Dry Friction Characteristics of Ti-6Al-4V Alloy under High Sliding Velocity

Tribological behaviours of Ti-6Al-4V alloy pins sliding against GCr15 steel discs over a range of contact pressures （0.33-1.33 MPa） and sliding velocities （30-70 m/s） were investigated using a pin-on-disc tribometer under unlubricated conditions. The wear mechanisms and the wear transition were analyzed based on examinations of worn surfaces using SEM, EDS and XRD. When the velocity increases, the friction coefficient and the wear rate of the Ti-6Al-4V alloy show typical transition features, namely, the critical values of sliding velocities for 0.33 and 0.67 MPa are 60 and 40 m/s, respectively. The experimental results reveal that the tribological behaviours of Ti-6Al-4V alloys are controlled by the thermal-mechanical effects, which connects with the friction heat and hard particles of the pairs. A tribolayer containing mainly Ti oxides and V oxides is formed on the worn surface of Ti-6Al-4V alloy.     

Microstructure and Wear Behavior of Ti-6Al-4V Treated by Plasma Zr-alloying and Plasma Nitriding

A duplex treatment of plasma Zr-alloying and plasma nitriding was used to improve the tribological properties of Ti-6Al-4V. The microstructure of the Zr-N composite(alloyed) layer formed on Ti-6Al-4V and its hardness, friction and wear properties were investigated by using OM, SEM, GDOES, EDS, microhardness tester as well as ball-on-disk tribometer. The results of microstructural analysis show that the alloyed layer is compact and uniform and is mainly composed of ZrN, TiN_(0.3) and AlN. A very tiny adhesive and slight oxidation wear is the primary wear mechanism for the modified Ti-6Al-4V. The tribological property is improved significantly after the duplex treatment. The good combination of antifriction and wear resistance for modified Ti-6Al-4V is mainly attributed to the higher surface hardness of metal nitrides formed on the surface and enhanced supporting of the Zr-diffusing layer.     

脉冲电流对Ti-6Al-4V合金显微组织及力学性能的影响

采用组织观察、性能检测、断口分析等方法研究了脉冲电流对Ti-6Al-4V合金显微组织及力学性能的影响。结果表明,脉冲电流使试样瞬间急速升温、产生较高的热压应力,并发生α→β相变,随后试样快速降温冷却发生β→α′相变。由于急速升温和快速冷却,新相的形核率增加且无充足时间长大,使合金的显微组织细化,而相变和组织细化导致了合金力学性能提高和电阻率变化。适当优化电脉冲处理工艺参数可使Ti-6Al-4V合金的综合力学性能明显提高。通过测量电阻变化可间接表征电脉冲处理后材料微观组织结构的变化程度。     

Chip formation in high speed milling of Ti-6Al-4V alloy under nitrogen-oil-mist

High speed milling experiments using nitrogen-oil-mist as the cutting medium were carried out to investigate the characteristics of chip formation for Ti-6Al-4V alloy.Within the range of conditions employed（cutting speed,vc=190-300 m/min;cutting depth of axial,ap=5,7 mm）,saw-tooth chips were produced in these experiments.During the macro and micro analysis of the Ti-6Al-4V chips,an optical microscope and a scanning electron microscope（SEM）were used to study the microstructure and the morphology of the chips,and the X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy（XPS）was employed for chemical analysis.Comparisons were made to study the influence of different cutting media（nitrogen-oil-mist,air-oil-mist and dry cutting condition）on chip formation.Results indicate that cutting media have significant effects on chip formation.Nitrogen-oil-mist is more suitable for improving the contact condition at chip-tool interface and increasing the tool life in high speed milling of Ti-6Al-4V alloy than air-oil-mist and dry cutting.     

Wear mechanism for spray deposited Al-Si/SiC_p composites under dry sliding condition

Al-Si/15%SiCp(volume fraction) composites with different silicon contents were fabricated by spray deposition technique, and typical microstructures of these composites were studied by optical microscopy(OM). Dry sliding wear tests were carried out using a block-on-ring wear machine to investigate the effect of applied load range of 10-220 N on the wear and friction behavior of these composites sliding against SAE 52100 grade bearing steel. Scanning electron microscopy(SEM) and energy-dispersive X-ray microanalysis(EDAX) were utilized to examine the morphologies of the worn surfaces in order to observe the wear characteristics and investigate the wear mechanism. The results show that the wear behavior of these composites is dependent on the silicon content in the matrix alloy and the applied load. Al-Si/15%SiCp composites with higher silicon content exhibit better wear resistance in the applied load range. Under lower loads, the major wear mechanisms are oxidation wear and abrasive wear for all tested composites. Under higher loads, severe adhesive wear becomes the main wear mechanisms for Al-7Si/15%SiCp and Al-13Si/15%SiCp composites, while Al-20Si/15%SiCp presents a compound wear mechanism, consisting of oxidation, abrasive wear and adhesion wear.     

