利用紫外光降解花生油中黄曲霉毒素B1

目的评价紫外光照射对花生油中黄曲霉毒素B_1(AFB_1)的降解效果以及油品质的安全性的影响。方法采用波长为365 nm,功率100 W的紫外灯设备对花生油中的AFB_1进行照射处理后,分别利用高效液相色谱(HPLC)对花生油中的AFB_1的含量,滴定法对过氧化值,Ranciment法对氧化稳定性以及气相色谱法(GC)对不饱和脂肪酸的含量进行跟踪测定。结果结果表明,随着紫外照射时间的延长,花生油中黄曲霉毒素的含量逐渐降低,在25 min内降解率可达90%,过氧化值、不饱和脂肪酸的含量以及氧化稳定性这些品质指标数值均无明显变化。结论紫外光照射脱毒技术不仅对花生油中的AFB_1有很好的降解效果,并且对油品质无显著影响。     

低温射频等离子体降解农产品中黄曲霉毒素B1效果的研究

研究采用低温射频等离子体技术处理农产品中的黄曲霉毒素B_1(AFB_1),并通过HPLC分析其中黄曲霉毒素的降解率。结果表明,等离子体降解农产品中AFB_1效果显著,150 W等离子处理500 s,花生中AFB_1的降解率达到88.3%,玉米中AFB_1的降解率达到92.2%。等离子体功率越大,处理时间越长,AFB_1的降解率越大。在相同降解条件下,不同细度样品中AFB_1降解率有显著差异。花生、玉米粗粉试样中AFB_1的降解率低于花生、玉米细粉试样。     

常压等离子体降解黄曲霉毒素B1的效果研究

采用常压等离子体对乙腈中黄曲霉毒素B_1(AFB_1)进行降解。利用单因素实验,考察了放电间距、处理电压、放电时间以及AFB_1初始浓度对AFB_1降解率的影响,在此基础上进行了BoxBehnken的实验设计,选取AFB_1降解率作为响应值,优化了AFB_1的降解条件。结果表明:各因素对AFB_1降解率的影响大小依次为处理电压放电时间AFB_1初始浓度。常压等离子降解AFB_1的最佳工艺条件为处理电压170 V、放电时间236 s、AFB_1初始浓度5 mg/L、放电间距2 cm。AFB_1的降解率高达92.45%,与预测值93.94%相接近,偏差为1.49%。     

Degradation of aflatoxin B1 in peanut meal by electron beam irradiation

The effects and safety of electron beam irradiation (EBI) treatment on the detoxification of aflatoxin B₁ (AFB₁) in the peanut meal were evaluated in this article. The AFB₁ degradation was predominantly affected by both initial AFB₁ and water concentrations. The degradation of AFB₁ in the selected concentrations (0.5–5 ppm) was proven to follow pseudo first-order reaction kinetics (R² > 0.95). The AFB₁ degradation was faster when the initial concentration was 5 ppm and the moisture content was 21.47%, in comparison with the initial concentration of 1 ppm and 0.5 ppm and the moisture content of 14.32% and 8.74%, respectively. The Ames and cytotoxicity tests were employed to evaluate the residual toxicity of EBI-treated peanut meal. The mutagenic activity of EB-treated samples was completely lost compared with that of untreated samples and the degradation products in peanut meal has almost no cell toxicity.     

脉冲强光与紫外辐照对鲜食玉米贮藏品质的影响

鲜食玉米贮藏期间品质会下降。以脉冲强光(PL)与紫外辐照(UVR)对鲜食玉米进行保鲜,分析含水量、质量损失率、TPA指标、色差与感官品质,研究贮藏期间品质变化。结果表明,PL、UVR的水分含量显著(p=0.012)、极显著(p=0.003)高于对照,说明可有效抑制水分散失,而PL与UVR无显著差异。在质量损失率上,PL显著低于对照(p=0.018),UVR极显著低于对照(p=0.010),PL显著低于UVR(p=0.035),说明PL、UVR有助于降低玉米质量损失。PL处理的鲜食玉米内聚性极显著高于UVR(p=0.0002)和对照(p=0.0019),UVR与对照无明显差异;在硬度、胶粘性和咀嚼性上,PL与UVR均极显著高于对照(硬度:p=0.0011,p=0.0024;胶粘性:p=0.0004,p=0.0063;咀嚼性:p=0.0003,p=0.0019),PL极显著高于UVR(硬度:p=0.0003;胶粘性:p=0.0005;咀嚼性:p=0.0002),说明PL与UVR会导致籽粒硬度增大,胶粘性和咀嚼性增加。PL、UVR、对照三者间在色差上无显著差异;鲜食玉米贮藏10 d时,PL感官评分为84.4,UVR为80.6,对照为73.2。PL感官品质极显著优于UVR和对照(p=0.005,p=0.002),UVR也极显著优于对照(p=0.002),说明PL对鲜食玉米保鲜效果较好,能更好保持色、香、味等感官品质。      

高效液相色谱法测定粮谷中黄曲霉毒素B1的研究

建立了用三氯甲烷提取、硅胶小柱净化、三氟乙酸衍生,再以荧光检测器来测定粮谷中黄曲霉毒素B1的高效液相色谱方法.试验证明,该方法安全限量标准最低可达0.4 μg/kg,线性在2～50 μg/kg良好,平均回收率较高,具有准确度高、精密度好、安全限量低的特点.     

