浅谈智能化系统在智能小区节能措施中的应用

本文主要论述了智能化系统在小区的节能控制措施及其发展。分别对小区公共能耗和家居能耗两部分进行节能分析,笔者认为,应该把智能化控制系统应用到小区的节能技术并推广应用到每一个家庭,才能真正实现智能小区的节能型发展。     

Contrastive analyses on annual energy consumption characteristics and the influence mechanism between new and old residential buildings in Shanghai, China, by the statistical methods

The purposes of this research are to contrast the energy use characteristics of old residential buildings and new residential buildings in Shanghai, China, to look into influence factors of residential energy consumption, and to further analyze the reasons which result in the differences of energy consumption quantities between high-energy use family group and low-energy use family group. 1610 families in Residential District A and 819 families in Residential District B were chosen to trace their monthly energy consumption data in the whole year of 2006. Buildings in District A were all constructed in the 1980s, while those in District B were built in the 2000s. 300 families in each district were further selected from all above investigated families to do questionnaires in the year of 2007, so as to understand building characteristics, the possession and utilization of space heating and cooling appliances, and energy-saving consciousness. Annual energy consumption of the two kinds of buildings is contrasted and energy consumption quantities of spacing cooling and heating are also calculated. Influencing factors of residential energy consumption are analyzed by Quantification Theory I. Quantification Theory III is used to classify all the families into different categories based on the differences in their energy consumption amounts, and to further find out the reasons leading to the different energy consumption between different groups. Conclusions are as follows: (1) the average annual energy consumption quantity is 23.27 GJ/household for new buildings and 14.40 GJ/household for old buildings. The ratio of space heating and cooling to total annual energy consumption is just 16% and 11.6% for new buildings and old buildings respectively; (2) energy consumption and its variance lie on the integration of many factors, such as the floor area, materials of window frames, the number of family members, operation months of space heaters in winter and air conditioners in summer, and energy-saving actions; (3) all the families in the two districts can be classified into two categories: Household Region M of much energy use, and Household Region N of little energy use. Adopting the aluminum window frames, large floor areas and the large number of family members (above 4 person) are the main reasons leading to more energy use in Household Region M, while the small number of family members (1-2 persons/household) and small floor areas are the main reasons resulting in the less energy use in Household Region N; the long period of space heating, using illumination as little as possible are also the reasons causing the differences in energy consumption quantities between the two categories, but their influences on the samples clustering are smaller than the main reasons above; (4) compared with the energy consumption in some developed countries, the ratio of space heating and cooling to total residential energy use is much smaller in Shanghai. Indoor thermal environment is very poor besides that. With the growth of economy and the improvement of living standard, people will have the higher requirement for good-quality indoor thermal environment, and hence space heaters and coolers will be used much more frequently, so the residential energy consumption in China will still continuously increase rapidly, if few energy-conservation strategies are adopted; (5) considering current little prevalence of energy-saving actions with low efficiency, more effective energy-saving actions should be fully adopted in China.     

Building Energy use Compilation and Analysis (BECA): An international comparison and critical review. Part A: New residential buildings

The potential for energy conservation in space heating of new residential buildings is characterized using results from computer analysis, and from a survey of low-energy houses. Simulations of the energy requirements of a prototypical house in the United States at different levels of conservation have shown that much higher levels of conservation than those presently employed in new houses result in minimum life-cycle cost. Measurement taken in actual houses indicate that very low space heating energy requirements — comparable to that now used for domestic water heating — can be achieved in new houses by attention to insulation, infiltration, and solar-design principles. We conclude that building standards should be made more stringent to hasten the adoption of cost-effective conservation measures.     

Field experiments on natural energy utilization in a residential house with a double skin façade system

Energy consumption in the residential and commercial sector accounts for over 25% of the total in Japan. With the information technology revolution and the improving requirement for indoor air environment, energy consumption for household air conditioning is increasing. In this research, a double skin facade is proposed for a two-story house in Kitakyushu of Japan. The stack effect in the double skin space during the summer, the green house effect during the winter and the availability for free air-conditioning during the autumn have been studied. The temperature distribution, thermal performance in the double skin space and its impact on air-conditioning load in rooms have been measured. Results show that the double skin façade leads to about 10–15% energy saving for cooling in the peak of summer because of heat exhausted by natural ventilation, 20–30% energy for heating in winter because of the green house effect, and the temperature adjustment is quite large with the different operation mode of the double skin system during the intermediate seasons. Therefore the double skin system is proved to be effective in energy conservation in residential buildings.     

