纳米碳化硅改善CPS/PAN相变复合纤维膜的传热速率

以不同质量比例的聚丙烯腈/纳米碳化硅(PAN/SiC)复合纤维膜为支撑材料,以癸酸-棕榈酸-硬脂酸(CPS)三元低共熔物为固-液相变材料,通过物理吸附法制备CPS/PAN/SiC定形相变复合纤维膜。分别采用扫描电子显微镜(SEM)、差示扫描量热仪(DSC)和传热测试装置研究不同含量纳米SiC对定形相变复合纤维膜的形貌特征、储热性能、热能储存和释放速率的影响。SEM图像显示负载不同含量纳米SiC对CPS/PAN/SiC定形相变复合纤维膜的形貌结构没有显著影响。DSC测试结果表明随着支撑纤维膜中SiC颗粒含量的增加,定形相变复合纤维膜的相变温度和相变焓值没有明显变化。根据传热测试数据显示随着纳米SiC含量的增加,定形相变复合纤维膜的融化与结晶时间显著缩短了约20%~46%。     

纳米SiO2对静电纺LA-PA/PET复合相变纤维形态和热学性能的影响

以月桂酸和棕榈酸二元低共熔混合物(LA-PA)、聚对苯二甲酸乙二酯(PET)和纳米二氧化硅(SiO2)为原料,通过静电纺丝的方法成功制备了新型的LA-PA/PET/SiO2定形相变复合纤维。分别采用扫描电子显微镜(SEM)和差示扫描量热仪(DSC)研究了纳米SiO2对静电纺LA-PA/PET/SiO2复合相变纤维的形貌结构和热学性能的影响。SEM观察结果显示,随着纳米SiO2的加入,复合相变纤维表面呈现出光滑的形态特点,纤维直径有所降低;且随着纳米SiO2含量的增加而逐渐减小。DSC分析结果表明纳米SiO2的含量对复合相变纤维的熔化焓值和结晶焓值有一定的影响,对相变温度没有显著性的影响。     

纳米石墨粉改善定形相变复合纤维膜的储热和放热速率EI北大核心CSCD

采用静电纺丝法制备了负载不同含量纳米石墨粉(NG)的聚丙烯腈(PAN)基复合纤维膜作为支撑材料,以癸酸-月桂酸-肉豆蔻酸(CA-LA-MA)三元低共熔物为固-液相变材料,通过物理吸附法制备CA-LA-MA/PAN/NG定形相变复合纤维膜。分别采用傅里叶变换红外光谱仪、扫描电子显微镜、差示扫描量热仪和传热测试装置对定形相变复合纤维膜的化学性能、形貌结构、储热性能、热能储存和释放速率进行深入分析。研究结果表明,CA-LA-MA三元低共熔物成功地被吸附到PAN基复合纤维膜中。制备的定形相变复合纤维膜的相变融化温度约为19℃,相变焓值约为114～131kJ/kg。由于添加了具有高导热系数的NG使定形相变复合纤维膜的热能储存和释放效率明显提高了43%和42%。     

纳米石墨粉改善定形相变复合纤维膜的储热和放热速率

采用静电纺丝法制备了负载不同含量纳米石墨粉(NG)的聚丙烯腈(PAN)基复合纤维膜作为支撑材料,以癸酸-月桂酸-肉豆蔻酸(CA-LA-MA)三元低共熔物为固-液相变材料,通过物理吸附法制备CA-LA-MA/PAN/NG定形相变复合纤维膜。分别采用傅里叶变换红外光谱仪、扫描电子显微镜、差示扫描量热仪和传热测试装置对定形相变复合纤维膜的化学性能、形貌结构、储热性能、热能储存和释放速率进行深入分析。研究结果表明,CA-LA-MA三元低共熔物成功地被吸附到PAN基复合纤维膜中。制备的定形相变复合纤维膜的相变融化温度约为19℃,相变焓值约为114～131kJ/kg。由于添加了具有高导热系数的NG使定形相变复合纤维膜的热能储存和释放效率明显提高了43%和42%。     

