粤港澳大湾区背景下建筑师负责制解读与思考

揭示粤港澳大湾区实施建筑师负责制存在的困难及政策文件解读,为业界人士参与大湾区建筑师负责制提供参考。对《粤港澳大湾区建筑师负责制指引（征求意见稿）》进行解读,结合问卷做现状研究,总结归纳。发现业界对建筑师负责制发展疑虑集中在收费、法律法规、责任保险、建筑师综合能力等方面,而《指引》对上述问题均做了详细规定。《指引》为大湾区实施建筑师负责制提供了有效政策基础,构建健康有序市场体系及建筑师培养体系,加强建筑创作和设计原创的知识产权保护是推动建筑师负责制实施的有效之举。     

建筑师负责制中的责权利关系比较研究——以行业标准合同为线索

建筑师负责制的制度核心是赋予建筑师在工程建设上的“责权利”关系,即“负哪些责、有哪些权、获哪些利”。这个问题在国际上通行建筑师负责制国家实施的建筑师行业标准合同条款上可以有所体现,通过分析实行建筑师负责制最具代表性的美国、日本、英制新加坡等国的行业标准合同条款,对比建筑师在合同中的责任、权力和权益情况,探究其存在和实施的背后逻辑,可以间接为我国推行建筑师负责制提供一些有益的线索。     

Selecting a suitable procurement method for a building project

Building procurement has become a fashionable term with industry practitioners and researchers. It determines the overall framework and structure of responsibilities and authorities for participants within the building process. It is a key factor contributing to overall client satisfaction and project success. The selection of the most suitable procurement method consequently is critical for both clients and project participants, and is becoming an important and contemporary issue within the building industry. The problem, nevertheless, lies in the fact that there has been limited empirical research in this field of study. Postal questionnaire surveys of 41 clients and 35 consultants were carried out, and were used to obtain experience of and attitudes to a variety of procurement methods and the criteria used for selection. The findings indicate that a simple set of the criteria generally is adequate and sufficient for procurement path selection, and that there is a reasonable consensus on the appropriate weighting for each path. Moreover, it is shown that, contrary to expectations, similar clients generally do not have similar procurement needs.     

Enhancing Building Fire Safety Performance by Reducing Miscommunication and Misconceptions

Building fire safety is driven by regulations and technical building codes, at least as a minimum requirement. As fire protection engineers (FPEs) design fire safety measures based on requirements in the regulations, they are often viewed as the primary agents in ensuring the fire safety of buildings. However, their mission often starts with given building design features, such as interior spatial layout, exterior shape, site plan, and so forth, which are mostly determined by architects. The only exception is where the FPE is invited to assist in the project planning, feasibility and early concept design stages of a project. Regardless, architects also can influence building fire safety performance, whether or not they explicitly acknowledge or understand this. Although architects design buildings within the boundaries of the regulatory requirements, the architect’s focus is often related to the visual and spatial aesthetics of buildings linked to building form and functionality, which are not subject to the regulations. These aesthetics can sometimes compete with fire safety objectives. As such, buildings can be unsafe in certain situations due to unintended effects of building design features on actual fire safety performance. This research describes the relationship between architecturally conceived building design features, design expectations for fire safety systems, and the actual or conceivable fire safety performance of the building. Steps are proposed that FPEs can take to identify and address potentially competing objectives and deliver increased fire safety performance.     

Performance metric development for pharmaceutical construction projects

Pharmaceutical facility construction projects tend to exhibit uniqueness in procedures and methods of deliveries, and thus require a distinct project management approach. Based on inputs from five leading pharmaceutical companies, a set of cost, schedule, and dimensional metrics were developed and tested. First, a hierarchical structure of pharmaceutical project types was established as a framework enabling projects to be properly grouped and compared. Next, within the framework, industry-specific metrics tailored to the processes were produced. For better industry acceptance, surveys and analysis on the developed metrics were finally conducted. The result shows that the framework and metrics have considerable value as an efficient tool for measuring pharmaceutical construction project performance, ultimately providing a chance to improve performance for the industry. By employing the metrics, the industry can find solutions to more effectively manage cost, schedule, and other resources for the delivery of pharmaceutical construction projects.     