住宅建筑采暖空调能耗模拟方法的研究

住宅建筑的采暖空调能耗受室内居住人员行为方式的影响,在调查研究基础上,确定了两种反映室内居住人员行为方式的计算模式。在两种不同计算模式下,利用建筑热环境模拟工具DeST对上海地区同一住宅建筑能耗进行模拟,并将模拟结果与调研结果进行比较,分析计算模式对上海地区住宅建筑采暖空调能耗大小的影响,从而获得能正确反映上海地区住宅建筑采暖空调能耗大小的模拟计算方法。此方法可用于上海地区住宅建筑采暖空调的能耗分析与评价,并正确指导住宅建筑的节能设计。     

缓冲空间对拉萨市居住建筑冬季采暖能耗的影响

冬季现场调研与热环境测试表明,拉萨市现有居住建筑的缓冲空间能明显改善室内热环境。但当地非采暖房间冬季热环境仍较差,居住建筑采暖需求明显。当地采暖能耗与环境负荷增长趋势明显。以拉萨市常见的单元式住宅为基础建立了热工计算模型,模拟分析了南北向缓冲空间进深设计对冬季采暖能耗的影响规律。结果表明:南北向缓冲空间均能有效降低模型的采暖能耗,其中,随着南向缓冲进深增大,模型采暖能耗呈递增趋势;随北向缓冲空间进深增大,模型采暖能耗呈先降后增趋势,北向缓冲空间模型之间能耗差很小。缓冲空间优化设计模型与基础模型的能耗对比分析显示,合理设置的南北向缓冲空间能够大幅降低采暖能耗。     

基于山东省超低能耗建筑设计标准的某建筑能耗模拟探究

近年来国内不断涌现出参照德国被动房节能标准建造的超低能耗建筑,但由于我国气候与德国相比相差较大,我国各省份充分考虑本地区的气候特点、居民生活习惯、建筑特点和能耗情况相继颁布适合本地需要的被动房标准。对德国被动式超低能耗建筑标准与山东省被动式超低能耗建筑标准进行了对比研究,并以某办公建筑为例,利用Trnsys能耗模拟软件对山东地区的被动式建筑进行了负荷模拟,最后与普通建筑的能耗做了对比分析。分析结果表明被动式建筑比普通建筑节能40%。     

A simulation appraisal of performance of different HVAC systems in an office building

The article reports on a simulation appraisal of energy consumption, energy costs and environment impact of three systems used for space heating, and space cooling of an office building in Kragujevac, Serbia. Three investigated systems are (1) a system with a natural gas boiler and convective baseboard heaters for water space heating and window air conditioners for air space cooling; (2) a system with a natural gas boiler and individual air reheaters for air space heating and a chiller plant for air space cooling; and (3) an air-to-air heat pump for air space heating, and cooling. The systems are modeled and simulated by using EnergyPlus software. After simulations, it is found that the first investigated system has the highest energy efficiency, the best economy, and the lowest environmental impact. That is because of the fact that the first system has water as a heating medium and uses predominantly natural gas as fuel. However, in future, when for generation the grid electrical energy requires less primary energy, and becomes decarbonized, the third system would be best to conserve energy resources and environment.     

