Ultrathin Planar Cavity Metasurfaces

An ultrathin planar cavity metasurface is proposed based on ultrathin film interference and its practicability for light manipulation in visible region is experimentally demonstrated. Phase of reflected light is modulated by finely adjusting the thickness of amorphous silicon (a‐Si) by a few nanometers on an aluminum (Al) substrate via nontrivial phase shifts at the interfaces and interference of multireflections generated from the planar cavity. A phase shift of π, the basic requirement for two‐level phase metasurface systems, can be accomplished with an 8 nm thick difference. For proof of concept, gradient metasurfaces for beam deflection, Fresnel zone plate metalens for light focusing, and metaholograms for image reconstruction are presented, demonstrating polarization‐independent and broadband characteristics. This novel mechanism for phase modulation with ultrathin planar cavity provides diverse routes to construct advanced flat optical devices with versatile applications.     

Polarization Encoded Color Image Embedded in a Dielectric Metasurface

Optical metasurfaces have shown unprecedented capabilities in the local manipulation of the light's phase, intensity, and polarization profiles, and represent a new viable technology for applications such as high‐density optical storage, holography and display. Here, a novel metasurface platform is demonstrated for simultaneously encoding color and intensity information into the wavelength‐dependent polarization profile of a light beam. Unlike typical metasurface devices in which images are encoded by phase or amplitude modulation, the color image here is multiplexed into several sets of polarization profiles, each corresponding to a distinct color, which further allows polarization modulation‐induced additive color mixing. This unique approach features the combination of wavelength selectivity and arbitrary polarization control down to a single subwavelength pixel level. The encoding approach for polarization and color may open a new avenue for novel, effective color display elements with fine control over both brightness and contrast, and may have significant impact for high‐density data storage, information security, and anticounterfeiting.     

Quasicrystal Photonic Metasurfaces for Radiation Controlling of Second Harmonic Generation

Photonic metasurfaces, a kind of 2D structured medium, represent a novel platform to manipulate the propagation of light at subwavelength scale. In linear optical regime, many interesting topics such as planar meta‐lenses, metasurface optical holography, and so on have been widely investigated. Recently, metasurfaces have gone into the nonlinear optical regime. While it is recognized that the local symmetry of the meta‐atoms plays a vital role in determining the polarization, phase, and intensity of the nonlinear waves, much less attention has been paid to the global symmetry of the nonlinear metasurfaces. According to the Penrose tiling and the newly proposed hexagonal quasicrystalline tiling, nonlinear optical quasicrystal metasurfaces are designed and fabricated based on the geometric‐phase‐controlled plasmonic meta‐atoms with local rotational symmetry. It is found that the far‐field radiation behavior of second harmonic generation waves are determined by both the tiling schemes of quasicrystal metasurfaces and the local symmetry of meta‐atoms they consist of. The proposed concept may open new avenues for designing nonlinear optical sources with metasurface crystals.     

Mitigating Chromatic Dispersion with Hybrid Optical Metasurfaces

Metasurfaces control various properties of light via scattering across a large number of subwavelength‐spaced nanostructures. Although metasurfaces appear to be ideal photonic platforms for realizing and designing miniaturized devices, their chromatic aberrations have hindered the large‐scale deployment of this technology in numerous applications. Wavelength‐dependent diffraction and resonant scattering effects usually limit their working operation wavelengths. In refractive optics, chromatic dispersion is a significant problem and is generally treated by cascading multiple lenses into achromatic doublets, triplets, and so on. Recently, broadband achromatic metalenses in the visible have been proposed to circumvent chromatic aberration but their throughput efficiency is still limited. Here, the dispersion of refractive components is corrected by leveraging the inherent dispersion of metasurfaces. Hybrid refractive‐metasurface devices, with nondispersive refraction in the visible, are experimentally demonstrated. The dispersion of this hybrid component, characterized by using a Fourier plane imaging microscopy setup, is essentially achromatic over about 150 nm in the visible. Broadband focusing with composite plano‐convex metasurface lenses is also proposed. These devices could find applications in numerous consumer optics, augmented reality components, and all applications including imaging for which monochromatic performance is not sufficient.     