Effect of Fiber Volume Fraction on Longitudinal Tensile Properties of SiC_f/Ti-6Al-4V Composites

The longitudinal tensile properties of SiC_f/Ti-6Al-4V composites with different fiber volume fractions were simulated by the Monte Carlo 2-D finite element model. The random distribution of fiber strength was expressed by the two-parameter Weibull function. Meanwhile, contact elements and birth-death elements were used to describe the interfacial sliding process after debonding and fiber breakage(or matrix cracking) respectively, which was realized by subroutine complied in ANSYS-APDL(ANSYS Parametric Design Language). The experimental results show that the yield stress and ultimate tensile strength of SiC_f/Ti-6Al-4V composites increase with increasing fiber volume fraction, while the corresponding strain of them is just on the contrary. In addition, almost the same failure mode is obtained in SiC_f/Ti-6Al-4V composites with various fiber volume fractions when the interfacial shear strength is fixed. Finally, the tensile strength predicted by finite element analysis is compared with that predicted by Global load-sharing model, Local load-sharing model and conventional rule of mixtures, thus drawing the conclusion that Local load-sharing model is very perfect for the prediction of the ultimate tensile strength.     

基于回归法的钛合金(Ti-6Al-4V)插铣铣削力建模分析

针对钛合金(Ti-6Al-4V)的切削特点,研究了具有高速、高效特点的Ti-6Al-4V的插铣过程,分析了切削力的特点,构建了切削力分析试验平台,对铣削力的变化规律进行了研究,采用Taguchi正交试验法,运用多元线性回归法进行数值拟合,建立Ti-6Al-4V插铣过程铣削力模型．经试验验证,该模型是有效的,铣削力误差在10%以内,为研究钛合金插铣过程提供了依据．     

Effect of fiber volume fraction on longitudinal tensile properties of SiC<Subscript>f</Subscript>/Ti-6Al-4V composites

The longitudinal tensile properties of SiC_f/Ti-6Al-4V composites with different fiber volume fractions were simulated by the Monte Carlo 2-D finite element model. The random distribution of fiber strength was expressed by the two-parameter Weibull function. Meanwhile, contact elements and birth-death elements were used to describe the interfacial sliding process after debonding and fiber breakage (or matrix cracking) respectively, which was realized by subroutine complied in ANSYS-APDL (ANSYS Parametric Design Language). The experimental results show that the yield stress and ultimate tensile strength of SiC_f/Ti-6Al-4V composites increase with increasing fiber volume fraction, while the corresponding strain of them is just on the contrary. In addition, almost the same failure mode is obtained in SiC_f/Ti-6Al-4V composites with various fiber volume fractions when the interfacial shear strength is fixed. Finally, the tensile strength predicted by finite element analysis is compared with that predicted by Global load-sharing model, Local load-sharing model and conventional rule of mixtures, thus drawing the conclusion that Local load-sharing model is very perfect for the prediction of the ultimate tensile strength.     

Excellent tribological behavior of hexadecylphosphonic acid films formed on titanium alloy

Titanium alloy(Ti6Al4V)surfaces are generally modified to achieve some specific surface properties to satisfy requirements of clinical medicine.In our work,hexadecylphosphonic acid(HDPA)films were successfully formed on Ti6Al4V and subsequently confirmed by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy(XPS)and atomic force microscopy(AFM)measurements.The tribological properties of the HDPA-modified Ti6Al4V were investigated using a ball-on-disk tribometer with a linear reciprocating movement.Experimental results indicate that the HDPA-modified Ti6Al4V can maintain a low friction coefficient(approximately 0.06)for 4 h when sliding against polytetrafluoroethylene(PTFE)balls under a load of 0.8 N in comparison to bare Ti6Al4V(approximately 0.2);the friction coefficient of the HDPA-modified Ti6Al4V shows a 70%decline.In addition,the wear rate of PTFE balls sliding against bare Ti6Al4V was almost twenty times that of PTFE balls sliding against the HDPA-modified Ti6Al4V.Moreover,results of tribological experiments for different speeds(from 3 to 24 mm/s)and loads(from 0.8 to 3.2 N)proved that the HDPA-modified Ti6Al4V was not sensitive to both velocity and load.The friction coefficients were still low and stable even under a high load of 3.2 N or at a high speed of 24 mm/s.This indicates that this soft modification is an optional method of improving tribological properties of Ti6Al4V.     

