壳聚糖/羟基磷灰石表面修饰聚己内酯多孔骨支架的制备及性能

采用选择性激光烧结技术构建多孔聚己内酯(PCL)骨支架,用原位合成的方法制得壳聚糖/羟基磷灰石(CS/HA)悬浮液,并采用真空浸泡、低速离心和冷冻凝胶的方法使CS/HA黏附在PCL支架的表面,以改善骨支架的生物相容性和细胞增殖活性。通过X射线衍射(XRD)和扫描电子显微镜(SEM)观测复合支架的物相和形貌,测量支架的压缩强度和杨氏模量,测量支架表面的水接触角,并通过体外细胞实验研究复合支架的生物学性能。实验结果表明,原位合成的方法制得了羟基磷灰石(HA);CS/HA凝胶与PCL骨支架表面黏附良好;CS/HA改善了PCL支架表面的亲水性,提升了骨支架的生物相容性和细胞增殖活性。     

纳米非计量磷灰石/聚合物复合支架的制备和性能研究

采用快速成形法制备了孔径和孔隙率可控、大孔互相贯通的纳米缺钙羟基磷灰石(cd-HA)与聚己内酯(PCL)复合材料多孔支架,并对复合支架的微结构进行了表征.通过细胞培养和体内动物实验研究了该支架的生物学性能.结果表明:复合材料的亲水性和细胞粘附率随磷灰石含量增加而提高;成骨细胞在复合支架上的增殖明显高于纯PCL;μ-CT和组织学分析结果显示,新骨在支架的表面形成并长入其中.相互贯通的多孔支架促进了细胞的增殖和新骨长入支架内部.cd-HA/PCL复合材料支架具有很好的生物相容性,在组织工程领域中有潜在的应用前景.     

丝素蛋白/纳米生物玻璃复合多孔支架的结构与性能

采用冷冻干燥法制备了丝素蛋白(SF)/纳米生物玻璃(NBG)复合多孔支架材料。并用XRD、FT-IR、SEM等对SF/NBG复合支架进行了结构与性能表征。结果表明,SF/NBG复合多孔支架孔连通性较好,孔径为150～300μm,孔隙率为80.6%～90.3%;同时NBG的加入促进了复合多孔支架中SF的构象部分由无规卷曲向β-折叠转变。复合多孔支架抗压强度和抗压模量相比于纯SF多孔支架有较大提高。采用模拟体液浸泡实验研究了复合支架的体外生物活性,并用XRD、FT-IR和FESEM对试样表面进行了表征。结果显示,复合多孔支架经模拟体液浸泡7d后,表面沉积出类骨羟基磷灰石(HA)层,NBG的加入能加快复合多孔支架表面沉积类骨HA的速度。研究结果显示SF/NBG复合多孔支架材料有望作为生物活性良好的骨组织修复材料。     

生物陶瓷及其复合材料表面诱导类骨磷灰石层形成的研究

钙磷生物材料表面类骨磷灰石层的形成对其植入体内诱导新骨生成起非常重要的作用.本实验采用2倍模拟体液(2×SBF)为介质,通过仿生浸泡的方法研究了羟基磷灰石(HA)陶瓷及其复合材料羟基磷灰石/聚乳酸(HA/PLA)、羟基磷灰石/聚己內脂(HA/PCL)、羟基磷灰石/丝素(HA/SF)和羟基磷灰石/壳聚糖(HA/CS)表面诱导类骨磷灰石层形成的差异.实验结果表明,HA陶瓷及其复合材料在2×SBF溶液中仿生浸泡7d后,各样品表面均有一层厚度不同的类骨磷灰石层生成.并且该类骨磷灰石层的结晶度较低,晶粒较细(15～30nm),与人体自然骨无机物的结构非常类似.其中,在这4种复合材料中,HA/CS和HA/SF复合材料中因丝素蛋白和壳聚糖富含多种功能基团,能有效促进类骨磷灰石晶体的形核和生长,因而诱导类骨磷灰石生成的能力最强,显示其良好的生物活性.     

