聚砜型油品抗静电剂的合成及性能评价

以α-烯烃、顺酐、SO2为原料合成聚砜型油品抗静电剂,用红外光谱对聚砜的结构进行了表征,考察了聚砜相对分子质量与其抗静电性能之间的关系,并对聚砜型油品抗静电剂的作用机理进行了探讨。结果表明,聚砜添加的质量浓度为3 mg/L时,加氢柴油电导率由17 pS/m增至170 pS/m,放置6天可继续增至428 pS/m,并且连续储存25天电导率稳定,没有下降趋势;相对分子质量大的聚砜产品初期抗静电效果不如相对分子质量小的,但相对分子质量大的聚砜产品后期作用效果优于相对分子质量小的产品;顺酐-烯烃聚砜分子链上羧基与砜基之间的强相互作用导致其抗静电效果明显优于烯烃聚砜。     

正交实验法优化氯甲基化聚砜／聚砜共混膜的季铵化条件

将氯甲基化聚砜(CMPSF)/聚砜(PSF)共混膜浸于三甲胺溶液中制得季铵化聚砜(QMPSF)/聚砜(PSF)膜.采用正交实验考察了季铵化反应条件如季铵化温度、季铵化时间、三甲胺浓度等对QMPSF/PSF膜性能的影响,优化了季铵化条件,制得了性能较佳的季铵化QMPSF/PSF膜.研究结果表明,在0.2MPa压力下.制备的季铵化QMPSF/PSF膜的水通量为31.35 L/(m2·h),对相对分子质量为31 000～50 000的聚乙烯醇溶液的截留率为89.6%.     

糖基季铵盐表面活性剂的合成与表征

用葡萄糖、乳糖与十二胺的反应及随后的烷基化反应,合成了两种含季铵阳离子基团的糖基表面活性剂,通过电喷雾质谱(ESI-MS)对所得产品及关键中间体进行了结构表征。糖胺化反应的最佳溶剂为甲醇、乙醇(对葡萄糖)和水-异丙醇(对乳糖),反应温度不高于55℃,n(糖)∶n(胺)=1∶(1.2~1.6)。葡萄糖的胺化和烷基化反应提纯后的收率分别为79.1%和63.7%。乳糖的胺化和烷基化反应提纯后的收率分别为83.2%和60.1%。两种季铵盐表面活性剂的CMC分别为10.0 mmol/L和5.9 mmol/L,γCMC分别为33.2 mN/m和29.8mN/m。两种季铵盐质量浓度为5 g/L水溶液的初始起泡高度分别为8.5 cm和9.5 cm,30 min后为3.9 cm和4.4 cm。10 g/L的乳糖季铵盐水溶液的帆布沉降时间为1.2 s。两种季铵盐用于涤纶织物的抗静电整理,葡糖季铵盐在质量浓度为10 g/L、乳糖季铵盐在质量浓度为5 g/L时,就可以使摩擦静电压的半衰期下降到4 s。     

磺基琥珀酸酯铵的合成及其抗静电性能评价

以马来酸酐、脂肪醇和亚硫酸氢钠为原料经过酯化、磺化反应合成磺基琥珀酸酯钠,然后分别与四丁基氯化铵(TBAC)、十六烷基三甲基氯化铵(CTAC)和十四烷基二甲基苄基氯化铵反应,合成了12个不同结构的磺基琥珀酸酯铵(ASS)油溶性离子液体,研究了磺基琥珀酸酯铵中阴、阳离子的烃基结构对磺基琥珀酸酯铵抗静电性能的影响。结果表明,阳离子的烃基结构对磺基琥珀酸酯铵抗静电性能的影响较大,阳离子为四丁基铵和十六烷基三甲基铵的磺基琥珀酸酯铵,在0号商品柴油中加剂量为50 mg/L时,柴油电导率增加值(Δκ)可达到100 pS/m,符合行业标准要求。     

