改性聚四氟乙烯纤维与不同金属离子的配位反应动力学EI北大核心CSCD

将聚丙烯酸接枝改性聚四氟乙烯纤维(PAA-g-PTFE)分别与3种金属离子Fe3+、Cu2+或Ce3+进行配位反应,研究了配位反应的动力学特性及温度和金属离子初始浓度的影响,并计算和比较了相关的动力学参数。结果表明,PAA-gPTFE与3种金属离子的配位反应都属于一级反应,并能使用Langmuir和Freundlich等温吸附模型进行描述。且金属离子初始浓度的增加可促进金属离子在纤维表面配合量的提高。在相同条件下3种金属离子的配合量和反应速率常数依下列顺序排列:Fe3+>Cu2+>Ce3+,而其反应活化能则表现出相反趋势,说明2种过渡金属离子更易于与PAA-g-PTFE发生配位反应。     

改性聚四氟乙烯纤维与不同金属离子的配位反应动力学

将聚丙烯酸接枝改性聚四氟乙烯纤维(PAA-g-PTFE)分别与3种金属离子Fe3+、Cu2+或Ce3+进行配位反应,研究了配位反应的动力学特性及温度和金属离子初始浓度的影响,并计算和比较了相关的动力学参数。结果表明,PAA-gPTFE与3种金属离子的配位反应都属于一级反应,并能使用Langmuir和Freundlich等温吸附模型进行描述。且金属离子初始浓度的增加可促进金属离子在纤维表面配合量的提高。在相同条件下3种金属离子的配合量和反应速率常数依下列顺序排列:Fe3+>Cu2+>Ce3+,而其反应活化能则表现出相反趋势,说明2种过渡金属离子更易于与PAA-g-PTFE发生配位反应。     

改性PAN纳米纤维铁配合物的制备及其催化降解染料性能的比较研究

分别以聚丙烯腈(PAN)纳米纤维和普通PAN纤维为原料,经偕胺肟改性和Fe3+配位反应制备了两种改性PAN纤维铁配合物。考察和比较了偕胺肟改性和Fe3+配位反应中两种纤维的腈基转化率及其配合物中铁含量的变化。然后在表征的基础上分别将两种改性PAN纤维铁配合物作为非均相Fenton反应催化剂应用于偶氮染料活性红195的氧化降解反应中,研究了两者在暗态和可见光辐射条件下的催化降解性能。结果表明,PAN纳米纤维比普通PAN纤维更容易发生偕胺肟改性和Fe3+配位反应。PAN纳米纤维铁配合物对可见光吸收性能略低于普通PAN纤维铁配合物。在染料的氧化降解反应中,PAN纳米纤维铁配合物具有更好的催化活性和稳定性,尤其在暗态时表现得更为突出。     

使用支撑液膜从Fe3+/Cu2+溶液中选择分离Fe3+的研究(Ⅰ) 液液萃取实验

支撑液膜在水溶液金属离子的分离中有着独特的优势.报道了从Fe3+/Cu2+溶液中选择分离Fe3+液/液萃取研究结果.水相为Fe3+/Cu2+硫酸溶液,萃取相为正癸醇(n-decanol),载体为二(2-乙基己基)磷酸(D2EHPA).实验研究了溶液相中硫酸浓度以及有机相中载体D2EHPA浓度对金属离子萃取速率的影响.研究发现水溶液的酸浓度对Fe3+的萃取影响较明显,而对Cu2+的萃取影响很小.在两相界面处Fe3+与D2EHPA的反应速度比Cu2+快很多.Fe3+、Cu2+与D2EHPA的络合物在有机相中的扩散速度都较慢,但是Fe3+与D2EHPA的络合物的界面反应速度比络合物的扩散速度快.有机相中载体浓度对金属离子萃取速率的影响也很明显.液液萃取研究结果显示,在使用支撑液膜进行铁离子选择分离时,可以通过改变溶液相酸的浓度,有机相中载体浓度,或者通过缩短分离时间来提高选择率.     