Multi-criteria evaluation model for the selection of architectural consultants

The selection of a competent architect is vital to the success of a development. Like in many developed countries, developers in Hong Kong select architects based on a set of criteria. Price is not the only consideration in the process, and decisions rely heavily on subjective judgement. By conducting a questionnaire survey, the research reported here identified the common criteria for selection and their relative importance for an objective selection. This involved the use of an evaluation method called the analytical hierarchy process (AHP). Survey data from projects with similar characteristics were used to compute the criteria weights. Multi-criteria models for seven out of 27 categories of project were built with reference to the computed weights derived from the survey. In addition, a computer program, called the Architectural Consultant Selection System (ACSS), was designed to illustrate a logical approach for the evaluation of prospective consultant architects based on the models constructed.     

Israeli planning in the Shah's Iran: a forgotten episode

In the 1970s, while the rest of the world was undergoing recession, vast economic growth in Iran, leading to fast urbanization, generated a growing international building market in which Israeli construction firms and architects also participated, benefiting from the good bilateral relationships at the time. To examine the experience of Israeli architects working in Iran and how it influenced their professional practice, this paper focuses on two projects planned and built simultaneously by Israeli teams. The Navy project was comprised of three massive housing estates and public amenities for the Iranian Navy's troops and families on the coast of the Persian Gulf. The Eskan Towers in Tehran was a complex of residential luxury towers and a commercial centre catering for the Iranian elite. Review of these cases indicates that national knowledge was not always the basis for transnational planning, and that the international arena itself became the source of knowledge and flow. In the Navy project, the architect derived his ideas from professional practices acquired back home, while in the Eskan Towers project the team was confronted with the free-market economy and a globalized practice.     

直面信息社会的建筑策略研究——四位日本建筑师的相关探索

在信息化悄悄潜伏并开始大规模地影响建筑界之际,日本建筑师们敏锐地感觉到了社会的变化,这种新趋势的影响逐步显现、加强。在这一过程中,不同的建筑师会采取不同的态度与建筑策略来应对:或主动或被动,或积极或消极,又或拥抱或批判的多元视角。我们以四位获得Pritzker奖的日本建筑师为视角,试图发掘"信息化"在他们的建筑理念中的影响及其中的脉络关系。     

绿色建筑技术在工程设计中的运用

近年来,绿色建筑已成为建筑行业的发展方向之一,它的出现符合环境,经济,能源现状,受到越来越多业内人士的重视。建筑对于环境的影响有目共睹,因此,减少建筑建设及运行过程中的能耗及污染也势在必行。绿色建筑的相关技术与日俱增,如何切合实际的运用,是建筑师们应关注的方面。正确积极的使用绿色建筑技术,对于建筑行业及整个社会,都将带来极大的益处。     

谈注册建筑师的职业责任

阐述了建筑学在人民环境建设中的地位和作用及建筑师创造性劳动的综合价值，介绍了建筑师在城市设计中的作用和注册建筑师的基本责任，提出了建筑师应树立创新意识，改变观念理念，才能提高设计质量；提出设计单位和建筑师只有强化职业的服务意识和技术管理实力，才能占领设计。     

由简入繁 关于无极书院的对话

文章是关于俞挺对矶崎新建筑改扩建的对话,四位建筑师就改扩建的成果——无极书院的设计策略、形态表达和诉求延伸到建筑改造的普遍现象和意义,并对施工控制以及建筑师的角色定位等话题坦率地发表了看法。     

Beyond the ‘iron triangle’: Stakeholder perception of key performance indicators (KPIs) for large-scale public sector development projects