低压季铵化聚砜反渗透膜

本文研究了氯甲基化/季铵化聚砜的合成、制膜工艺及其反渗透性能。采用了氯甲基化聚砜、硝酸锂及二甲基乙酰胺的溶液先制备不对称膜,然后以三甲胺溶液进行季铵化反应制备反渗透膜的新工艺。该膜在操作压力为1.5MPa,浓缩水回流量为20L/h,进料液为自来水的条件下,脱盐率为92％,水通量为0.6m~3/m~·d。     

硝酸铵细度对铵胺炸药性能的影响

为研究硝酸铵细度对铵胺炸药性能的影响,以六亚甲基四胺作为可燃剂制备了一种胶状炸药—铵胺炸药;对多孔粒状硝酸铵进行破碎,分别过20、40、60、80目筛区分不同的细度,对混合各细度硝酸铵颗粒铵胺炸药基质的黏度、炸药的爆速和猛度进行了测试,对炸药进行了储存稳定性实验。结果表明,当硝酸铵细度由0～20目增至80目以上时,铵胺炸药基质的混合均匀性增加,基质的初始黏度由92828mPa·s增至148637mPa·s,基质黏度随着剪切时间增加而逐渐降低,铵胺炸药基质属于触变性流体;炸药的爆速由3569m/s增至4316m/s,猛度由26.00mm增至30.50mm,能量释放更集中,对周围介质的的冲击力提升;分别储存2d和120d的铵胺炸药,爆速降幅均小于5%;说明硝酸铵细度的增加可以提高铵胺炸药的爆轰性能和储存稳定性。     

松香胺聚醚的合成及其在混合办公废纸脱墨中的应用

以松香胺、环氧乙烷、环氧丙烷(PO)为原料,在KOH催化剂作用下合成了不同PO聚合度的松香胺双链聚醚,后经季铵化、磷酸酯化反应分别合成了不同PO聚合度的松香胺双链季铵盐聚醚、松香胺双链季铵盐磷酸酯聚醚,并研究了各类型聚醚对混合办公废纸的脱墨效果。结果表明:在PO聚合度较低(y14)时,松香胺双链季铵盐磷酸酯聚醚对混合办公废纸具有更好的脱墨效果,脱墨后的纸浆具有较高的白度值和较低的尘埃度。     

新型烷基糖苷季铵盐的制备及性能

以十二烷基二甲基叔胺盐酸盐和环氧氯丙烷为原料合成中间体N-(3-氯-2-羟丙基)-N,N-二甲基-N-十二烷基氯化铵(CHPDDAC),然后与非离子烷基糖苷(APG)进行季铵化反应生成烷基糖苷季铵盐(APGQAS)。通过红外光谱及元素分析确定其化学结构,并对产物的表面活性、与AES的复配性能、泡沫性能、生物降解性、抗静电性能和杀菌性能进行了测定。结果表明,其CMC为3.16×10-4mol/L,γCMC为21.51 mN/m;Krafft点为-3.57℃;与AES复配时,当n(APGQAS)/n(AES)<0.8或n(APGQAS)/n(AES)>1.0时,溶液的透光率均大于90%;在去离子水中的初始泡沫体积为308 mL;6 d后生物降解率达90%以上;在浓度为5 g/L时,处理的聚酯布抗静电性能最好;对杆状菌和大肠杆菌的杀菌作用良好。     

咪唑啉季铵盐缓蚀剂的合成与复配研究

以油酸、二乙烯三胺及硫酸二甲酯为主要原料,二甲苯为携水剂,合成咪唑啉季铵盐。结果表明,咪唑啉季铵盐的最佳合成条件为:二乙烯三胺与油酸摩尔比为1.2∶1,二甲苯10 mL,酰胺化温度160℃,反应时间2 h,环化温度200℃,环化时间6 h,季铵化试剂为硫酸二甲酯,季铵化反应温度50℃,季铵化反应时间2.5 h。4 mg/L加量的咪唑啉缓蚀剂在模拟盐水介质中的缓蚀率可达到90.1%。当其与丙炔醇、碘化钾、十二烷基硫酸钠(SDS)单独复配时,在合适的复配比例下,均具有良好的协同效应。     