PAN纳米纤维的改性及其应用于吸附金属离子

用盐酸羟胺溶液对静电纺聚丙烯腈(PAN)纳米纤维进行化学改性,制得偕胺肟PAN(AOPAN)纳米纤维,并用作吸附金属离子的基材。用SEM、FT-IR对化学改性前后PAN纳米纤维的表面形貌及分子结构进行表征。采用原子吸收分光光度计(AAS)测试溶液中金属离子的浓度,以此研究AOPAN纳米纤维对铜和铁金属离子的吸附性能。结果表明,AOPAN纳米纤维对Fe3+、Cu2+的饱和吸附量分别为206.36mg/g和118.38mg/g,且其吸附过程非常符合Langmuir吸附等温模型。此外,在1mol/L的硝酸溶液中反应60min后,Fe3+、Cu2+的洗脱率分别达到了90.6%和86%。     

海藻酸纤维对水溶液中Cu2+的吸附性能研究

以海藻酸钠为原料,通过湿法纺丝制备了海藻酸纤维,研究了水溶液中Cu2+的浓度、吸附时间、pH值以及纤维用量对海藻酸纤维吸附性能的影响,并对等温吸附模型进行了分析.结果表明,海藻酸纤维对Cu2+的吸附速率比较快,在10min基本达到吸附平衡;pH在4.5～5.5时纤维吸附作用最大,Cu2+浓度越高纤维吸附容量越大,纤维加入量越大Cu2+平衡浓度越低;Freundlich吸附等温式能较好的描述海藻酸纤维对Cu2+的平衡吸附过程.     

Mn_(0.2)Zn_(0.8)Fe_(2-x)Ce_xO_4铁氧体纤维的制备、结构及其磁性能

以柠檬酸和金属盐为原料,采用有机凝胶-热分解法成功制备了Mn0.2Zn0.8Fe2-xCexO4(x=0~0.04)系列铁氧体纤维。通过XRD、SEM和VSM等技术对产物进行了表征,研究了Ce3+掺杂对Mn-Zn铁氧体纤维的结构,微观形貌及磁性能的影响。结果表明,所制得的纤维轴向较为均匀,长径比较大,直径在0.5~3.5μm之间,组成纤维的晶粒平均尺寸为11.6~12.8nm。Ce3+掺杂没有引起Mn0.2Zn0.8Fe2-xCexO4纤维结构的明显变化,仍为单一的立方尖晶石结构,但晶格常数和晶粒粒径随Ce3+掺入量的增加而略微增大。Ce3+掺杂使Mn-Zn铁氧体纤维的饱和磁化强度增大,矫顽力下降,软磁性能有所提高。     

Mno0.2Zn0.8Fe2-xCexO4铁氧体纤维的制备、结构及其磁性能

以柠檬酸和金属盐为原料,采用有机凝胶-热分解法成功制备了Mno0.2 Zn0.8Fe2-xCex O4系列铁氧体纤维.通过XRD、SEM和VSM等技术对产物进行了表征,研究了Ce3+掺杂对Mn-Zn铁氧体纤维的结构,微观形貌及磁性能的影响.结果表明,所制得的纤维轴向较为均匀,长径比较大,直径在0.5～3.5μm之间,组成纤维的晶粒平均尺寸为11.6～12.8nm.Ce3+掺杂没有引起Mno0.2 Zn0.8Fe2-xCex O4纤维结构的明显变化,仍为单一的立方尖晶石结构,但晶格常数和晶粒粒径随Ce3+掺入量的增加而略微增大.Ce3+掺杂使Mn-Zn铁氧体纤维的饱和磁化强度增大,矫顽力下降,软磁性能有所提高.     

流变相法制备包裹型Starch/Fe~0及去除水中Cr(Ⅵ)的反应动力学研究

以水溶性淀粉(starch)为包裹剂,采用流变相反应法制备了包裹型纳米零价铁(Starch/Fe0)。并用XRD、SEM和TEM等手段对样品进行了表征。研究了样品投加量、pH值、初始Cr(Ⅵ)浓度及铜离子浓度对水溶液中Cr(Ⅵ)去除率的影响及反应动力学,探讨了包裹型Starch/Fe0去除Cr(Ⅵ)的反应机理。实验结果表明,包裹型Starch/Fe0投加量为0.6 g/L,pH值为5,初始Cr(Ⅵ)浓度为10 mg/L时,Cr(Ⅵ)的去除率可达100%。当反应体系中Cu2+和Cr(Ⅵ)共存时,Cu2+在反应中对Cr(Ⅵ)的去除有促进作用。包裹型Starch/Fe0对Cr(Ⅵ)的还原过程符合准一级反应动力学模型。     