臭氧降解玉米中黄曲霉毒素B1效果及降解动力学研究

玉米是我国重要的食品和饲料原料,当收获、加工和储藏等措施不当时,可能会造成黄曲霉毒素B1（aflatoxin B1,AFB1）污染玉米这一突出问题,AFB1已被国际癌症机构定为1级致癌物。尽管目前已建立了一些物理、化学和生物降解AFB1的方法,但高效、安全、经济的绿色降解方法仍很少。本研究以AFB1污染的玉米为试样,研究臭氧对玉米中AFB1的降解效果。结果表明：AFB1降解率随着臭氧质量浓度的增加和处理时间的延长而显著提高;当水分质量分数为20.37%的玉米经90 mg/L的臭氧处理40 min后,AFB1含量由77.6 μg/kg降低到21.42 μg/kg,降解率达72.4%。臭氧降解AFB1的动力学模拟结果表明,臭氧降解AFB1符合一级动力学模型。玉米中AFB1降解速率常数按以下次序递减：k90 mg/L＞k65 mg/L＞k40 mg/L。实验得到臭氧降解AFB1的动力学方程、反应速率常数、决定系数和半衰期,为最优地控制臭氧降解AFB1的反应条件奠定了理论和实践基础,也为臭氧降解AFB1污染玉米的应用提供了技术保障。     

Binding of aflatoxin B1 by probiotic bacteria

The ability of six probiotic bacteria to bind a common food carcinogen, aflatoxin B₁, was assessed. The studied strains included Lactobacillus strains and one Bifidobacterium strain. The strains were incubated in vitro with alfatoxin B₁ and the toxin residue in the supernatant was measured using high‐performance liquid chromatography. The aflatoxin‐binding capacity of the strains was found to range from 5.8 to 31.3%. The results further support the observation that a number of probiotic bacteria are able to bind specific dietary contaminants. Although the extent of binding varies depending on the bacterial strain used, the data may explain some of the antimutagenic and anticarcinogenic effects of probiotic micro‐organisms. © 2000 Society of Chemical Industry     

蒙脱土脱除花生油中黄曲霉毒素B1的研究

为了开发适用于食用油的安全、高效黄曲霉毒素吸附剂,以一种半干法制备的钙基蒙脱土为研究对象,采用单因素实验和正交实验优化了蒙脱土脱除花生油中黄曲霉毒素B1的工艺,利用等温吸附实验研究了其吸附机制,并考察蒙脱土吸附对花生油品质的影响。结果表明：在蒙脱土添加量0.5%、吸附温度110℃、吸附时间30 min的条件下,黄曲霉毒素B1的脱除率最高,为（95.15±0.01）%,花生油中黄曲霉毒素B1的含量降低至（1.995±0.607） μg/kg,符合国家标准（GB 2761—2017）要求;蒙脱土吸附花生油中黄曲霉毒素B1符合Ferundlich模型,表明该吸附是物理多层吸附和化学单层吸附的复杂过程;蒙脱土对黄曲霉毒素B1的吸附亲和力强,最大吸附量可达0.1 mg/g;该蒙脱土还可改善花生油的色泽,降低花生油的酸值和过氧化值,且总生育酚和总甾醇保留率较高。该蒙脱土是一种安全、高效的黄曲霉毒素B1吸附剂,可用于油脂加工中。     

Total inactivation of lipoxygenase in whole soya bean by pulsed light and the effect of pulsed light on the chemical properties of soya milk produced from the treated soya beans

