Particle-triggered pre-breakdown phenomena in atmospheric air gap under AC voltage

Corona discharge mechanism and breakdown voltage characteristics of air gaps in the presence of metallic particles were investigated including the relationship between the corona discharge mechanism and the phase resolved partial discharge patterns. These results are of interest for detection of foreign particles in gas insulated systems (GIS). The results with different shaped particles show that the corona mechanism depends on the particle shape and applied voltage. Moreover the corona discharges on both sides of the particle interfere with each other by inflow of charge carriers into the particle. The breakdown voltage is a minimum when the particle is in the vicinity of the electrode due to active interference of coronas. The phase-charge characteristics as the phase resolved partial discharge patterns vary with the particle shape. This suggests that the corona discharge mechanisms for all types of particles should be considered in the particle-detection method for GIS based on the phase resolved partial discharge patterns.     

On electrostatic trapping of particle contamination in GITL systems

The insulation performance of gas-insulated transmission line (GITL) systems can be substantially affected by the presence and movement of contaminating metallic particles. The dynamics of wire and spherical particles in a coaxial-electrode system under AC voltage have been studied under different conditions. At voltages just above the lifting voltage the particle moved near the outer enclosure. Under appropriate conditions the particle can move into the high field region and eventually cross the interelectrode gap, thus causing a potential insulation hazard. Contaminating particles in a GITL system move randomly in the electric field. Control of contaminating particles is crucial for reliable operation of GITL systems. A numerical model of the contaminating particle's motion in the interelectrode gap in a GITL system was used to study particle control methods in gas-insulated power apparatus     

Dynamics of metallic particle contaminants in GIS withdielectric-coated electrodes

Electrical insulation performance of compressed gas insulated switchgear (GIS) and gas insulated transmission line (GITL) systems is adversely affected by metallic particle contaminants. Dielectric coatings applied to the inside surface of the outer enclosure of a coaxial GIS/GITL system improve the insulation performance in several ways. Coating has the effect of smoothing the electrode surface and reducing the prebreakdown current in the gas gap. Also, the electrostatic charge acquired by a particle is reduced and hence the range of its motion under an applied power frequency field is inhibited. The movement of such particles is complex and dependent on several parameters. In this paper the dynamics of wire particles in a coaxial system under AC voltage is studied when the inside surface of the outer enclosure of a coaxial GIS/GITL system is coated with a high resistance material. Suggestions for reducing the particle excursion in GIS/GITL systems are discussed     

Experimental studies of free conducting wire particle behavior between nonparallel plane electrodes with AC voltages in air

When a spherical conducting particle exists in an electrode system where electrical gradient force acts along the electrode surface, the particle tends to move towards the high field region. The possibility of appearance of this phenomenon is experimentally investigated with wire particles, which can easily produce the corona discharge on their ends resulting the action of a reactive force on the particle by a corona wind. The results show that a hovering particle travels deeper into the high electric field regions regardless of the corona discharge. Moreover, it is found that wire particle with corona discharge hovers near the negative electrode under DC voltage in atmospheric air due to different characteristics of corona discharge by the polarity. But under the AC voltage, the particle hovers near the bottom electrode only and invades in the high field region deeper than under the DC voltage.     

Particle Charging in Combined Corona-Electrostatic Fields

The association of several ionizing and nonionizing electrodes generates combined corona-electrostatic fields, characterized by space charge zones of well-defined extensions. In a previous paper, the authors presented an effective numerical method for the computation of such fields. The aim of this present work is to show how these results can be employed for estimating the charge acquired by insulating and conducting particles when passing through the space charge zones generated by various corona-electrostatic electrode geometries. The study is done under several assumptions that authorize the use of Pauthenier's formula. Diffusion charging can be neglected, the applied electric field is quasi-uniform in the vicinity of particles, and particle speed is low compared with that of air ions. The charging model takes into account the computed spatial distribution of the electric field and charge density. The computations were performed for various values of the geometrical parameters of the electrode system and of the particle transit time through the corona discharge zone. The results can be used for the design of the electrode system of any electrostatic process employing corona discharge fields.      