聚乙烯亚胺-羧甲基纤维素的合成及对金属离子的吸附性能

以羧甲基纤维素(CMC)为基质,用戊二醛(GA)做交联剂,将聚乙烯亚胺(PEI)交联到羧甲基纤维素上制得聚乙烯亚胺-羧甲基纤维素吸附剂(PEI-CMC)。采用傅里叶变换红外光谱、扫描电镜、X射线光电子能谱对PEI-CMC的结构进行了表征,测定了其对Cu2+、Pb2+和Cd2+的吸附性能,并研究了pH值、时间、金属离子的初始浓度对吸附的影响。结果表明,当CMC、PEI和GA的反应比为1 g∶5 mL∶20 mL,反应温度为25℃,反应时间为3 h时,合成的PEI-CMC的含氮量为13.23%。当CMC和PEI的反应比为1 g∶5 mL时,随着戊二醛(质量分数2.5%)的加入量增加,PEI-CMC的产率先增大后降低。在pH值1~14的范围内,溶液酸碱度的变化对PEI-CMC的交联度没有影响。PEI-CMC吸附剂对Cu2+、Pb2+和Cd2+的吸附量在实验范围内随pH升高而增加。PEI-CMC对Pb2+和Cu2+、Cd2+的吸附在90 min和180 min后分别达到平衡,吸附动力学符合准二级反应动力学模型。随着Cu2+、Pb2+和Cd2+初始浓度的增加,PEI-CMC对Cu2+、Pb2+和Cd2+的吸附量开始时快速增加,而后达到饱和,吸附等温数据符合Freundlich模型,最大吸附容量分别为Cu2+250.0mg/g、Pb2+635.9 mg/g、Cd2+142.8 mg/g。     

Insertion of triangulated surfaces into a meccano tetrahedral discretization by means of mesh refinement and optimization procedures

In this paper, we present a new method for inserting several triangulated surfaces into an existing tetrahedral mesh generated by the meccano method. The result is a conformal mesh where each inserted surface is approximated by a set of faces of the final tetrahedral mesh. First, the tetrahedral mesh is refined around the inserted surfaces to capture their geometric features. Second, each immersed surface is approximated by a set of faces from the tetrahedral mesh. Third, following a novel approach, the nodes of the approximated surfaces are mapped to the corresponding immersed surface. Fourth, we untangle and smooth the mesh by optimizing a regularized shape distortion measure for tetrahedral elements in which we move all the nodes of the mesh, restricting the movement of the edge and surface nodes along the corresponding entity they belong to. The refining process allows approximating the immersed surface for any initial meccano tetrahedral mesh. Moreover, the proposed projection method avoids computational expensive geometric projections. Finally, the applied simultaneous untangling and smoothing process delivers a high‐quality mesh and ensures that the immersed surfaces are interpolated. Several examples are presented to assess the properties of the proposed method.     

Certification Institutions Expected to Update and Transfer Information on Present Standards

Standards are the basis for production enterprises to organize production, ex-factory inspection, trade (delivery) and technical exchanges, product certification, quality arbitration and supervision.……     

From Industry 4.0 to Research 4.0. Development of High Performance Fibers in the Light of Digitization

We associate a variety of innovations with the term ＂Industry 4.0＂. The pioneer of many 4.0 modifications forms the basisfor the trend towards the integrated di...     

Flow calorimeter for enthalpy increment measurements on condensed gases

A flow calorimeter for enthalpy increment measurements on condensed gases is presented. A better knowledge of the properties of the liquefied natural gas is needed, and therefore a liquid loop has been designed for our flow calorimeter. The fluid loop in the calorimeter is designed in order to avoid the two-phase region, since two phases would give compositional disturbances in the measurements. The avoidance of the two-phase region is made possible by increasing the pressure of the test fluid after the measurement section, then heating the fluid at super-critical pressure past the critical point. Finally, the fluid is throttled to the low-pressure gas state at the inlet condition of the compressor that circulates the fluid. To perform the pressure increase, a new cryogenic pump has been designed. To evaluate the new equipment, measurements were taken on liquid ethane over the temperature range 146–256 K at pressure between 0.9 and 5.1 MPa.     

