硅玻静电键合工艺研究

硅玻静电键合工艺是通过在较高温度和静电场作用下硅玻界面发生电化学反应,产生共价键O-Si-O的原理来完成键合过程的。目前,该工艺在制作微传感器和微机械系统中得到广泛应用。通过键合试验与结果分析,总结了键合温度、键合电压、压力、金属台阶对键合结果的影响,优化了硅玻静电键合的工艺参数及对金属台阶的要求。     

硅基MEMS加工技术及其标准工艺研究

本文论述了硅基MEMS标准工艺,其中包括三套体硅标准工艺和一套表面牺牲层标准工艺.深入地研究了体硅工艺和表面牺牲层工艺中的关键技术.体硅工艺主要进行了以下研究:硅/硅键合、硅/镍/硅键合、硅/玻璃键合工艺及其优化;研究了高深宽比刻蚀工艺、优化了工艺条件;解决了高深宽比刻蚀中的Lag效应;开发了复合掩膜高深宽比多层硅台阶刻蚀和单一材料掩膜高深宽比多层硅台阶刻蚀工艺研究.表面牺牲层工艺主要进行了下列研究:多晶硅薄膜应力控制工艺;防粘附技术的研究与开发.     

圆片级真空封装技术在MEMS陀螺中的应用

为维持MEMS硅微陀螺的真空度,利用两次硅-玻璃阳极键合和真空长期维持技术,实现了MEMS硅微陀螺的圆片级真空气密性封装。制作过程包括:先将硅和玻璃键合,在硅-玻璃衬底上采用DRIE工艺刻蚀出硅振动结构;再利用MEMS圆片级阳极键合工艺在10-5 mbar(1 mbar=100 Pa)真空环境中进行封装;最后利用吸气剂实现圆片的长期真空气密性。经测试,采用这种方式制作出的硅微陀螺键合界面均匀平整无气泡,漏率低于5.0×10-8 atm.cm3/s。对芯片进行陶瓷封装,静态下测试得出品质因数超过12 000,并对样品进行连续一年监测,性能稳定无变化。     

SiO2钝化膜对硅／玻璃静电键合的影响

本文分析了硅／玻璃静电键合过程中硅表面SiO2钝化膜的作用。SiO2膜的存在使键合过程中的静电力减弱，键合工艺所选择的电压上限受SiO2膜击宽电压的控制，对于商用抛光硅片与玻璃，要完成良好的键合，一般SiO2厚度要小于0．5μm。     

微传感器制造中的硅-玻璃静电键合技术

介绍了硅－玻璃静电键合的基本原理,阐述了在自建静电键合设备上实现静电键合的过程,结合其在微机械传感器中的应用,讨论了粗糙表面键合技术。     

SiO_2钝化腹对硅／玻璃静电键合的影响

本文分析了硅／玻璃静电键合过程中硅表面ＳｉＯ２钝化膜的作用．ＳｉＯ２膜的存在使键合过程中的静电力减弱，键合工艺所选择的电压上限受ＳｉＯ２膜击穿电压的控制，对于商用抛光硅片与玻璃，要完成良好的键合，一般ＳｉＯ２厚度要小于０．５μｍ．     

激光键合的有限元仿真及工艺参数优化

在硅/玻璃激光键合中,温度场的分布是影响晶片能否键合的关键因素.本文利用有限元法建立了移动高斯热源作用下硅/玻璃激光键合的三维温度场数值分析模型.运用该模型计算了不同的工艺参数条件下硅/玻璃的温度场分布,并由此得出键合线宽.然后通过漏选试验确定影响激光键合的主要工艺参数有激光功率、激光扫描速度及键合初始温度.最后通过对仿真结果进行回归分析,得到激光键合工艺的最优参数,为进一步研究激光键合工艺提供了理论依据.     

激光键合的有限元仿真及工艺参数优化

在硅/玻璃激光键合中,温度场的分布是影响晶片能否键合的关键因素.本文利用有限元法建立了移动高斯热源作用下硅/玻璃激光键合的三维温度场数值分析模型.运用该模型计算了不同的工艺参数条件下硅/玻璃的温度场分布,并由此得出键合线宽.然后通过漏选试验确定影响激光键合的主要工艺参数有激光功率、激光扫描速度及键合初始温度.最后通过对仿真结果进行回归分析,得到激光键合工艺的最优参数,为进一步研究激光键合工艺提供了理论依据.     