CA-LA-MA-PA-SA/PAN/MWNTs-COOH相变复合纤维膜的结构与热性能

以脂肪酸五元低共熔物(CA-LA-MA-PA-SA)为固-液相变材料,以聚丙烯腈/羧基化多壁碳纳米管(PAN/MWNTs-COOH)复合纤维膜为支撑载体,其中PAN/MWNTs-COOH的质量比例为95/5和90/10,通过物理吸附法制备CA-LA-MA-PA-SA/PAN/MWNTs-COOH定形相变复合纤维膜。系统分析了复合纤维膜的形态结构、相变温度和焓值、储放热速率。SEM观察结果表明CA-LAMA-PA-SA五元低共熔物被成功地吸附到静电纺PAN/MWNTs-COOH复合纤维膜的多孔网络结构中。DSC测试结果表明制备的纤维膜的相变融化温度和焓值约为19℃和121～129kJ/kg。传热测试结果表明添加MWNTs-COOH后复合纤维膜的储热和放热效率得到显著提高。     

负载纳米银颗粒增强CA-MA/PAN复合相变纤维膜的传热性能

以银纳米颗粒作为传热增强材料制备新型的静电纺聚丙烯腈/纳米银(PAN/Ag-NPs复合纳米纤维支撑膜,以癸酸-肉豆蔻酸(CA-MA)二元低共熔物为固-液相变材料,通过物理吸附法制备CA-MA/PAN/Ag-NPs复合定形相变纤维膜。扫描电子显微镜图像观察显示CA-MA被成功地吸附到静电纺PAN/Ag-NPs复合纤维膜的孔隙网络结构中。DSC测试结果表明添加Ag-NPs对复合纤维膜的储热性能没有显著影响,其相变温度约为10～31℃之间,相变焓值约为131～147kJ/kg。此外,添加10wt.%Ag-NPs后CA-MA/PAN复合纤维膜的储热和放热时间分别缩短了约47%和49%。     

二元脂肪酸/SiO2复合相变储能材料的制备与表征

针对适用于建筑领域的相变储能材料,选用癸酸(CA)分别与月桂酸(LA)、肉豆蔻酸(MA)和棕榈酸(PA)复合制备了二元低共熔脂肪酸作为储能材料。通过施罗德公式计算得到二元低共熔脂肪酸的混合比例和理论相变温度。基于CA-MA优异的性能,采用溶胶-凝胶法制备CA-MA/SiO2定形相变储能材料。采用FT-IR、SEM、DSC、TG对CA-MA/SiO2的结构、形貌、热性能和热稳定性进行了分析。结果表明,制备的3种二元低共熔脂肪酸适合于建筑领域。CA-MA较好地被固定在SiO2多孔网络中,储能材料和SiO2之间仅为物理结合,没有新物质的生成。定形相变储能材料的相变温度为20.96℃,相变焓为70.17J/g,相变温度适中,相变焓高,热稳定性好。     

PET基定形相变复合纤维的制备

采用静电纺丝技术成功制备了以5种脂肪酸二元低共熔混合物(LA-MA、LA-SA、MA-PA、MA-SA、PA-SA)为固液相变材料,聚对苯二甲酸乙二酯(PET)为支撑材料的定形相变复合纤维。研究了不同种类的脂肪酸二元低共熔物对复合相变纤维的形貌结构、储热性能以及力学性能的影响。研究结果表明这5种定形相变复合纤维的表面均呈现褶皱的形貌特征,同时纤维直径也明显增大。热分析结果表明当改变纤维中脂肪酸二元低共熔物的种类时,复合相变纤维的熔化温度和熔化焓值均随之而变化,其中熔化温度最低为33.23℃,最高为52.82℃,熔化焓值最低为62.75kJ/kg,最高为94.76kJ/kg。力学性能测试结果表明,由于脂肪酸二元低熔物的加入复合相变纤维的拉伸强度减小,断裂伸长率增大。     