Multichannel‐Independent Information Encoding with Optical Metasurfaces

Optical metasurfaces, as an emerging platform, have been shown to be capable of effectively manipulating the local properties (amplitude, phase, and polarization) of the reflected or transmitted light and have unique strengths in high‐density optical storage, holography, display, etc. The reliability and flexibility of wavefront manipulation makes optical metasurfaces suitable for information encryption by increasing the possibility of encoding combinations of independent channels and the capacity of encryption, and thus the security level. Here, recent progress in metasurface‐based information encoding is reviewed, in which the independent channels for information encoding are built with wavelength and/or polarization in one‐dimensional/two‐dimensional (1D/2D) modes. The way to increase information encoding capacity and security level is proposed, and the opportunities and challenges of information encoding with independent channels based on metasurfaces are discussed.     

Ultrafast Coherent Absorption in Diamond Metamaterials

Diamond is introduced as a material platform for visible/near‐infrared photonic metamaterials, with a nanostructured polycrystalline diamond metasurface only 170 nm thick providing an experimental demonstration of coherent light‐by‐light modulation at few‐optical‐cycle (6 fs) pulse durations. “Coherent control” of absorption in planar (subwavelength‐thickness) materials has emerged recently as a mechanism for high‐contrast all‐optical gating, with a speed of response that is limited only by the spectral width of the absorption line. It is shown here that a free‐standing diamond membrane structured by focused ion beam milling can provide strong, spectrally near‐flat absorption over a visible to near‐infrared wavelength range that is wide enough (wider than is characteristically achievable in plasmonic metal metasurfaces) to facilitate coherent modulation of ultrashort optical pulses comprising only a few oscillations of electromagnetic field.     

Piezo‐Phototronic Effect on Selective Electron or Hole Transport through Depletion Region of Vis–NIR Broadband Photodiode

Silicon underpins nearly all microelectronics today and will continue to do so for some decades to come. However, for silicon photonics, the indirect band gap of silicon and lack of adjustability severely limit its use in applications such as broadband photodiodes. Here, a high‐performance p‐Si/n‐ZnO broadband photodiode working in a wide wavelength range from visible to near‐infrared light with high sensitivity, fast response, and good stability is reported. The absorption of near‐infrared wavelength light is significantly enhanced due to the nanostructured/textured top surface. The general performance of the broadband photodiodes can be further improved by the piezo‐phototronic effect. The enhancement of responsivity can reach a maximum of 78% to 442 nm illumination, the linearity and saturation limit to 1060 nm light are also significantly increased by applying external strains. The photodiode is illuminated with different wavelength lights to selectively choose the photogenerated charge carriers (either electrons or holes) passing through the depletion region, to investigate the piezo‐phototronic effect on electron or hole transport separately for the first time. This is essential for studying the basic principles in order to develop a full understanding about piezotronics and it also enables the development of the better performance of optoelectronics.     

Embedded Metal Oxide Plasmonics Using Local Plasma Oxidation of AZO for Planar Metasurfaces

New methods for achieving high-quality conducting oxide metasurfaces are of great importance for a range of emerging applications from infrared thermal control coatings to epsilon-near-zero nonlinear optics. This work demonstrates the viability of plasma patterning as a technique to selectively and locally modulate the carrier density in planar Al-doped ZnO (AZO) metasurfaces without any associated topographical surface profile. This technique stands in strong contrast to conventional physical patterning which results in nonplanar textured surfaces. The approach can open up a new route to form novel photonic devices with planar metasurfaces, for example, antireflective coatings and multi-layer devices. To demonstrate the performance of the carrier-modulated AZO metasurfaces, two types of devices are realized using the demonstrated plasma patterning. A metasurface optical solar reflector is shown to produce infrared emissivity equivalent to a conventional etched design. Second, a multiband metasurface is achieved by integrating a Au visible-range metasurface on top of the planar AZO infrared metasurface. Independent control of spectral bands without significant cross-talk between infrared and visible functionalities is achieved. Local carrier tuning of conducting oxide films offers a conceptually new approach for oxide-based photonics and nanoelectronics and opens up new routes for integrated planar metasurfaces in optical technology.     