MEMS光开关

采用 MEMS体硅工艺 ,制作了三种结构的微机械光开关 :水平驱动 2 D(二维 )光开关、垂直驱动 2 D光开关和扭摆驱动 2 D、3D(三维 )光开关 .水平驱动光开关采用单层体硅结构 ,另外两种光开关都采用了硅 -玻璃的键合结构 .它们的工作原理都基于硅数字微镜技术 .这三种光开关均采用了静电力驱动 ,具有较低的驱动电压 ,其中扭摆式光开关的驱动电压小于 15 V.对于 2 D开关阵列 ,在硅基上制作了光纤自对准耦合槽 .对后两种光开关的开关特性进行了计算机模拟与分析 ,结果表明这两种光开关具有小于 1ms的开关时间     

MEMS光开关

采用MEMS体硅工艺,制作了三种结构的微机械光开关:水平驱动2D(二维)光开关、垂直驱动2D光开关和扭摆驱动2D、3D(三维)光开关.水平驱动光开关采用单层体硅结构,另外两种光开关都采用了硅-玻璃的键合结构.它们的工作原理都基于硅数字微镜技术.这三种光开关均采用了静电力驱动,具有较低的驱动电压,其中扭摆式光开关的驱动电压小于15V.对于2D开关阵列,在硅基上制作了光纤自对准耦合槽.对后两种光开关的开关特性进行了计算机模拟与分析,结果表明这两种光开关具有小于1ms的开关时间.     

Room-temperature microfluidics packaging using sequential plasma activation process

A sequential plasma activation process consisting of oxygen reactive ion etching (RIE) plasma and nitrogen radical plasma was applied for microfluidics packaging at room temperature. Si/glass and glass/glass wafers were activated by the oxygen RIE plasma followed by nitrogen microwave radicals. Then, the activated wafers were brought into contact in atmospheric pressure air with hand-applied pressure where they remained for 24 h. The wafers were bonded throughout the entire area and the bonding strength of the interface was as strong as the parents bulk wafers without any post-annealing process or wet chemical cleaning steps. Bonding strength considerably increased with the nitrogen radical treatment after oxygen RIE activation prior to bonding. Chemical reliability tests showed that the bonded interfaces of Si/Si could significantly withstand exposure to various microfluidics chemicals. Si/glass and glass/glass cavities formed by the sequential plasma activation process indicated hermetic sealing behavior. SiO/sub x/N/sub y/ was observed in the sequentially plasma-treated glass wafer, and it is attributed to binding of nitrogen with Si and oxygen and the implantation of N/sub 2/ radical in the wafer. High bonding strength observed is attributed to a diffusion of absorbing water onto the wafer surfaces and a reaction between silicon oxynitride layers on the mating wafers. T-shape microfluidic channels were fabricated on glass wafers by bulk micromachining and the sequential plasma-activated bonding process at room temperature.     

GaAs/Si晶圆片键合偏差及影响因素研究

针对化合物半导体与Si基晶圆异质集成中的热失配问题,利用有限元分析方法开展GaAs半导体与Si晶片键合匹配偏差及影响因素研究,建立了101.6 mm(4英寸)GaAs/Si晶圆片键合匹配偏差评估的三维仿真模型,研究了不同键合结构和工艺对GaAs/Si晶圆级键合匹配的影响,系统分析了键合温度、键合压力、键合介质厚度及摩擦...     

Integration of 0/1-Level Packaged RF-MEMS Devices on MCM-D at Millimeter-Wave Frequencies

This paper reports on the development and optimization of 0/1-level packaged coplanar waveguide (CPW) lines and radio-frequency microelectromechanical systems (RF-MEMS) switches up to millimeter-wave frequencies. The 0-level package consists of an on-chip cavity obtained by flip-chip mounting a capping chip over the RF-MEMS device using BenzoCyclobutene (BCB) as the bonding and sealing material. The 0-level coplanar RF feedthroughs are implemented using BCB as the dielectric; gold stud-bumps and thermocompression are used for realizing the 1-level package. The 0-level packaged switches have been flip-chip mounted on a multilayer thin-film interconnect substrate using a high-resistivity Si carrier with embedded passives and substrate cavities. The insertion loss of a single 0/1-level transition is below -0.15 dB at 50 GHz. The measured return loss of a 0/1-level packaged 50-Omega CPW line remains better than -19 dB up to 71 GHz and better than -15 dB up to 90 GHz. It is shown that the leak rate of BCB sealed cavities depends on the BCB width, and leak rates as low as 10^-11 mbar.l/s are measured for large BCB widths (> 800 mum), dropping to 10^-8 mbar.l/s for BCB widths of around 100 mum. Depending on the bonding conditions, shear strengths as high as 150 MPa are achieved.     