纳米羟基磷灰石/聚己内酯复合生物活性多孔支架研究

采用水热法制备了纳米羟基磷灰石（n-HA）及其与聚己内酯（PCL）的复合材料. 用熔融浇铸/食盐微粒浸出法制备了孔径在200～400μｍ、大孔互相贯通的复合材料支架. 通过细胞培养和体内动物实验研究了该支架的生物学性能. 结果表明,复合支架的孔隙率随致孔剂用量的增加而增加,而抗压强度随之而减小;支架的最大孔隙率可达86%,相应的抗压强度为2.4MPa. 成骨细胞在支架上的细胞粘附率和增殖随磷灰石含量增加而提高,复合材料明显高于单纯的PCL支架. 组织学观察显示,新生骨长入多孔支架和复合材料形成了直接的骨性结合. n-HA/PCL复合材料支架有很好的生物相容性和生物活性.     

三维打印羟基磷灰石晶须增强复合骨修复支架

利用三维打印技术成功制备羟基磷灰石晶须(HAPw)增强的聚己内酯(PCL)复合骨修复支架。通过改变三维打印的挤出速度和挤出气压, 使不同含量HAPw均能在PCL基材中一致排列并均匀分布。PCL支架的机械强度随HAPw含量增加显著提高, 添加33wt%HAPw使PCL支架强度提升了高达3倍。此外, HAPw使PCL支架表面与水的接触角从近100º降低至约50º, 有效改善了细胞表面粘附。经过体外人类骨髓间充质干细胞(hBMSC)在支架上的培养实验, 发现添加HAPw的复合支架具有更好的生物相容性, 能够有效促进hBMSC的增殖生长, 且HAPw-PCL复合支架上细胞具有更高的碱性磷酸酶(ALP)活性和OCN、RUNX2等相关成骨基因表达, 显示出hBMSCs向成骨方向更好的分化及成骨活性。     

孔结构渐变聚己内酯/羟基磷灰石仿生骨材料

为获得具有类似人骨的渐变孔结构、力学性能良好的羟基磷灰石(hydroxyapatite,HA)/聚己内酯(polycaprolactone,PCL)仿生骨材料,采用水热法制备了HA粉末,通过溶剂共混法将其与PCL复合,并采用浇铸/NaCl微粒浸出法制备了多孔状HA/PCL复合材料.通过控制造孔剂NaCl的粒径和用量得到了不同孔径、不同孔隙率的HA/PCL复合材料及具有渐变孔结构的HA/PCL复合材料.利用光学显微镜观察了其孔结构,结果为孔径在100～300μm,最大孔隙率达到80%.同时研究了它们在人体体温附近(37±5)℃的力学性能,结果表明渐变孔结构的HA/PCL复合材料的力学性能较单一孔结构的HA/PCL复合材料有了很大的提高.通过梯度造孔不仅可获得与人骨极为类似的多孔仿生材料,同时还可大幅提高多孔材料的力学性能.     

磷酸钙相组成对类骨单位复合骨支架的影响

从组成上看, 自然骨是一种无机与有机的复合材料; 从结构上看, 致密骨的基本结构单位为内壁血管化的骨单位。本研究基于组成与结构仿生的原理制备组织工程化支架, 模拟具有复杂结构的密质骨的基本单位——骨单位。为此, 通过静电纺丝和双螺杆挤出相结合的两步制造法, 制备一种具有双层结构的聚己内酯/磷酸钙(PCL/CaP)复合骨支架, 其内层是由电纺纳米纤维组成的空心管, 可贴附内皮细胞层形成与哈佛氏管相类似的结构; 其外层是具有高孔隙率的螺旋状PCL/CaP微丝, 可复合前成骨细胞以模拟骨单位结构中的外层骨样组织。为进一步探索材料组成对于支架生物功能的影响, 分别设计了外层为PCL, PCL/双相磷酸钙(PCL/BCP)和PCL/β-磷酸三钙(PCL/β-TCP)的复合支架, 比较了材料组分变化对外层微丝结构及前成骨细胞(MC3T3-E1)活性的影响。相比于PCL和PCL/β-TCP, PCL/BCP微丝更能显著增强细胞的生长和钙的沉积, 并成功获得可精确调控不同细胞的空间分布的双层复合支架, 实现对复杂结构骨单位的模拟构建, 显示出很好的应用前景。     