Three dimensional microstructures and wear resistance of Al-Bi immiscible alloys with different grain refiners

The three dimensional(3D) microstructures of Al-Bi alloys with different grain refiners(Al-5Ti-B, Al-3B and Al-3Ti) have been studied using synchrotron X-ray microtomography. The relationships between the microstructures and the corresponding wear behavior are verified through the friction and wear tests. The worn surfaces of the samples with grain refiners tested under 15 and 60 N loads are analyzed using Scanning Electron Microscopy(SEM). The results indicate that the addition of grain refiners is beneficial to the size and distribution of the Bi-rich particles in Al-Bi alloys. Compared with Al-5Ti-B and Al-3B grain refiners, the Bi-rich particles are more uniformly distributed and spherical with finer size with the addition of Al-3Ti grain refiner. The refinement renders the Al-20wt%Bi alloy refined by Al-3Ti the superior wear resistance with respect to those refined by Al-5Ti-B and Al-3B grain refiners, corresponding to the microstructures with fine and uniformly distributed Bi-rich particles in the Al matrix.     

OoW冷却方式对涂层立铣刀具高速加工钛合金Ti-6Al-4V切削特性的影响

冷却方式在切削难加工材料的过程中扮演了一个非常重要的角色,例如加工钛合金.本文对一种称谓“OoW”的冷却方式在AlCrN/AlTiSiN涂层立铣刀加工钛合金Ti-6Al-4V过程中对刀具的切削特性的影响进行了研究.在不同水含量（1.5,3.0,4.5 L/h）润滑油含量（20,30,50 mL/h）和润滑剂类型（1000-20、2000-30合成酯、2000-10脂肪醇）的条件下,对刀具的磨损、切削力、切削温度、工件的表面粗糙度以及切屑形态进行了研究.实验结果表明,低水量（1.5L/h）能显著地提高刀具的切削特性.然而,润滑剂含量以及类型对刀具的切削特性影响不明显.同时,OoW冷却方式与干切、湿切、低温微量润滑3种润滑方式进行了对比.结果显示低含水量（1.5L/h） OoW冷却方式比其他3种冷却方式对刀具磨损最小、磨损率最低,同时工件的表面粗糙度也最小.这归因于OoW冷却方式融合了水的优良冷却特性和油的高润滑性.此外,冷却方式和冷却参数对切屑的形态有影响.     

Wear Mechanism of WC-Co Cemented Carbide Tool in Cutting Ti-6Al-4V Based on Thermodynamics

In order to optimize the tool coating material and reduce the tool wear rate,the coating material and wear mechanism for carbide tools are proposed and analyzed based on thermodynamics theory.We deduced the Gibbs free energy function method and analyzed the enthalpy value of the coating material of cemented carbide tools.The rules of diffusion wear and oxidation wear for WC-Co-based carbide tools were analyzed based on the diffusion dissolution theory and the calculation method of the thermal effect of chemical reaction.The diffusion wear and oxidation wear of WC-Co-based carbide tools when machining Ti-6Al-4V were studied with SEM-EDS.The results indicate that a good prediction accuracy of both diffusion wear and oxidation wear can be achieved by the method of thermodynamic theory analysis method.The conclusion will provide useful references for the optimization of cutting parameters and the improvement of the tool life.     

钛合金表面低氧压熔结Al-Cr涂层及其高温抗氧化性

采用低氧压高温快速熔结技术在钛合金表面制备Al Cr熔结涂层,通过对涂层形貌及涂层断面的组织结构进行观察、分析,研究了熔结时间等工艺参数对熔结涂层的形成及Al Cr涂层对Ti 6Al 4V合金在600℃(873K)空气中循环氧化行为的影响。结果表明:合理控制熔结时间可控制互溶区的宽度,大大增强涂层与基体的结合强度和涂层的循环氧化抗力,在本试验条件下,使合金的抗循环氧化能力提高了近300倍。     

Friction and Wear Behavior of GCrl5 Under Multiple Movement Condition

Friction and wear of GCr15 under cross-sliding condition is tested on a ball-on-disc wear test machine. This result shows that the cross-sliding of friction pair leads to different friction and wear behavior. For the condition described in this paper, the friction coefficients with ball reciprocating are smaller than that without ball reciprocating. The friction coefficients increase with the increase of reciprocating frequency.. The wear weight loss of the ball subjected reciprocating sliding decreases, however, the wear weight loss of disc against the reciprocating ball increases. In cross-sliding friction, the worn surfaces of the ball show crinkle appearance along the circumferential sliding traces. Delaminating of small strip debris is formed along the plowing traces on the disc worn surface. The plowing furrow on the disc surfaces looks deeper and wider than that without reciprocating sliding. The size of wear particles from cross-sliding wear is larger than those without reciprocating sliding.     