The inactivation of lipoxygenase (LOX) in the whole soya bean prevents lipid oxidation that produces an off‐flavour of soya food. The inactivation of lipoxygenase in the whole soya bean by pulsed light (PL) was examined with three distances (5, 7 and 9 cm) from the PL strobe and for different durations. Soya bean was treated with PL with and without ice surrounding the soya bean sample tray for limiting the rise in sample temperature. Results show that without ice surrounding the sample tray, the lowest LOX residual activity was 4.7%, 0.4% and 0.0% for 80‐s duration at 5 cm distance from the PL strobe, 110 s at 7 cm from the strobe and 150 s at 9 cm from the strobe, respectively; the soya bean temperature after treatment was 109.6, 116.3 and 114.8 °C, respectively. The instantaneous temperatures of the soya bean core measured during PL operating were above 100 °C. The lipoxygenase band was disappeared after longest PL treatments of each distance compared with the LOX band control as assessed by electrophoresis. The pulsed light had no negative effect on peroxide value of produced soya milk. However, PL reduced significantly the total solid amount and changed the colour of the produced soya milk. The residual activity with sample cooling by ice during treatment was 79.0%, 98.8% and 95.7%, with sample temperatures of 81.7, 91.2 and 66.9 °C, respectively. This study indicates that PL illumination could fully inactivate LOX in whole soya beans, with the photo‐thermal effect of PL as the main factor responsible for the inactivation of LOX.     

酶联免疫吸附法测定植物油中黄曲霉毒素B1

目的对酶联免疫吸附法(enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay,ELISA)快速检测植物油中黄曲霉毒素B_1进行方法验证,考查植物油中黄曲霉毒素B_1污染情况。方法对酶联免疫吸附法检测植物油中黄曲霉毒素B_1进行了准确性与回收率、重复性、复现性等方法学实验。用验证后的试剂盒检测156份植物油中黄曲霉毒素B_1含量。结果酶联免疫吸附法的回收率在102.8%~113.8%,相对标准偏差为2.0%~6.1%,重复性相对标准偏差为4.3%,复现性相对标准偏差为7.1%和7.6%。156份植物油中黄曲霉毒素B_1检出率为60.90%,其中山茶油的检出率为78.38%,高于平均水平。结论试剂盒检测植物油稳定性较好,定量准确。156份植物油中黄曲霉毒素B_1含量均符合国家标准,花生油中黄曲霉毒素B_1检出浓度最高,其次是玉米油。茶油的加工生产过程可能存在污染黄曲霉毒素B_1的情况,应注意加工过程中黄曲霉毒素B_1的污染。     

嗜麦芽窄食单胞菌42-2降解黄曲霉毒素B1的效果研究

黄曲霉毒素B1（AFB1）对人类和家畜的健康危害很大。本文以嗜麦芽窄食单胞菌（Stenotrophomonas sp.42-2）为研究菌株,对其进行了急性毒理实验,并利用该菌的上清液、发酵液和胞外蛋白粗提取液分别进行了发霉玉米、饲料、生大黄、柏子仁和怀山药的黄曲霉毒素B1降解实验。结果表明:活菌制剂在2.56×1010 CFU个/m L剂量以下不会引起急性毒性反应。在菌株42-2的上清液、发酵液和胞外蛋白粗提取液的毒素降解实验中,三者对发霉玉米中AFB1的降解率分别为:74.90%、82.60%和65.40%;对饲料中AFB1的降解率分别为:77.60%、82.50%和71.20%;对生大黄中AFB1的降解率分别为:73%、78.10%和68.40%;对柏子仁中AFB1的降解率为:76%、79.50%和70.50%;对怀山药中AFB1的降解率分别为:65.30%、69.10%和61.10%。      

Excretion of aflatoxin M1 in milk of dairy ewes treated with different doses of aflatoxin B1

Two experiments were conducted to study the amount of aflatoxin M1 (AFM1) in milk in response to feeding aflatoxin B1 (AFB1). In experiment 1, four dairy ewes in early lactation received a single dose of pure AFB1 (2 mg). Individual milk samples were collected during the following 5 d to measure AFM1 concentration. The average excretion of AFM1 in milk followed an exponential decreasing pattern, with two intermediate peaks at 24 and 48 h. No AFM1 was detected in milk at 96 h after dosing. The mean rate of transfer of AFB1 into AFM1 in milk was 0.032%, with a high individual variability (SD = 0.017%). In experiment 2, 16 dairy ewes in midlactation were divided into four groups that received different daily doses of AFB1 (0, 32, 64, and 128 microgram for control and groups T1, T2, and T3, respectively) for 14 d. Pure AFB1 was administered to each animal divided in two daily doses. Individual milk samples were collected at 12, 24, 36, 48, 72, 96, 144, 216, and 312 h after the first AFB1 administration, during the intoxication period, and every 24 h for 7 d after the withdrawal of AFB1. AFM1 was detected in the milk of all animals of the treated groups at 12 h after the administration of AFB1. In all treated groups, milk AFM1 concentration increased from 12 to 144 h after the beginning of administration. It then decreased, reaching a stable concentration at 216 and 312 h after the first administration. No AFM1 was detected in milk 3 d after the last administration of AFB1. Milk AFM1 concentration measured at steady-state condition was significantly affected by the AFB1 dose (0.031, 0.095, and 0.166 in T1, T2, and T3 groups, respectively), with a linear relationship between AFB1 dose and milk AFM1 concentration (R2 = 77.2%). The carryover (AFM1/AFB1 ratio) was not significantly affected by treatment, and its mean value was 0.112% (SE = 0.011). The carryover was lower than that reported for dairy cattle and goats, suggesting a better ability of sheep to degrade AFB1.     