多孔磷酸钙骨水泥组织工程支架的高分子灌注增强

利用棒状谷氨酸钠晶体作为造孔粒子,采用可溶盐造孔法,制备了三维连通的大孔径多孔磷酸钙骨水泥支架,分别将明胶(Gelatin) 、聚乳酸2羟基乙酸共聚物(PLGA) 、聚乳酸(PLA) 、聚己内酯(PCL) 、聚羟基丁酸戊酸酯(PHBV)灌注到多孔磷酸钙骨水泥(CPC)支架的孔隙中以改善支架材料的力学性能。结果表明,5 种高分子材料与水的接触角大小顺序为PHBV > PCL > PLA > PL GA > Gelatin , 复合支架材料的强度随高分子材料与水接触角的减小而增大;除PHBV外,其余4种均有明显的增强效果,其中Gelatin/CPC复合支架增强效果最好,强度达到2. 25 MPa±0. 02 MPa ,是CPC支架强度的25倍。经过增强的大孔径多孔磷酸钙骨水泥复合支架可用作骨组织工程支架材料。      

PVP/PCL纳米纤维复合支架的生物活性

以二氧六环/水为溶剂体系,以聚己内酯(PCL)和聚乙烯吡咯烷酮(PVP)为原料,采用相分离法制备纳米纤维支架,研究了陈化、溶剂比例和PVP含量对支架的纳米纤维结构形成的影响,以及PVP的添加对支架生物活性和亲水性能的影响。结果表明,陈化直接影响纳米纤维网络结构的形成;溶剂体系和PVP含量均影响纳米纤维结构,随着PVP含量的提高纳米纤维结构逐渐消失。随着PVP含量的提高,支架的亲水性能提高。PVP/PCL复合纳米纤维支架浸泡模拟体液(SBF)后在其内部和表面皆生成碳磷灰石(CHA)涂层,表明该纳米纤维支架具有良好的生物活性,且PVP/PCL支架比纯PCL支架能更快诱导生成碳磷灰石。     

Insertion of triangulated surfaces into a meccano tetrahedral discretization by means of mesh refinement and optimization procedures

In this paper, we present a new method for inserting several triangulated surfaces into an existing tetrahedral mesh generated by the meccano method. The result is a conformal mesh where each inserted surface is approximated by a set of faces of the final tetrahedral mesh. First, the tetrahedral mesh is refined around the inserted surfaces to capture their geometric features. Second, each immersed surface is approximated by a set of faces from the tetrahedral mesh. Third, following a novel approach, the nodes of the approximated surfaces are mapped to the corresponding immersed surface. Fourth, we untangle and smooth the mesh by optimizing a regularized shape distortion measure for tetrahedral elements in which we move all the nodes of the mesh, restricting the movement of the edge and surface nodes along the corresponding entity they belong to. The refining process allows approximating the immersed surface for any initial meccano tetrahedral mesh. Moreover, the proposed projection method avoids computational expensive geometric projections. Finally, the applied simultaneous untangling and smoothing process delivers a high‐quality mesh and ensures that the immersed surfaces are interpolated. Several examples are presented to assess the properties of the proposed method.     

Certification Institutions Expected to Update and Transfer Information on Present Standards

Standards are the basis for production enterprises to organize production, ex-factory inspection, trade (delivery) and technical exchanges, product certification, quality arbitration and supervision.……     

From Industry 4.0 to Research 4.0. Development of High Performance Fibers in the Light of Digitization

We associate a variety of innovations with the term ＂Industry 4.0＂. The pioneer of many 4.0 modifications forms the basisfor the trend towards the integrated di...     

Flow calorimeter for enthalpy increment measurements on condensed gases

A flow calorimeter for enthalpy increment measurements on condensed gases is presented. A better knowledge of the properties of the liquefied natural gas is needed, and therefore a liquid loop has been designed for our flow calorimeter. The fluid loop in the calorimeter is designed in order to avoid the two-phase region, since two phases would give compositional disturbances in the measurements. The avoidance of the two-phase region is made possible by increasing the pressure of the test fluid after the measurement section, then heating the fluid at super-critical pressure past the critical point. Finally, the fluid is throttled to the low-pressure gas state at the inlet condition of the compressor that circulates the fluid. To perform the pressure increase, a new cryogenic pump has been designed. To evaluate the new equipment, measurements were taken on liquid ethane over the temperature range 146–256 K at pressure between 0.9 and 5.1 MPa.     