聚砜碱性阴离子交换膜结构与性能的研究

在制备氯乙酰基化聚砜(CAPS)和氯丁酰基化聚砜(CBPS)基础上，通过CAPS和CBPS与N,N-二乙基苯胺发生反应制备具有不同侧链结构的季铵化聚砜阴离子交换膜2PS-QA和5PS-QA。由于季铵基团远离聚合物主链，其对聚砜主链的影响较小，使得2PS-QA和5PS-QA阴离子交换膜在保持高的OH-传导率下仍具有很好的尺寸稳定性，在相同的离子交换容量下，随着5PS-QA侧链长度的增加，亲疏水区域的相分离程度更加明显，增强了OH-传导率和尺寸稳定性，其中5PS-QA-3膜在25℃和85℃的OH-传导率达到了34mS·cm^-1和92m S·cm^-1，相应的吸水溶胀率仅为22.8%和37.1%。     

Insect antifeedant properties of anthranoids from the genusVismia

Vismiones and ferruginins, representatives of a new class of lypophilic anthranoids from the genusVismia were found to inhibit feeding in larvae of species ofSpodoptera, Heliothis, and inLocusta migratoria.     

Direct observation of freeze-thaw instability of latex coatings via high pressure freezing and cryogenic SEM

Despite its industrial importance, the subject of freeze-thaw (F/T) stability of latex coatings has not been studied extensively. There is also a lack of fundamental understanding about the process and the mechanisms through which a coating becomes destabilized. High pressure (2100 bar) freezing fixes the state of water-suspended particles of polymer binder and inorganic pigments without the growth of ice crystals during freezing that produce artifacts in direct imaging scanning electron microscopy (SEM) of fracture surfaces of frozen coatings. We show that by incorporating copolymerizable functional monomers, it is possible to achieve F/T stability in polymer latexes and in low-VOC paints, as judged by the microstructures revealed by the cryogenic SEM technique. Particle coalescence as well as pigment segregation in F/T unstable systems are visualized. In order to achieve F/T stability in paints, latex particles must not flocculate and should provide protection to inorganic pigment and extender particles. Because of the unique capabilities of the cryogenic SEM, we are able to separate the effects of freezing and thawing, and study the influence of the rate of freezing and thawing on F/T stability. Destabilization can be caused by either freezing or thawing. A slow freezing process is more detrimental to F/T stability than a fast freezing process; the latter actually preserves suspension stability during freezing. Presented at the 82nd Annual Meeting of the Federation of Societies for Coatings Technology, October 27–29, 2004 in Chicago, IL. Tied for first place in The John A. Gordon Best Paper Competition.     

Ethanol and (−)-α-Pinene: Attractant Kairomones for Bark and Ambrosia Beetles in the Southeastern US

In 2002–2004, we examined the flight responses of 49 species of native and exotic bark and ambrosia beetles (Coleoptera: Scolytidae and Platypodidae) to traps baited with ethanol and/or (−)-α-pinene in the southeastern US. Eight field trials were conducted in mature pine stands in Alabama, Florida, Georgia, North Carolina, and South Carolina. Funnel traps baited with ethanol lures (release rate, about 0.6 g/day at 25–28°C) were attractive to ten species of ambrosia beetles (Ambrosiodmus tachygraphus, Anisandrus sayi, Dryoxylon onoharaensum, Monarthrum mali, Xyleborinus saxesenii, Xyleborus affinis, Xyleborus ferrugineus, Xylosandrus compactus, Xylosandrus crassiusculus, and Xylosandrus germanus) and two species of bark beetles (Cryptocarenus heveae and Hypothenemus sp.). Traps baited with (−)-α-pinene lures (release rate, 2–6 g/day at 25–28°C) were attractive to five bark beetle species (Dendroctonus terebrans, Hylastes porculus, Hylastes salebrosus, Hylastes tenuis, and Ips grandicollis) and one platypodid ambrosia beetle species (Myoplatypus flavicornis). Ethanol enhanced responses of some species (Xyleborus pubescens, H. porculus, H. salebrosus, H. tenuis, and Pityophthorus cariniceps) to traps baited with (−)-α-pinene in some locations. (−)-α-Pinene interrupted the response of some ambrosia beetle species to traps baited with ethanol, but only the response of D. onoharaensum was interrupted consistently at most locations. Of 23 species of ambrosia beetles captured in our field trials, nine were exotic and accounted for 70–97% of total catches of ambrosia beetles. Our results provide support for the continued use of separate traps baited with ethanol alone and ethanol with (−)-α-pinene to detect and monitor common bark and ambrosia beetles from the southeastern region of the US.     

Methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates Attract Stink Bugs and Tachinid Parasitoids

Halyomorpha halys (Stål) (Pentatomidae), called the brown marmorated stink bug (BMSB), is a newly invasive species in the eastern USA that is rapidly spreading from the original point of establishment in Allentown, PA. In its native range, the BMSB is reportedly attracted to methyl (E,E,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate, the male-produced pheromone of another pentatomid common in eastern Asia, Plautia stali Scott. In North America, Thyanta spp. are the only pentatomids known to produce methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoate [the (E,Z,Z)-isomer] as part of their pheromones. Methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates were field-tested in Maryland to monitor the spread of the BMSB and to explore the possibility that Thyanta spp. are an alternate host for parasitic tachinid flies that use stink bug pheromones as host-finding kairomones. Here we report the first captures of adult and nymph BMSBs in traps baited with methyl (E,E,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate in central Maryland and present data verifying that the tachinid, Euclytia flava (Townsend), exploits methyl (E,Z,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate as a kairomone. We also report the unexpected finding that various isomers of methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoate attract Acrosternum hilare (Say), although this bug apparently does not produce methyl decatrienoates. Other stink bugs and tachinids native to North America were also attracted to methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates. These data indicate there are Heteroptera in North America in addition to Thyanta spp. that probably use methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates as pheromones. The evidence that some pentatomids exploit the pheromones of other true bugs as kairomones to find food or to congregate as a passive defense against tachinid parasitism is discussed.     

2007～2008年世界塑料工业进展

收集了2007年7月～2008年6月世界塑料工业的相关资料,介绍了2007～2008年国外塑料工业的发展情况,提供了世界塑料产量、消费量及全球各类树脂的需求量及产能情况.按通用热塑性树脂(聚乙烯、聚丙烯、聚苯乙烯、聚氯乙烯、ABS树脂)、工程塑料(尼龙、聚碳酸酯、聚甲醛、热塑性聚酯、聚苯醚)、特种工程塑料(聚苯·硫醚、液晶聚合物、聚醚醚酮)、通用热固性树脂(酚醛、聚氨酯、不饱和聚酯树脂、环氧树脂)不同品种的顺序,对树脂的产量、消费量、供需状况及合成工艺、产品应用开发、树脂品种的延伸及应用的进一步扩展等技术作了详细介绍.     

2005～2006年国外塑料工业进展

收集了2005年7月～2006年6月国外塑料工业的相关资料,介绍了2005—2006年国外塑料工业的发展情况。提供了世界塑料产量、消费量及全球各类树脂生产量以及各国塑料制品的进出口情况。作为对比,介绍了中国塑料的生产情况。按通用热塑性树脂（聚乙烯、聚丙烯、聚苯乙烯、聚氯乙烯、ABS树脂）、工程塑料（聚酰胺、聚碳酸酯、聚甲醛、热塑性聚酯、聚苯醚）、通用热固性树脂（酚醛、聚氨酯、不饱和树脂、环氧树脂）、特种工程塑料（聚苯硫醚、液晶聚合物、聚醚醚酮）的品种顺序,对树脂的产量、消费量、供需状况及合成工艺、产品开发、树脂品种的延伸及应用的扩展作了详细的介绍。