0.2 λ0 Thick Adaptive Retroreflector Made of Spin‐Locked Metasurface

The metasurface concept is employed to planarize retroflectors by stacking two metasurfaces with separation that is two orders larger than the wavelength. Here, a retroreflective metasurface using subwavelength‐thick reconfigurable C‐shaped resonators (RCRs) is reported, which reduces the overall thickness from the previous record of 590 λ₀ down to only 0.2 λ₀. The geometry of RCRs could be in situ controlled to realize equal amplitude and phase modulation onto transverse magnetic (TM)‐polarized and transverse electric (TE)‐polarized incidences. With the phase gradient being engineered, an in‐plane momentum could be imparted to the incident wave, guaranteeing the spin state of the retro‐reflected wave identical to that of the incident light. Such spin‐locked metasurface is natively adaptive toward different incident angles to realize retroreflection by mechanically altering the geometry of RCRs. As a proof of concept, an ultrathin retroreflective metasurface is validated at 15 GHz, under various illumination angles at 10°, 12°, 15°, and 20°. Such adaptive spin‐locked metasurface could find promising applications in spin‐based optical devices, communication systems, remote sensing, RCS enhancement, and so on.     

Ultra‐Broadband Flexible Photodetector Based on Topological Crystalline Insulator SnTe with High Responsivity

Topological crystalline insulators (TCIs) are predicted to be a promising candidate material for ultra‐broadband photodetectors ranging from ultraviolet (UV) to terahertz (THz) due to its gapless surface state and narrow bulk bandgap. However, the low responsivity of TCIs‐based photodetectors limits their further applications. In this regard, a high‐performance photodetector based on SnTe, a recently developed TCI, working in a broadband wavelength range from deep UV to mid‐IR with high responsivity is reported. By taking advantage of the strong light absorption and small bandgap of SnTe, photodetectors based on the as‐grown SnTe crystalline nanoflakes as well as specific short channel length achieve a high responsivity (71.11 A W^?1 at 254 nm, 49.03 A W^?1 at 635 nm, 10.91 A W^?1 at 1550 nm, and 4.17 A W^?1 at 4650 nm) and an ultra‐broad spectral response (254–4650 nm) simultaneously. Moreover, for the first time, a durable flexible SnTe photodetector fabricated directly on a polyethylene terephthalate film is demonstrated. These results prove the great potential of TCIs as a promising material for integrated and flexible optoelectronic devices.     

可调谐手征超表面电磁特性研究进展

手征超表面是由具有特定电磁响应的平面手征单元结构构成的超薄超材料,由于其具有自由控制电磁波的奇异能力而引起了极大的关注.通过在超表面设计中加入可调谐材料,可以实现其功能受外部激发控制的可调谐或可重构的超器件,为动态调谐电磁波开辟了新的道路.本文介绍了可调/可重构手征超表面电磁特性的一些理论基础,当线偏振光进入可调谐手征...     

Energy‐Tailorable Spin‐Selective Multifunctional Metasurfaces with Full Fourier Components

Compact integrated multifunctional metasurface that can deal with concurrent tasks represent one of the most profound research fields in modern optics. Such integration is expected to have a striking impact on minimized optical systems in applications such as optical communication and computation. However, arbitrary multifunctional spin‐selective design with precise energy configuration in each channel is still a challenge, and suffers from intrinsic noise and complex designs. Here, a design principle is proposed to realize energy tailorable multifunctional metasurfaces, in which the functionalities can be arbitrarily designed if the channels have no or weak interference in k‐space. A design strategy is demostrated here with high‐efficiency dielectric nanopillars that can modulate full Fourier components of the optical field. The spin‐selective behavior of the dielectric metasurfaces is also investigated, which originates from the group effect introduced by numerous nanopillar arrays. This approach provides straightforward rules to control the functionality channels in the integrated metasurfaces, and paves the way for efficient concurrent optical communication.     