Performance measurement criteria vary from project to project. Despite much work on the subject, there is no commonly agreed framework of performance measurement on mega projects. To bridge this gap, this research targets to investigate the perception of the key performance indicators (KPIs) in the context of a large construction project in Thailand. The study explores the significance of key performance indicators in perspective of various construction stakeholders (client, consultants, and contractors). Findings indicate that the traditional measures of the iron triangle (on-time, under-budget and according to specifications) are no more applicable to measuring performance on large public sector development projects. Other performance indicators such as safety, efficient use of resources, effectiveness, satisfaction of stakeholders, and reduced conflicts and disputes are increasingly becoming important. This implies that the Thai construction industry is slowly departing from the traditional quantitative performance measurement to a rather mix of both quantitative and qualitative performance measurement on large-scale public sector development projects.     

Critical success criteria for mass house building projects in developing countries

Project success is a complex and often illusory construct. Nonetheless, it is crucially contingent towards enabling appropriate and effective allocation of resources in project management practice. Mass house building projects (MHBPs) represent one of the largest and most established project-based sectors of the construction industry in most developing economies. Above all, the management skills required on these projects differ significantly from the one-off projects often encountered in the construction industry. While some success criteria may be common across project types, there is no denying the fact that some determinants of success are likely to be unique to projects of specific characteristics. This research sets out to address what constitutes the determinants of success in MHBPs. A questionnaire survey is used to establish property developers’ perception of critical success criteria in MHBPs in Ghana. Data analysis (involving one-sample t-test) reveals some interesting findings in regard to how property developers perceive the importance of the project success criteria. Factors analysis reveals four underlying clusters named in order of their significance as environmental-impact, customer satisfaction, quality and cost and time. This systematic approach towards understanding the taxonomy of the success dimension in MHBPs is important for re-enforcing effective project management practices in this significant sector of the construction industry.     

Future criteria for success of building projects in Malaysia

Several success criteria (SC) and categorization models have been introduced and studied in the previous decades to address the issue of project success. However, most of these models have failed to align success criteria with company's success in the long-term. This paper aims at proposing a framework to categorize project success for building projects in Malaysia from the contractors' perspective. The proposed framework incorporates criteria that align the project efforts with both short and long-term goals of the companies; moreover provide an appropriate judgment of success at all stages of the project. If construction managers can judge the probability of success, they would be able to evaluate the overall relative strength of each project, and identify problems on current projects to direct them toward success.Based on the available literature, thirteen success criteria were found to be significantly and substantially related to building projects success. To develop the SC categorization framework, 151 participants, who are involved in building construction, were invited through a postal and e-mails survey to generate priorities of these criteria. The results of this study indicated that a categorization scheme for success criteria for building projects should include the categories of project management success, product success, along with market success. The findings of this study can further help future researchers seeking solutions in the challenges relating to improvement of building projects implementation and enhancement of project success.     

A study of the factors affecting construction durations in Hong Kong

This is the second phase of an investigation into the significant factors influencing construction duration of projects in Hong Kong. The results of the first phase led to the conclusion that larger samples were justified to investigate further the discerned relationships. Expanded samples were obtained in this second phase by adding some reported data from Hong Kong projects to the original surveyed sample. The second phase of this study also further investigates the relationships between different project characteristic variables such as the construction duration, construction cost, total gross floor area and the number of storeys in the case of buildings. Moreover, a case study on plant utilization level and site labour productivity was carried out on a building site to explore the ‘micro-factors’ that affect construction durations. The findings are of importance to all construction industry participants as the derived models help to estimate the construction duration of a project on the basis of significant macro project parameters. Additionally, the results of the case study indicate the contribution of significantly variable site productivity levels to overall construction duration and suggest an agenda for future investigations. A third phase of this study is planned incorporating more detailed data collection and analysis of significant factors, as well as international comparisons where possible.     