航空用钛合金表面处理工艺参数优化

采用正交试验法对航空业最常用的钛合金Ti-6Al-4V表面阳极处理工艺参数优化进行了研究,得出的最佳工艺参数为:溶液浓度250 g/L,处理时间15 min,直流电压10 V,温度25℃.通过阳极化处理,在钛合金表面形成了一层褐色、致密、多孔的氧化层,增加了合金表面积,促进了胶接表面与胶层的机械咬合,增强了胶接强度.力学实验证明,胶接试样的剪切强度可达34.54 MPa.     

Ti-6Al-4V基體上氮電弧熔化法制備TiN層的組織及性能

采用直流氮電弧熔化方法在鈦合金(Ti-6Al-4V)基體上原位制備了TiN表面層。采用掃描電子顯微鏡、X射線衍射和顯微硬度儀等分析測試手段對TiN表面層的組織、硬度及摩擦磨損性能等進行了分析。探討了電弧電流對TiN層組織及性能的影響。結果表明:通過氮電弧熔化法制備的TiN層組織為樹枝晶,氮化層中樹枝晶的含量隨著深度的增加而減少,表面層與基體為冶金結合;隨著電弧電流由60A增加到100A,所制備的TiN表面層中樹枝晶的含量增加,表面層的硬度及耐磨性能都提高;當電弧電流為100A時,所制備的TiN表面層的最高硬度可達到1885HV,約為基體硬度的5倍,抗磨損性能也顯著提高。     

Friction and Wear Behavior of GCr15 Under Multiple Movement Condition

1 IntroductionThe friction and wear behavior of metals underuni-directional sliding has been widely studied eitherby ball-on-disc or by block-on-ring test machines[1].In practical applications, however, we will usuallymeet cross-sliding condition. For example, compositefretting wear of a ball on disc includes the tangentialfretting and the radial fretting [2] .Zhu et al[3-4] stud-ied the composite fretting wear behaviors of GCr15bearing steel and 7075 aluminum alloys. In slidingbearing, the …     

Dynamic Corrosion Trail of Ti-6Al-4V Alloy in Acid Artificial Saliva Containing Fluoride Ion

The dynamic corrosion behaviors of Ti-6Al-4V alloy in acid artificial saliva containing fluoride ion were traced using electrochemical techniques,optical microscope,scanning electron microscopy,energy dispersive spectrometer and roughness tester.The experimental results indicate that a negative shift of corrosion potential as well as a continuous decrease in impedance for the alloy exists with increasing immersion time,and the degradation rate of the alloy presents the trend of first increase then decrease following the dissolution of passivation film and the formation of corrosion products.The accumulated fluoride ion on the alloy surface accelerates the fracture of passivation film,and the occurrence and development of corrosion of alloy are mainly located at the sites where the formation and shedding of white particles are composed of fluoride compounds,resulting in the decrease of corrosion resisting property of the alloy.A possible model is proposed to elaborate the dynamic corrosion behavior of the alloy.     

Wear behavior of Cu matrix composites reinforced with mixture of carbon and carbon nanotubes

In order to improve wear resistance and decrease the cost, carbon and carbon nanotubes reinforced copper matrix composites were fabricated by the power metallurgy method. The effects of carbon (carbon and carbon nanotubes) volume fraction and applied load on the friction coefficient and wear rate under dry sliding of the composites were investigated at room temperature. By scanning electron microscopy (SEM), the worn surfaces and debris were observed, and wear mechanism was also analyzed and discussed. The experimental wear process consists of the run-in, steady wear and severe wear process with the increasing of sliding distance. Both the friction coefficient and wear rate of the composites first decrease and then increase with the increasing of carbon volume fraction. The minimum friction coefficient and wear rate are obtained when carbon is 4.0vol%. The wear mechanisms of the composites change from the adhesive wear and delamination wear to abrasive wear with the increasing of carbon volume fraction. Funded by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (50873047) and the Natural Science Foundation of Gansu Province (3ZS061-A25-039)     

Effect of low temperature thermo-mechanical treatment on microstructures and mechanical properties of TC4 alloy

The effects of low temperature thermo-mechanical treatment (LTTMT) on microstructures and mechanical properties of Ti-6Al-4V (TC4) alloy were studied by optical microscopy (OM), tensile test, scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The experimental results confirm that the strength of TC4 alloy can be improved obviously by LTTMT processing, which combines strain strengthening with aging strengthening. The effect of LTTMT on the alloy depends on the microstructure of the refined and dispersed α+β phase on the basis of high dislocation density by pre-deformation below recrystallization temperature. The tensile strength decreases with the increase of pre-deformation reduction. The optimal processing parameters of LTTMT for TC4 alloy are as follows:solution treatment at 900 ℃ for 15 min, pre-deformation in the range of 600-700 ℃ with a reduction of 35%, finally aging at 540 ℃ for 4 h followed by air-cooling.