All‐Dielectric Active Terahertz Photonics Driven by Bound States in the Continuum

The remarkable emergence of all‐dielectric meta‐photonics governed by the physics of high‐index dielectric materials offers a low‐loss platform for efficient manipulation and subwavelength control of electromagnetic waves from microwaves to visible frequencies. Dielectric metasurfaces can focus electromagnetic waves, generate structured beams and vortices, enhance local fields for advanced sensing, and provide novel functionalities for classical and quantum technologies. Recent advances in meta‐photonics are associated with the exploration of exotic electromagnetic modes called the bound states in the continuum (BICs), which offer a simple interference mechanism to achieve large quality factors (Q) through excitation of supercavity modes in dielectric nanostructures and resonant metasurfaces. Here, a BIC‐driven terahertz metasurface with dynamic control of high‐Q silicon supercavities that are reconfigurable at a nanosecond timescale is experimentally demonstrated. It is revealed that such supercavities enable low‐power, optically induced terahertz switching and modulation of sharp resonances for potential applications in lasing, mode multiplexing, and biosensing.     

Infrared metasurface-enabled compact polarization nanodevices

Infrared metasurface, especially that having a working range covering wavelengths from 0.75 to 25 μm, has been exploited as a revolutionary tool to manipulate the properties of electromagnetic waves owing to its potential applications in military and civilian fields. It owns the capacity to steer electromagnetic waves within subwavelength scale, with full degrees of freedom such as phase, amplitude and polarization, allowing the development of a number of planar meta-devices including the metalens, hologram, wave-plate and polarimeter. In particular, polarization, which determines the interaction of electromagnetic waves with matter, is important in almost every area of science. However, conventional materials for infrared polarization control inevitably introduce extra optical components and bulky configurations, hindering future miniaturization and integration. Moreover, compared with their short wavelength counterparts, polarization nanodevices in the infrared band and especially those in the long-wavelength infrared region have been far less explored due to the loss of material and immature fabrication techniques. Here, we review recent progress in the development of infrared metasurfaces in terms of generating, manipulating and detecting the polarization on standard and higher-order Poincaré spheres. The principles, typical strategies and emerging applications of these processes are introduced. We also discuss the challenges and outlook of future developments in this emerging field.     

基于轻薄硬质超表面的空气声波反射场操控

对反射声波的复杂操控是声学研究的基础问题之一,并广泛应用于房间声学设计及噪声能量消除等重要场合。近年来出现的声学超表面为声学功能器件的小型化提供了新的启示,因此如何进一步缩减其尺寸和重量具有重要的物理意义与应用价值。展示了一种轻薄超表面结构对低频空气声波所产生反射声场的高效、精准操控。通过理论计算证明了利用简单的扁平中空结构,可在不显著牺牲能量反射率及结构强度的前提下,通过调控单个结构参数产生0~2π范围内的反射相位,同时避免了制备难度高和增加器件重量的复杂内部结构,因此具有尺寸超薄(λ₀/20)、重量轻盈、反射率高及制备简单等优势。通过实现任意角度的异常反射、基于超薄平面透镜的可调声聚焦、构建平面棱锥镜产生类贝塞尔声束3个典型例子展示了该器件对反射声波的丰富操控性能。实现基于轻薄超表面对反射声场的操控,有助于新型平面声学器件的研究与应用,并有望在建筑声学、噪声控制、扬声器设计等领域中产生重要价值。     