月桂酸-棕榈酸/Al2O3复合定形相变材料的制备与热性能研究

采用溶胶-凝胶法,以异丙醇铝(AIP)为单一铝源,无水乙醇为溶剂,聚乙烯吡咯烷酮(PVP)为聚合物模板,并添加浓盐酸作为催化剂和胶溶剂,制备均一稳定的前驱体纺丝液,再结合静电纺丝与高温煅烧技术制备了Al_2O_3纤维毛毡,用其作为支撑材料吸附月桂酸-棕榈酸(LA-PA)二元脂肪酸低共熔物制备复合定形相变材料。利用红外光谱、X射线衍射、扫描电镜和BET比表面积分析仪等手段研究样品的表观形貌与晶型结构。结果表明:经吸附后制得的LA-PA/Al_2O_3复合定形相变材料具有良好的形貌结构。通过差示扫描量热仪、热导率及自组装热性能测试仪对制备的LA-PA/Al_2O_3复合定形相变材料的储热性能及热能储存/释放性能进行了研究。结果发现其具有适宜的相变温度和较好的相变焓值,拓宽了复合定形相变材料的应用范围。     

改性硅藻土/脂肪酸定形相变材料的制备及性能

采用癸酸和月桂酸的二元低共熔混合脂肪酸为相变芯材,以经过高温焙烧和酸浸法进行改性处理的硅藻土作为基体材料,通过真空浸渍法制备改性硅藻土/脂肪酸定形相变材料,并采用不同的固-液分离工艺对定形相变材料进行干燥。利用扫描电镜(SEM)、X射线衍射仪(XRD)、差示扫描量热法(DSC)、热重分析法(TG)和热循环实验等方法对改性硅藻土以及定形相变材料的物质成分、化学结构、热性能及稳定性等进行表征。结果表明,500℃高温焙烧5h和50%硫酸酸浸5h对硅藻土的改性效果良好,改性硅藻土的孔隙率和吸附性能明显提高;经抽滤干燥处理的定形相变材料热性能最优,改性硅藻土对脂肪酸相变材料的吸附率为42.7%,定形相变材料相变温度为17.68℃,相变潜热为66.65J/g,改性硅藻土能够对脂肪酸产生吸附和固定作用,定形相变材料表现出良好的热稳定性,可以用作保温、蓄热建筑材料。     

Insertion of triangulated surfaces into a meccano tetrahedral discretization by means of mesh refinement and optimization procedures

In this paper, we present a new method for inserting several triangulated surfaces into an existing tetrahedral mesh generated by the meccano method. The result is a conformal mesh where each inserted surface is approximated by a set of faces of the final tetrahedral mesh. First, the tetrahedral mesh is refined around the inserted surfaces to capture their geometric features. Second, each immersed surface is approximated by a set of faces from the tetrahedral mesh. Third, following a novel approach, the nodes of the approximated surfaces are mapped to the corresponding immersed surface. Fourth, we untangle and smooth the mesh by optimizing a regularized shape distortion measure for tetrahedral elements in which we move all the nodes of the mesh, restricting the movement of the edge and surface nodes along the corresponding entity they belong to. The refining process allows approximating the immersed surface for any initial meccano tetrahedral mesh. Moreover, the proposed projection method avoids computational expensive geometric projections. Finally, the applied simultaneous untangling and smoothing process delivers a high‐quality mesh and ensures that the immersed surfaces are interpolated. Several examples are presented to assess the properties of the proposed method.     

Certification Institutions Expected to Update and Transfer Information on Present Standards

Standards are the basis for production enterprises to organize production, ex-factory inspection, trade (delivery) and technical exchanges, product certification, quality arbitration and supervision.……     

From Industry 4.0 to Research 4.0. Development of High Performance Fibers in the Light of Digitization

We associate a variety of innovations with the term ＂Industry 4.0＂. The pioneer of many 4.0 modifications forms the basisfor the trend towards the integrated di...     

Flow calorimeter for enthalpy increment measurements on condensed gases

A flow calorimeter for enthalpy increment measurements on condensed gases is presented. A better knowledge of the properties of the liquefied natural gas is needed, and therefore a liquid loop has been designed for our flow calorimeter. The fluid loop in the calorimeter is designed in order to avoid the two-phase region, since two phases would give compositional disturbances in the measurements. The avoidance of the two-phase region is made possible by increasing the pressure of the test fluid after the measurement section, then heating the fluid at super-critical pressure past the critical point. Finally, the fluid is throttled to the low-pressure gas state at the inlet condition of the compressor that circulates the fluid. To perform the pressure increase, a new cryogenic pump has been designed. To evaluate the new equipment, measurements were taken on liquid ethane over the temperature range 146–256 K at pressure between 0.9 and 5.1 MPa.     