Design, construction and performance testing of a new system for energy saving in rural buildings

Drying fruit, heating residential buildings and providing a hot water supply in villages all consume energy. Using fossil fuel for these purposes creates pollution and costs too much. In contrast, the use of solar energy in these applications leads to a noticeable decrease both in pollution and investment costs. In this study, a new solar system was designed and tested in order to reduce energy usage in rural residential buildings and the food drying industry. As the peaks of energy consumption in the proposed system are not simultaneous, this new system is very effective in reducing energy consumption, controlling energy peaks and reducing environmental pollution. This system has the ability to provide the required energy in both summer and winter modes. In the summer mode, the energy supply is used for providing hot water and drying agricultural products, while in winter mode it is used for rural residences heating and hot water supply. Drying time has been varied between 51.23 and 42.45 h according to type of application, and average temperature difference between room and ambient is almost nearly 10 °C with different air heaters. The system includes energy supply and storage equipment, solar dryers, water collectors and rectangular, triangular, trapezoidal and double-pass with longitudinal fins air heaters. The system was tested in Iran for drying apricots, heating rural residential buildings and supplying hot water for domestic use, meanwhile, the energetic and exergetic efficiency of the system was calculated 37.3-61.3 and 3.2-9.7 respectively for different types of installations.     

公共类居住建筑采暖节能设计探讨

结合《民用建筑节能设计标准(采暖居住建筑部分)》(JGJ26-95)与《公共建筑节能设计标准》(GB50189-2005)两部设计标准的部分条文,探讨集体宿舍、招待所、旅馆、托幼等类型的公共类居住建筑的节能设计。指出了两部标准在适用范围、窗墙比、传热系数、采暖制式等多方面的规定有所不同,结合实际工程分析了该类建筑热工设计执行哪部标准更为合适。并对该类建筑在供暖方式、采暖制式、散热器采用等方面谈了个人设计体会。     

住宅建筑采暖空调能耗模拟研究

在两种不同计算模式下,利用建筑热环境模拟工具DeST对上海地区同一住宅建筑能耗进行模拟,并将模拟结果与调研结果进行比较,分析计算模式对上海地区住宅建筑采暖空调能耗大小的影响,以获得能正确反映上海地区住宅建筑采暖空调能耗大小的模拟计算方法.     

长沙市居住建筑能耗调查及偏相关分析

对长沙市70户具有代表性住户的居住建筑概况、生活方式、对热环境的评价及能耗情况进行了调查统计,采用SPSS统计分析软件对长沙市居住建筑能耗的影响因素进行了分析。长沙市居住建筑能耗具有明显的季节性,上一年12月至2月和6月至8月是能耗的高峰期。偏相关分析表明居住建筑总能耗、单位建筑面积能耗与家庭年收入、家庭常住人口密切相关,与建筑面积、建筑总层数、住户所在楼层、建筑朝向、供暖方式、空调方式不显著相关。     

珠三角高层住宅设计与空调能耗问题研究

珠江三角洲的住宅建设投资呈现快速持续增长趋势,高层住宅已经成为住宅建设的主流.新建设的住宅过份依靠空调设备来维系房间内的舒适度,使得高层住宅的空调能耗居高不下.文章从建筑设计的角度来分析如何通过适当设计减少高层住宅对空调的依赖,从而降低空调能耗.     

住宅能耗设备的能耗现状及节能措施

随着城镇住宅面积的增加和人们对住宅建筑内热环境要求的不断提高,住宅建筑的能耗指标迅速增加。而能源问题是我国目前经济发展面临的一个重大问题,能否有效降低能耗势必关系到我国经济发展和环境保护。通过分析我国住宅能耗设备的能耗现状及存在的问题,提出了我国住宅能耗设备节能的侧重点应为住宅建筑内供暖系统的优化设计和运行调节、空调系统的合理选择、太阳能热水器的充分利用以及提高灯具和其他家用电器的工作效率。     

不同改造方案对既有居住建筑节能效果的影响

以唐山河北1号小区既有居住建筑综合节能改造工程为例,分析了中国寒冷地区既有居住建筑不同改造方案的节能保温效果。通过采用围护结构保温、塑钢中空低辐射(Low-E)镀膜玻璃、供暖系统改造、分户热计量等节能技术后,单位建筑面积的采暖能耗最低为11.9 W/m2,平均采暖能耗13.37 W/m2,3栋示范建筑都可以实现节能65%的节能标准。按单位建筑面积平均节煤量22.57 kg/m2计算,北方采暖地区既有居住建筑节能改造后,每年可节约标准煤约4875万t,减少二氧化碳排放1.24亿t,减少二氧化硫排放6.79×104 t,减少氮氧化物排放43.7×104 t。     