The influence of the dielectric strength of the N/sub 2//SF/sub 6/-insulation by conducting particle on the spacer surface

This paper investigates the dielectric properties of various N/sub 2//SF/sub 6/ gas mixtures based upon a cylindrical spacer model with adhering particle on the surface tinder homogeneous field conditions. The investigation involves a comparison with pure SF/sub 6/. The flashover field strength for clean and particle contaminated spacer surface under AC and LI stress is determined. The results of the investigations show the sensitivity of N/sub 2//SF/sub 6/ gas mixtures to conducting particles on spacer surfaces for gas pressures up to 800 kPa. Moreover, the correspondence between pure SF/sub 6/ at pressure range from 100 to 400 kPa and N/sub 2//SF/sub 6/ gas mixtures for AC and lightning impulse (LI) flashover field strength range from 50 to 178 kV/cm is determined. Conclusions are drawn about the ability of SF/sub 6/ gas mixtures to serve as technically efficient media for GIS/GITL. The results shed light on the issue of the SF/sub 6/ reduction and particle detectability in GIS/GITL.     

空间介质颗粒对交流导线电晕特性影响规律

为了研究空间介质颗粒对导线交流电晕特性的影响,基于小电晕笼,应用Fi Lin?6紫外成像仪记录存在介质颗粒时模拟导线交流电晕放电发生、发展的过程,实验结果表明:空间介质颗粒会对导线交流电晕发生、发展过程产生影响,球径越大、距离导线越近则导线的起晕电压越低;存在多球时,由于颗粒间的相互影响,导线的起晕电压和放电过程会受到影响,其中垂直排列的颗粒之间对放电发展过程和起晕电压影响相对较大。将偏心偶极子模型应用到存在介质颗粒时电场计算中,结合模拟电荷法对导线周围存在颗粒时空间电场分布进行分析,仿真结果表明:导线表面的最大场强以及导线和颗粒间场强的均值随着颗粒尺寸的增大、颗粒导线距离的降低和颗粒相对介电常数的增大而增大;空间存在多个颗粒时,由于球间的相互影响使导线表面场强进一步增大,其中球间连线和电场方向一致时的影响更大。     

Charging of insulating spheres on the surface of an electrodeaffected by monopolar ions

The charge acquired by an insulating sphere in a uniform monoionized electric field has been accurately evaluated by Pauthenier. In certain electrostatic applications, such as the electroseparation of mixed granular solids, the particles to be charged are on the surface of an electrode. Under these circumstances, Pauthenier's formula is no longer valid, because the field is nonuniform. This paper addresses this problem from both a computational and an experimental point of view. A numerical method of field analysis was employed for the evaluation of the charge acquired by spheres of various dielectric constants, on the surface of a plate electrode. The numerically computed values of the saturation charge in this situation were always greater than those given by Pauthenier's formula. The experiments were carried out on laboratory equipment provided with various types of corona electrodes. An electrometer was used to measure the charge acquired by calibrated spheres of polyamide (3 mm diameter) when subjected to the positive or negative corona discharge generated between these electrodes and a metallic rotating roll electrode (150 mm diameter) connected to the ground. The experimental data were in good agreement with the theoretical predictions; the saturation charge increases linearly with the applied voltage, up to a threshold at which the self discharge of the particle occurs. The efficiency of ionic charging was shown to depend on the type of corona electrode that is employed     

Corona characteristics for free conducting particles in various SF6-gas mixtures

This paper reports on experimental investigations concerning the behavior of pulsative corona discharges from free conducting wire particles of different sizes in parallel plane and concave electrode systems, insulated with SF₆ and its mixtures with nitrogen N ₂, triethylamine (C₂H₅)₃N and perfluorocarbon C₈F₁₆O gases. Corona inception and particle lift-off voltages as well as corona charge levels are measured for different experimental conditions. The results show that corona and particle lift-off characteristics are affected by particle parameters, electrode shape and gas composition. Generally, addition of triethylamine and perfluorocarbon to SF₆ reduces the corona charge level     

DC corona discharge from a wire particle floated with a microgap in parallel plate electrodes