脉冲强光对梨多酚氧化酶钝化实验研究

进行了脉冲强光对多酚氧化酶的钝化实验研究,选用光照强度、闪照次数、酶液厚度作为影响因素,使用响应面法优化得出最佳工艺参数。实验结果表明,酶液厚度和闪照次数对钝化效果影响最显著。最佳工艺参数为:光照强度为0.89J·cm-2,酶液厚度1.56mm,闪照次数149。在此条件下相对酶活达38.2%。     

胶体金免疫层析法检测酱油中黄曲霉毒素B1

采用胶体金免疫层析法检测酱油中的黄曲霉毒素B1。加标的酱油样品经提取后,以胶体金免疫层析法对其进行黄曲霉毒素B1测定,并与酶联免疫吸附法进行比较。结果表明,当酱油中黄曲霉毒素含量超过国家限量标准(5μg/kg),胶体金免疫层析法检测结果为阳性,说明该方法能够满足酱油样品中黄曲霉毒素B1监控的要求。     

超高效液相色谱-串联质谱测定白酒中的黄曲霉毒素B1B2G1G2总量

目的建立一种超高效液相色谱—串联质谱(ultra-highperformanceliquidchromatography-tandem mass spectrometry, UPLC-MS)测定白酒中黄曲霉毒素总量(G_2, G_1, B_2, B_1)的检测方法。方法以甲醇+5 mmol/L乙酸铵作为流动相梯度洗脱,流速为0.2 mL/min,经ACQUITY UPLC BEH C_(18)(50 mm×2.1 mm, 1.7μm)色谱柱,柱温为40℃,采用电喷雾电离源正离子模式检测,进样时间为10min。结果经检测,黄曲霉毒素总量均有较好的线性关系,线性相关系数r~2均大于0.999。检出限在0.01～0.03μg/kg之间。加标回收率为87～103%。结论用所建方法同GB 5009.22-2016从时间、样品处理及最后结果上进行对比分析,该方法简单、快速,结果准确,灵敏度高。     

Effect of dietary acids on the formation of aflatoxin B2a as a means to detoxify aflatoxin B1

Aflatoxin B₁ (AFB₁) is a class 1 carcinogen and a common food contaminant worldwide with widely uncontrolled human exposure. The ability of organic acids to transform AFB₁ into a known detoxified form, aflatoxin B_2a (AFB_2a), was investigated using high performance liquid chromatography-electrospray ionisation-time of flight mass spectrometry (HPLC/ESI/TOF/MS). The identity of the transformation product was confirmed by accurate mass measurement, chromatographic separation from other aflatoxins, H¹-nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) and infrared (IR) spectroscopy. Of the weak acids tested, citric acid was found to be the most effective for AFB_2a formation. At room temperature, 1 M citric acid was able to convert > 97% of AFB₁ to AFB_2a over 96 h of treatment. Up to 98% transformation was achieved by boiling AFB₁ in the presence of citric acid for 20 min. AFB₁ hydration after ingestion was explored by spiking AFB₁ into simulated gastric fluid containing citric acid. Under these conditions, > 71% of AFB₁ was hydrated to AFB_2a and did not show any reversion to the parent compound after being transferred to a neutral solution. These results provide a basis for a practical and effective method for detoxification of AFB₁ in contaminated foods.     

间接竞争ELISA检测试剂盒测定粮油食品中的 黄曲霉毒素B1

目的建立一套适用于食品中黄曲霉毒素B1的快速、简便、准确的检测方法,同时,进一步验证本公司研制的黄曲霉毒素ELISA检测试剂盒的检测效果。方法用酶联免疫法和高效液相色谱法分别对市售的食用油、花生、谷物样品中AFB1的污染程度进行检测分析。结果用ELISA法和HPLC法测定食用油样品的回收率分别为87.1%~92.7%和85.8%~100.8%;花生样品的回收率分别为76.0%~92.8%和76.3%~92.9%;谷物样品的回收率分别为82.6%~92.7%和82.7%~106.4%,花生加标样品6次平行测定的RSD分别为1.29%~2.46%和5.15%~8.70%,11份阳性样品测定结果表明2种方法具有很好的一致性(r2=0.995)。结论 ELISA法和HPLC法均有很好的线性关系,且测定结果相近。本公司研制的黄曲霉毒素ELISA试剂盒可以快速地检测食品中黄曲霉毒素B1,分析周期短,分析效率高。