Study of thinned Si wafer warpage in 3D stacked wafers

3D (three-dimensional) wafer stacking technology has been developed extensively recently. One of the many technical challenges in 3D stacked wafers, and one of the most important, is wafer warpage. Wafer warpage is one of the root causes leading to process and product failures such as delamination, cracking, mechanical stresses, within wafer (WIW) uniformity and even electrical failure. In this study, the wafer warpage of thinned Si wafers in stacked wafers has been evaluated. Si wafer or glass was used as a thick substrate, and Cu or polyimide was used as the bonding material. The top Si wafer in the bonded stack was ground down to 20–100 μm, and wafer curvature was measured. Wafer curvature and how it relates to bonding material, substrate material of the stacked layers, and thickness of thinned Si wafer will be discussed.     

界面热应力对InP/Si键合质量的影响

通过实验和理论计算,分析了InP/Si键合过程中,界面热应力的分布情况、影响键合结果的关键应力因素及退火温度的允许范围。分析结果表明,由剪切应力和晶片弯矩决定的界面正应力是晶片中心区域大面积键合失败的主要原因,为保证良好的键合质量,InP/Si键合退火温度应该在300～350℃范围内选取。具体实验验证表明,该理论计算值与实验结果相一致。最后,在300℃退火条件下,很好地实现了2inInP/Si晶片键合,红外图像显示,界面几乎没有空洞和裂隙存在,有效键合面积超过90%。     

Mechanical Strength and Interface Characteristics of Transmission Laser Bonding

A laser-based bonding technique, called transmission laser bonding (TLB), is studied for the purposes of device and wafer-level packaging. The TLB technique uses the specific characteristics of a laser to bond a transparent wafer on top of an opaque wafer. When a laser beam with a specific wavelength is passed through a transparent wafer, high-density laser energy is absorbed by the opaque wafer and melts a thin surface layer, resulting in the formation of strong chemical bonds across the two wafers. A Nd:YAG pulse laser has been used to bond a transparent glass wafer to a Si substrate. The associated bond strengths under various bonding conditions are examined by a microtensile tester to quantify the bonding quality. With a contact pressure higher than 0.5 MPa, the TLB strength can reach a stable value of 10.5 MPa, which is comparable to those obtained by other popular bonding processes currently used by the packaging industry. The wafer surface conditions are evaluated by atomic force microscopy (AFM) and profilometry, while Auger electron spectroscopy (AES) and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) are used to study the characteristics of bonding interfaces. The AFM and profilometry results reveal that the wafer roughness and flatness required by TLB can be less stringent than those specified in the current industrial standards. The AES and XPS results are used to interpret the chemical and physical aspects of TLB formation and to provide the rationale for obtaining high-quality and high-strength TLB.     

Bonding silicon wafer to silicon nitride with spin-on glass as adhesive

Using spin-on glass (SOG) as an adhesive, an Si wafer with thermal oxide was successfully bonded to one with an RF-sputtered Si3N4 film. This ensures that SOG films are effective in bonding Si wafers to less reactive surfaces than Si or SiO2 such as silicon nitride. It was also found that the previously reported bonding procedure can be simplified by suppressing the spin-induced radial striations of the SOG films.     

Investigation of Al back contacts and BSF formation by in situ TEM for silicon solar cells

Back contacts for Si solar cells made by Al evaporation and screen printing Al paste were studied by transmission electron microscopy. Si was found to diffuse into the Al during heating. Si diffusion formed vacancies in the Si wafer and Al could then penetrate the Si wafer in spiked formations. The Al spikes retracted during cooling, leaving a doped back surface field region. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Room-temperature photo-pumped operation of 1.58-/spl mu/m vertical-cavity lasers fabricated on Si substrates using wafer bonding

Long-wavelength vertical cavity lasers have been successfully fabricated on Si substrates using direct wafer bonding. InGaAs-InGaAsP multiquantum-well active layers with 40.5-pair InGaAsP-InP stacked mirrors have been directly bonded on 3.5-pair Al/sub 2/O/sub 3//a-Si mirrors deposited on Si substrates. The sample has been optically pumped at room temperature and lasing operation at 1.58-/spl mu/m has been achieved.     

Low-temperature growth of GaAs on Si used for ultrafast photoconductive switches

GaAs was grown directly on silicon by molecular beam epitaxy (MBE) at low substrate temperature (/spl sim/250/spl deg/C). Both the silicon wafer cleaning and the GaAs film growth processes were done at temperatures lower than the Si-Al eutectic temperature to enable monolithic integration of low-temperature-GaAs photoconductive switches with finished Si-CMOS circuits. The film surfaces show less than 1 nm rms roughness and the anti-phase domain density is below the detection limit of X-ray diffraction. Metal-semiconductor-metal photoconductive switches were made using this material and were characterized using a time-resolved electrooptic sampling technique. A full-width at half-maximum switching time of /spl sim/2 ps was achieved and the responsivity of switches made from low-temperature GaAs on Si material was comparable to its counterpart on a GaAs substrate.