Conductive particles existing in a high-voltage system could deteriorate the system performance owing to an electric discharge via the particles. In case when the particles exist in a dc high-voltage electrode system, the location of the particle would inevitably affect the discharge aspect. A corona-onset and breakdown voltage from a metallic wire particle were measured in detail. The wire particle has a length ranging from 6 to 12 mm, and a diameter of 0.25 mm. It was fixed between a parallel plate electrode with a spacing of 20 or 30 mm. When the particle was close to the negative electrode, a corona discharge occurred stably, and the corona-onset voltage was increased as the gap length between the negative electrode, and the positive end of the particle increased up to 0.8 mm. In contrast, when the particle was close to the positive electrode, the breakdown always occurred without preceding the corona discharge. At the middle region between the electrodes, the corona onset occurred at almost constant voltage.     

Movement of particles in compressed SF6 GIS withdielectric coated enclosure

In compressed GIS (gas insulated switchgear), the control of wire particle contamination by dielectric coating of enclosure is demonstrated in this paper. Assuming that a particle acquires free charge through a partial discharge, the modeling of particle movement when the inside surface of a horizontal section of GIS/GITL (gas insulated transmission line) enclosure is coated is described. Under an applied 60 Hz ac voltage, the maximum height reached above the enclosure by a particle is much lower for a coated than for an uncoated enclosure. When the applied ac voltage varies, the maximum height reached depends on the magnitude of the applied voltage, phase and velocity at which the particle hits the enclosure. Typical results show that by coating the enclosure, the maximum height reached by a wire particle in a coaxial system can be reduced, thus inhibiting particle movement and minimizing the possibility of insulation breakdown     

Theoretical analysis of particle-initiated corona activities in hybrid gas-insulated transmission lines

This paper theoretically addresses the factors affecting the partial discharge activities due to metallic particles in hybrid gas-insulated transmission lines (HGITL) using the charge simulation method. There are two main reasons for using flexible HGITL. They are: (1) to overcome the technical problems and the huge cost associated with the on-site welding of large number of coaxial cylinders; and (2) to improve the utilization of the internal insulation system. The results are interpreted in terms of the basic principles of the streamer criterion in compressed gases, and also their trends are compared with those for other experimental works. The results reveal that HGITL have superior mitigation of the particle-initiated corona activities over the normal GITL, where the bundled HGITL have less improvement. The corona inception voltage decreases with the increase in the wire length, the surface charge density on the conductor insulation/spacers and the close proximity to charged or uncharged spacers, and with the decrease in pressure. On contrary, the number of occurrence of streamers and the integration of the effective ionization coefficient have opposite trends. Ribbed spacers are less sensitive to particle length and show a considerable improvement in the insulation reliability, especially when the rib becomes closer to the conductor insulation.     

AC particle-triggered corona discharge in low pressure SF/sub 6/ gas

This paper deals with AC particle-triggered corona discharge as a follow-up to our previous research with DC voltage to clarify the particle-triggered corona discharge process in SF₆ gas. Corona current pulses, charges associated with a corona current pulse, and corona light pulses were observed with an aluminum ellipsoidal particle suspended in a parallel plane electrode system under a SF₆ gas pressure range of 30 kPalesPles50 kPa by changing the particle position. Corona mode, phase (Phi)-charge (q) characteristics as well as corona discharge processes were discussed and the following results were obtained. AC corona mode depended on the instantaneous applied voltage, voltage gradient as well as the particle position and then, the Phi-q characteristics were also affected by those parameters. Charges flow into the floating particle due to coronas on the both tips of particle and excite field fluctuations around the opposite side of particle in addition to the applied AC field. The field fluctuation in SF₆ gas by the corona charges was about 4% of the applied field and much lower than that in air gap which was about 70%. That is, the corona development was suppressed effectively by high electron affinity of SF₆ gas even in the case of floating particle. The less effective interference between coronas on the both side of particle in SF₆ gas results in an obscure local minimum in the breakdown voltage characteristics as the particle is in the vicinity of electrode as contrasted with a drastic fall in the breakdown voltage by the particle in air     

Numerical Simulation of the 2-D Gas Flow Modified by the Action of Charged Fine Particles in a Single-Wire ESP

A numerical model for simulating precipitation of submicrometer particles in a singlewire electrostatic precipitator is discussed in this paper. It includes all important phenomena affecting the process: electric field, space charge density, gas flow, including the secondary electrohydrodynamic flow caused by the corona discharge and charged particles, and particle transport. A simplified corona model assumes just one ionic species and neglects the ionization zone. The fully coupled model for the secondary EHD flow, considering the ion convection, has been implemented. The dust particles are charged by ionic bombardment and diffusion. The gas flow pattern is significantly modified by the secondary EHD flow, which depends on the particle concentration. As for fine particles the drift velocity is small and particles practically follow the gas streamlines, the particle concentration has a very strong effect on the precipitation efficiency.     