Refrigerators Enter a New Era of Health Preservation Frestech initiates the establishment of China's first standard for household sterilization refrigerators

On November 30, 2007, the China Association for Standardization (CAS) held a press conference at Beijing Diaoyutai State Guest House. Leaders from the China Household Electric Appliance Research Institute, the China Household Electric Appliance Association, and the China Consumers' Association attended and made speeches.……     

Roman iron and steel: A review

ABSTRACT

The production of ferrous metal increased during the Roman Late Republican period, Principate and Empire. The direct bloomery process was used to extract the metal from its ores using slag-tapping and slag-pit furnaces. The fuel was charcoal and an air blast was introduced by bellows-operated tuyères. Iron formed as a bloom, often as a spongy mass of metal, which contained impurities from the smelting process, including unreacted ore, fuel, slag and fragments from the furnace walls, while the metal was often inhomogeneous with varied carbon contents. Blooms were either smithed directly into bars or ingots or they were broken up, which also allowed the removal of gross impurities and a selection of pieces with similar properties to be made. These could then be forge-welded together and formed into characteristically shaped ingots. Making steel in the furnace seems to have been achieved: it depended on the ore and the furnace and conditions within it. Surface carburization was also carried out. Iron and steel were used extensively in construction and for tools and weapons. Fire welding was often used to add pieces of steel to make the edges of tools and weapons, which could be heat-treated by quenching to harden them.     

Optimum-Simulation von Ernteprozessen

Zusammenfassung Bei der Gestaltung von Ernteprozessen — beispielsweise des Prozesses Mähdrusch, Körnertransport und -abnahme — als transportverbundene Fließarbeitsverfahren mit mindestens zwei verschiedenen Arbeitsmitteln gibt es einen großen Optimierungsspielraum. Solche Prozesse sind mehrstufige Bedienungsprozesse mit gemischter Anordnung der Bedienungseinrichtungen. Außerdem besitzen sie stark ausgeprägte räumliche Aspekte. Es wird vor allem gezeigt, welche Merkmale solcher Prozesse in Simulationsmodellen abgebildet sein müssen, welche Zielgrößen in Abhängigkeit von welchen Einflußgrößen unter Berücksichtigung welcher Prozeßbedingungen ermittelt werden sollten und wie der Bewertungsprozeß zur Ermittlung der gewünschten Informationen gestaltet werden muß.     

A study of centrifugal cast high boron high speed steel

In the present study a high‐boron high speed steel (HSS) roll material was designed. Many expensive alloy elements have been substituted by cheap boron alloy, and high‐boron high speed steel roll has been manufactured by centrifugal casting method. The microstructures, mechanical properties and wear resistance of centrifugal casting high‐boron high speed steel roll have been investigated by optical microscopy (OM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and X‐ray diffraction (XRD) analysis, hardness test, impact test and wear test. The results indicated that the solidification microstructures of high‐boron high speed steel roll consisted of M₂(B,C), (W,Mo)₂(B,C), M₃(B,C), M₂₃(B,C)₆ type borocarbides and martensite, a small amount of retained austenite. Borocarbides were continuously distributed over the grain boundary. After quenching from 1050 °C, local broken network appeared in partial borocarbides, and fine secondary borocarbide precipitated from the matrix. After tempering from 525 °C, the amount of precipitated borocarbide increased significantly. After heat treatment, the hardness of high‐boron high speed steel roll excelled 60 HRC, and its impact toughness excelled 8.0 J/cm². The single groove steel rolling amount of high‐boron high speed steel rolls increases by 500% than that of bainite cast iron roll, when the rolls are used in K₁ mill housing of bar mill.     

Thixotropy of Systems with Shear Thinning and Plastic Flow Behavior

The definition of the thixotropy is a decrease in viscosity with time in shear and a subsequent recovery of viscosity after the shear deformation is removed.We ...