The impact of incentive mechanisms on project performance

Contractual incentives have been increasingly practised in construction projects. In this study, a questionnaire survey is carried out in the United Kingdom (UK) and the Republic of Ireland (ROI) to analyse the relationship between the use of incentives and the performance of a project. The analysis is made in a comparative way. First of all, four payment methods are compared in terms of their impact on cost performance. Secondly, incentive projects are compared with non-incentive projects in terms of time and quality performance. Thirdly, both time and quality performances are compared between the projects with a single incentive and those with multiple incentives. The analysis results provide empirical evidence for the significant impact of incentive mechanisms on project performance. Subsequent to the questionnaire survey, a case study is conducted to examine how to appropriately apply incentives in practice, revealing that the use of incentives aligns the contractor's objectives with the client's expectations in a project and in order to ensure the success of incentive mechanisms the contractor needs to make extra efforts for the enhancement of project management processes, the creation of collaborative working environments, and the motivation of his staff and workforce.     

Architects in Skirts: The Public Image of Women Architects in Wilhelmine Germany

This essay explores the public image of women architects in Wilhelmine Germany, examining the tension between cultural conceptions of femininity and the social construction of the architect as a masculine figure. Writings published between 1908 and 1920 concerning women architects are analyzed according to five prominent themes: the architect's body, the negotiation of the building site, the architect's mind and the female brain, the persona of the architect, and the woman architect as mistress of the domestic realm.     

新型建筑结构与施工技术的实际应用——钢筋混凝土芯柱和C70高性能混凝土在超高层建筑上的施工实践

C70高性能混凝土和钢筋混凝土芯柱在超高层建筑中的实际应用,目前在我市尚属首例。通过对施工实践的总结,旨在推动新型建筑结构及高性能混凝土的推广应用,在“三节一治”的建筑产业发展方向中,达到提高建筑节能、建筑节地以及降低工程造价、加快施工周期等综合性技术经济效益的目的。     

Structural equation model for investigating factors affecting delay in Indian construction projects

The rapid growth of the Indian construction sector over the last few decades and recurring failure in on-time delivery highlight the need for a systematic analysis of the factors influencing delay. A theoretical structural equation model representing the influence of four key latent variables on project delays in the Indian construction industry has been developed. Data collected from a questionnaire survey and personal interviews, with 77 valid responses from clients, contractors and designers or architects, were used to further formulate and analyse the model. The results of the structural equation model suggest that client’s influence is one of the most significant factors affecting time performance on Indian projects. Client’s influence is also found to be one of the key contributing factors resulting in lack of commitment and contractor’s inefficiency in the project. Lack of efficient construction planning plays the second key role in adverse time performance. While the effect of lack of commitment on contractor’s inefficiency is highly significant, neither of these two factors has any direct impact on time delay in projects. Contrary to the notion that the contractor is the only party responsible for delay in construction projects, the results clearly highlight the importance of the role of clients and technical expertise in planning in achieving satisfactory time performance on Indian projects. It is hoped that these research findings will contribute significantly to the Indian construction industry’s efforts in addressing the root causes of delay and enhancing the time performance on projects.     

建筑师主导下基于能耗模拟的建筑形体与空间组织节能设 计研究 — —以北京市门头沟区体育文化中心为例

介于当下建筑师在绿色建筑设计过 程中的长期角色缺失以及设计后期为了能耗 达标而过分依赖节能设备等现象,由建筑师 主导的、以能耗模拟为途径的节能设计研究 更加刻不容缓。在详细分析由建筑师主导的 节能设计所展现的优势并对能耗模拟工具 进行选择后,提出了建筑师主导下基于能耗 模拟的建筑形体与空间组织节能设计流程。 接下来以北京市门头沟区体育文化中心为例,展示了在方案设计阶段建筑形体与空间组织关系的节能设计思路与过程,详细剖析了建筑师对 整体概念、功能布局和能耗负荷等问题的把控与决策。最后总结了建筑本体设计与节能设计这 两者的协同关系,阐明了建筑师在其中发挥主导角色的重要意义。