Calculation of corona onset voltage for duct-type precipitators

A pure theoretical method for calculating the onset voltage of corona in duct-type electrostatic precipitators that is independent of the arrangement of discharge wires relative to the collecting plates is described. This method is based on a criterion for self-recurring single electron avalanches in a known electric field distribution in the ionization zone surrounding the discharge wire. The results computed by this method are in reasonable agreement with those measured experimentally     

Inception voltage of corona in bipolar ionized fields-effect oncorona power loss

In this paper, an iterative finite-element-based algorithm is presented as a numerical tool for the solution of the bipolar ionized field around high-voltage DC (HVDC) transmission lines. The effect of including unequal values of the positive and negative corona inception voltages and ion mobilities on the corona power loss is investigated. In addition, the effect of negative ion field enhancement on reducing the positive conductor corona inception voltage is also studied. The present algorithm is applied to different laboratory and full-scale transmission line configurations. Comparison with previously computed V-I characteristics showed that the present computed values were in better agreement with the experiment. Also, it has been found that the effect of unequal corona inception voltages on the corona power loss (or corona current) is noticeable at applied voltages very near to the inception values     

气压对发电机定子线棒端部电晕放电特性的影响(英文)

According to the mechanism of corona discharge at the end of the generator stator bar,a model of stator bar end corona discharge is presented.In a closed corona cage at low atmospheric pressure,the corona discharge characteristics of the stator bar end model were observed using an ultraviolet imaging instrument and an oscilloscope.The influence of atmospheric pressure on the corona inception voltage and discharge intensity was analyzed.The results show that the corona inception voltage is lower under lower atmospheric pressure;the discharge intensity is stronger under lower atmospheric pressure.The particles swarm-optimized support vector machine was employed to analyze the impacts of air pressure and humidity on the corona inception voltage.Error between the calculated value of the established model and the experimental value is less than 5%.The established model can be used to calculate the corona inception voltage of the stator bar end model.     

气固两相体直流电晕放电特性实验研究

为了研究两相体放电的基础问题,即放电特点、规律及影响因素,实验研究了聚丙烯、聚乙烯、珍珠岩3种典型固体颗粒的气固两相体电晕放电伏安特性。通过循环落体式两相体放电装置和测量系统观察发现,气固两相体的电晕电流特性与空气中的电晕电流特性有明显的区别。气固两相体的电晕电流波形在正、负极性下均为高频率脉冲波形。且在相同电压下其电晕电流比空气中的要小。固体颗粒的介电常数及在空气中所占的体积比均对电晕电流有很明显的影响。固体颗粒介电常数和体积比越大,电晕电流越小(可<1μA)。电压极性的改变对气固两相体的电晕电流无影响。     

Unipolar charging of insulating spheres in rectified AC electricfields

Nonfiltered rectifiers and pulsed power supplies are often used for the energization of the high-voltage electrodes in various electrostatic installations. The aim of this paper is to investigate the ionic charging of insulating particles in the pulsatory electric fields specific to such applications. In a first set of numerical simulations, the space charge was considered constant in time, which means that the ion generation is not related to the voltage drop between the electrodes. A second set of simulations was carried out using the assumption that the space charge is generated by the pulsed corona from one of the electrodes. The computed results, which were found in good agreement with the experimental data, show that the amount of charge acquired by a particle depends on the following factors: (1) particle transit time through the electric field zone; (2) space charge density; and (3) ratio between the corona onset voltage and the amplitude of the variable voltage applied to the electrodes. These factors are discussed in correlation with the operating parameters of roll-type corona-electrostatic separators, but the conclusions are valid for a wider group of industry applications