of obtaining the status-quo assessment of an 'IAQ signature' in a building. The methodology entails a multi-disciplinary model in obtaining measured data pertaining to different dimensions within the built environment such as the physical, chemical, biological, ventilation, and occupant response characteristics. This paper describes the audit methodology and presents the findings from five air-conditioned office buildings in Singapore. The research has also led to the development of an indoor pollutant standard index (IPSI), which is discussed in this paper. Other performance indicators such as, the ventilation index and the energy index as well as the building symptom index (BSI) are also presented and discussed in the context of an integrated approach to IAQ and energy. Several correlation attempts were made on the various symptoms, indoor air acceptability, thermal comfort, BSI and IPSI, and while BSI values are found to correlate among them as well as with IAQ and THERMAL COMFORT acceptability, no such correlation was observed between BSI and IPSI. This would suggest that the occupants' perception of symptoms experienced as well as environmental acceptability is quite distinct from IAQ acceptability determined from empirical measurements of indoor pollutants, which reinforces the complex nature of IAQ issues.     

Evaluation of distributed environmental control systems for improving IAQ and reducing energy consumption in office buildings

Conventional heating, ventilation, and air conditioning (HVAC) systems are incapable of providing control over individual environments or adjusting fresh air supply based on the dynamic occupancy of individual rooms in an office building. This paper introduces the concept of distributed environmental control systems (DECS) and shows that improvement in indoor air quality (IAQ) and energy efficiency can be achieved by providing required amounts of fresh air directly to the individual office spaces through distributed demand controlled ventilation (DDCV). In DDCV, fresh air is provided to each micro-environment (room or cubicle) based on input from distributed sensors (CO₂, VOC, occupancy, etc.) or intelligent scheduling techniques to provide acceptable IAQ for each occupant, rather than for groups or populations of occupants. In order to study DECS, a numerical model was developed that incorporates some of the best available models for studying building energy consumption, indoor air flow, contaminant transport and HVAC system performance. The developed model was applied to a DECS in a model office building equipped with a DDCV system. By implementing DECS/DDCV and intelligent scheduling techniques it is possible to achieve an improvement in IAQ along with a reduction in annual energy consumption compared to conventional ventilation systems.     

Detection of human effluents by a MOS gas sensor in correlation to VOC quantification by GC/MS

Due to increasing interest in indoor air quality (IAQ) monitoring for demand controlled ventilation (DCV) aiming at improved perceived air quality, health, energy and cost saving, the objective of this study has been the development of a sensor module based on a single microelectromechanical-system (MEMS) metal oxide semiconductor (MOS) gas sensor for IAQ monitoring as close as possible to the human sensory impression in indoor environments. Based on the results of a statistical evaluation on human induced volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in the ambient air of indoor environments correlating with human presence and perceived air quality, the performance of differently doped SnO₂ thick film gas sensor materials has been investigated in laboratory and by means of field tests in order to find the most promising sensor material for IAQ monitoring based on the detection of changes of human induced VOCs in indoor air. Implementation of an empirical evaluation algorithm reversing proportionality of anthropogenic CO₂ production and other bio-effluent generation allows prediction of CO₂ equivalent units. Analytical instrumentation and reference sensors served to evaluate the effectiveness of the developed sensor module in real-life.