我国住宅建筑节能潜力分析——除供暖外的住宅建筑能耗

城镇民用建筑能源消耗分为北方地区供暖能耗、除供暖外的住宅能耗、除供暖外的一般性非住宅民用建筑和大型公共建筑能耗四部分,着重分析了其中的除供暖外的住宅能耗。首先,阐述了我国住宅建筑能耗的现状,指出目前我国住宅建筑能耗水平较低,但呈现加速增长的趋势;其次,针对我国住宅建筑能耗的刚性增长趋势,提出了住宅建筑节能的重点——住宅空调器升级与更新、降低照明能耗和减少家电待机损失。并分析计算了三个方面的节能措施所能达到的实际节能效果。     

长沙市住宅室内热湿环境的测试与分析研究

介绍了2002年8月份和2003年1月份在长沙进行的住宅建筑室内环境的问卷调查和现场测试的对象、方法及所用仪器。问卷调查结果揭示了住宅的概况、居民的生活方式、能源的消耗以及他们对室内环境的主观评价等。测试所得的温湿度曲线反映了长沙夏季高温高湿，冬季低温高湿的特征。分析了楼层高度、建筑平面设计、住户的生活习惯、住户的消费观念等因素对室内热环境的影响，并对室内热环境进行了评价。     

基于采暖空调总能耗的武汉地区居住建筑建筑最佳朝向研究

采暖空调总能耗是建筑运行评价的重要参数之一,也是当今建筑节能减排主要控制的指标。建筑体形系数以及朝向是影响建筑能耗的重要因素,对建筑节能有着重要意义。以武汉地区居住建筑一典型板式住宅为例,采用能耗模拟软件PKPM,分析了在不同体形系数和建筑朝向下建筑的全年采暖空调能耗。研究表明,建筑体形系数和朝向对建筑能耗有较大的影响,并得出武汉地区板式居住建筑南偏东10°为最佳朝向的结论。     

Energieeinsparung in Gebäuden ndash; aktueller denn je!: Anforderungskonzept EnEV 2006 ndash; Vision Nachhaltigkeitsvektor

Energy saving in buildings ndash; more updated then ever! Concept of requirements EnEV 2006 ndash; vision vector of sustainability The necessity to conservate energy in the sector of energy consumption in buildings is a result of the aspects such as environment protection, decrease of dependency on import, lowering of second hires, conservation of basic fabric and value, as well as increase of comfort and pump priming of the building industry. Energy saving potentials are well quantifiable for the stock of residential buildings, at non‐residential buildings the state of knowledge is clearly lower. The improvements from the Energy Performance of Buildings Directive (EPBD) compared to the German energy saving ordinance EnEV 2002 contain mainly the consideration of electricity for artificial lighting and cooling energy. Both components virtually do not play any role in residential buildings. Facing the predominant pressure of time ndash; the EPBD has to be converted until 2006 ndash; it seems to make sense to hold the present treatment of residential buildings. For space heating, hot water preparation and ventilation, there exist partly highly differing proportions in non‐residential buildings in contrast to residential buildings; electricity for artificial lighting and cooling energy may become primarily important. For non‐residential buildings, there is a need for development of new calculation methods and a new concept to formalize requirements. The premise of the presented concept is the formulation of usage‐specified requirements. For pragmatic reasons, a “method of reference buildings” is recommended. In addition to the idea of energy saving, for the function of “room conditioning”, a vector of sustainability is proposed. For all rating criterions, objective evaluation factors B are established, which though are supplemented with weighting factors W.     

北京市夏季住宅用能节能潜力调查及分析

为了全面了解北京市目前住宅建筑用能现状,笔者于2007年9月对北京市180多户住宅的结构、主要耗能设备的使用、生活习惯、室内热湿环境及空气品质和能源使用情况等进行了较为详细的问卷调查,在此基础上分析了各方面的节能潜力,并针对性地提出了相关改进建议,为有关部门制定和调整能源政策提供依据。结果显示,目前北京市住宅建筑耗能存在增长趋势,节能潜力较大,主要和节能措施实施力度以及住户节能意识和行为模式有关。