Refrigerators Enter a New Era of Health Preservation Frestech initiates the establishment of China's first standard for household sterilization refrigerators

On November 30, 2007, the China Association for Standardization (CAS) held a press conference at Beijing Diaoyutai State Guest House. Leaders from the China Household Electric Appliance Research Institute, the China Household Electric Appliance Association, and the China Consumers' Association attended and made speeches.……     

Roman iron and steel: A review

ABSTRACT

The production of ferrous metal increased during the Roman Late Republican period, Principate and Empire. The direct bloomery process was used to extract the metal from its ores using slag-tapping and slag-pit furnaces. The fuel was charcoal and an air blast was introduced by bellows-operated tuyères. Iron formed as a bloom, often as a spongy mass of metal, which contained impurities from the smelting process, including unreacted ore, fuel, slag and fragments from the furnace walls, while the metal was often inhomogeneous with varied carbon contents. Blooms were either smithed directly into bars or ingots or they were broken up, which also allowed the removal of gross impurities and a selection of pieces with similar properties to be made. These could then be forge-welded together and formed into characteristically shaped ingots. Making steel in the furnace seems to have been achieved: it depended on the ore and the furnace and conditions within it. Surface carburization was also carried out. Iron and steel were used extensively in construction and for tools and weapons. Fire welding was often used to add pieces of steel to make the edges of tools and weapons, which could be heat-treated by quenching to harden them.     

Optimum-Simulation von Ernteprozessen

Zusammenfassung Bei der Gestaltung von Ernteprozessen — beispielsweise des Prozesses Mähdrusch, Körnertransport und -abnahme — als transportverbundene Fließarbeitsverfahren mit mindestens zwei verschiedenen Arbeitsmitteln gibt es einen großen Optimierungsspielraum. Solche Prozesse sind mehrstufige Bedienungsprozesse mit gemischter Anordnung der Bedienungseinrichtungen. Außerdem besitzen sie stark ausgeprägte räumliche Aspekte. Es wird vor allem gezeigt, welche Merkmale solcher Prozesse in Simulationsmodellen abgebildet sein müssen, welche Zielgrößen in Abhängigkeit von welchen Einflußgrößen unter Berücksichtigung welcher Prozeßbedingungen ermittelt werden sollten und wie der Bewertungsprozeß zur Ermittlung der gewünschten Informationen gestaltet werden muß.     

A study of centrifugal cast high boron high speed steel

In the present study a high‐boron high speed steel (HSS) roll material was designed. Many expensive alloy elements have been substituted by cheap boron alloy, and high‐boron high speed steel roll has been manufactured by centrifugal casting method. The microstructures, mechanical properties and wear resistance of centrifugal casting high‐boron high speed steel roll have been investigated by optical microscopy (OM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and X‐ray diffraction (XRD) analysis, hardness test, impact test and wear test. The results indicated that the solidification microstructures of high‐boron high speed steel roll consisted of M₂(B,C), (W,Mo)₂(B,C), M₃(B,C), M₂₃(B,C)₆ type borocarbides and martensite, a small amount of retained austenite. Borocarbides were continuously distributed over the grain boundary. After quenching from 1050 °C, local broken network appeared in partial borocarbides, and fine secondary borocarbide precipitated from the matrix. After tempering from 525 °C, the amount of precipitated borocarbide increased significantly. After heat treatment, the hardness of high‐boron high speed steel roll excelled 60 HRC, and its impact toughness excelled 8.0 J/cm². The single groove steel rolling amount of high‐boron high speed steel rolls increases by 500% than that of bainite cast iron roll, when the rolls are used in K₁ mill housing of bar mill.     

Brainstorming for ISO Strategy 2016-2020

正Responding to ISO’s appeal for survey for the to-be-developed ISO Strategy Plan for 2016-2020,SAC hosted a special workshop over the needs and comments of various fi elds on June 8 in Beijing.The workshop was attended by ISO President-elect and Ansteel General Manager Zhang Xiaogang,SAC Vice-Administrator Yu Xinli,and 30 experts from