Refrigerators Enter a New Era of Health Preservation Frestech initiates the establishment of China's first standard for household sterilization refrigerators

On November 30, 2007, the China Association for Standardization (CAS) held a press conference at Beijing Diaoyutai State Guest House. Leaders from the China Household Electric Appliance Research Institute, the China Household Electric Appliance Association, and the China Consumers' Association attended and made speeches.……     

Roman iron and steel: A review

ABSTRACT

The production of ferrous metal increased during the Roman Late Republican period, Principate and Empire. The direct bloomery process was used to extract the metal from its ores using slag-tapping and slag-pit furnaces. The fuel was charcoal and an air blast was introduced by bellows-operated tuyères. Iron formed as a bloom, often as a spongy mass of metal, which contained impurities from the smelting process, including unreacted ore, fuel, slag and fragments from the furnace walls, while the metal was often inhomogeneous with varied carbon contents. Blooms were either smithed directly into bars or ingots or they were broken up, which also allowed the removal of gross impurities and a selection of pieces with similar properties to be made. These could then be forge-welded together and formed into characteristically shaped ingots. Making steel in the furnace seems to have been achieved: it depended on the ore and the furnace and conditions within it. Surface carburization was also carried out. Iron and steel were used extensively in construction and for tools and weapons. Fire welding was often used to add pieces of steel to make the edges of tools and weapons, which could be heat-treated by quenching to harden them.     

Optimum-Simulation von Ernteprozessen

Zusammenfassung Bei der Gestaltung von Ernteprozessen — beispielsweise des Prozesses Mähdrusch, Körnertransport und -abnahme — als transportverbundene Fließarbeitsverfahren mit mindestens zwei verschiedenen Arbeitsmitteln gibt es einen großen Optimierungsspielraum. Solche Prozesse sind mehrstufige Bedienungsprozesse mit gemischter Anordnung der Bedienungseinrichtungen. Außerdem besitzen sie stark ausgeprägte räumliche Aspekte. Es wird vor allem gezeigt, welche Merkmale solcher Prozesse in Simulationsmodellen abgebildet sein müssen, welche Zielgrößen in Abhängigkeit von welchen Einflußgrößen unter Berücksichtigung welcher Prozeßbedingungen ermittelt werden sollten und wie der Bewertungsprozeß zur Ermittlung der gewünschten Informationen gestaltet werden muß.     

A study of centrifugal cast high boron high speed steel

In the present study a high‐boron high speed steel (HSS) roll material was designed. Many expensive alloy elements have been substituted by cheap boron alloy, and high‐boron high speed steel roll has been manufactured by centrifugal casting method. The microstructures, mechanical properties and wear resistance of centrifugal casting high‐boron high speed steel roll have been investigated by optical microscopy (OM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and X‐ray diffraction (XRD) analysis, hardness test, impact test and wear test. The results indicated that the solidification microstructures of high‐boron high speed steel roll consisted of M₂(B,C), (W,Mo)₂(B,C), M₃(B,C), M₂₃(B,C)₆ type borocarbides and martensite, a small amount of retained austenite. Borocarbides were continuously distributed over the grain boundary. After quenching from 1050 °C, local broken network appeared in partial borocarbides, and fine secondary borocarbide precipitated from the matrix. After tempering from 525 °C, the amount of precipitated borocarbide increased significantly. After heat treatment, the hardness of high‐boron high speed steel roll excelled 60 HRC, and its impact toughness excelled 8.0 J/cm². The single groove steel rolling amount of high‐boron high speed steel rolls increases by 500% than that of bainite cast iron roll, when the rolls are used in K₁ mill housing of bar mill.     

Brainstorming for ISO Strategy 2016-2020

正Responding to ISO’s appeal for survey for the to-be-developed ISO Strategy Plan for 2016-2020,SAC hosted a special workshop over the needs and comments of various fi elds on June 8 in Beijing.The workshop was attended by ISO President-elect and Ansteel General Manager Zhang Xiaogang,SAC Vice-Administrator Yu Xinli,and 30 experts from