Tailorable Dynamics in Nonlinear Optical Metasurfaces

Controlling light with light is essential for all-optical switching, data processing in optical communications and computing. Until now, all-optical control of light has relied almost exclusively on nonlinear optical interactions in materials. Achieving giant nonlinearities under low light intensity is essential for weak-light nonlinear optics. In the past decades, such weak-light nonlinear phenomena have been demonstrated in photorefractive and photochromic materials. However, their bulky size and slow speed have hindered practical applications. Metasurfaces, which enhance light–matter interactions at the nanoscale, provide a new framework with tailorable nonlinearities for weak-light nonlinear dynamics. Current advances in nonlinear metasurfaces are introduced, with a special emphasis on all-optical light controls. The tuning of the nonlinearity values using metasurfaces, including enhancement and sign reversal is presented. The tailoring of the transient behaviors of nonlinearities in metasurfaces to achieve femtosecond switching speed is also discussed. Furthermore, the impact of quantum effects from the metasurface on the nonlinearities is introduced. Finally, an outlook on the future development of this energetic field is offered.     

Breaking Reciprocity with Space‐Time‐Coding Digital Metasurfaces

Metasurfaces are artificially engineered ultrathin structures that can finely tailor and control electromagnetic wavefronts. There is currently a strong interest in exploring their capability to lift some fundamental limitations dictated by Lorentz reciprocity, which have strong implications in communication, heat management, and energy harvesting. Time‐varying approaches have emerged as attractive alternatives to conventional schemes relying on magnetic or nonlinear materials, but experimental evidence is currently limited to devices such as circulators and antennas. Here, the recently proposed concept of space‐time‐coding digital metasurfaces is leveraged to break reciprocity. Moreover, it is shown that such nonreciprocal effects can be controlled dynamically. This approach relies on inducing suitable spatiotemporal phase gradients in a programmable way via digital modulation of the metasurface‐elements' phase repsonse, which enable anomalous reflections accompanied by frequency conversions. A prototype operating at microwave frequencies is designed and fabricated for proof‐of‐concept validation. Measured results are in good agreement with theory, hence providing the first experimental evidence of nonreciprocal reflection effects enabled by space‐time‐modulated digital metasurfaces. The proposed concept and platform set the stage for “on‐demand” realization of nonreciprocal effects, in programmable or reconfigurable fashions, which may find several promising applications, including frequency conversion, Doppler frequency illusion, optical isolation, and unidirectional transmission.     

Phototunable Dielectric Huygens' Metasurfaces

Conventional dielectric metasurfaces achieve their properties through geometrical tuning and consequently are static. Although some unique properties are demonstrated, the usefulness for realistic applications is thus inherently limited. Here, control of the resonant eigenmodes supported by Huygens' metasurface (HMS) absorbers through optical excitation is proposed and demonstrated. An intensity transmission modulation depth of 99.93% is demonstrated at 1.03 THz, with an associated phase change of greater than π/2 rad. Coupled mode theory and S‐parameter simulations are used to elucidate the mechanism underlying the dynamics of the metasurface and it is found that the tuning is primarily governed by modification of the magnetic dipole‐like odd eigenmode, which both lifts the degeneracy, and eliminates critical coupling. The dynamic HMS demonstrates wide tunability and versatility which is not limited to the spectral range demonstrated, offering a new path for reconfigurable metasurface applications.     

Broadband High‐Efficiency Chiral Splitters and Holograms from Dielectric Nanoarc Metasurfaces

Simultaneous broadband and high efficiency merits of designer metasurfaces are currently attracting widespread attention in the field of nanophotonics. However, contemporary metasurfaces rarely achieve both advantages simultaneously. For the category of transmissive metadevices, plasmonic or conventional dielectric metasurfaces are viable for either broadband operation with relatively low efficiency or high efficiency at only a selection of wavelengths. To overcome this limitation, dielectric nanoarcs are proposed as a means to accomplish two advantages. Continuous nanoarcs support different electromagnetic resonant modes at localized areas for generating phase retardation. Meanwhile, the geometric nature of nanoarc curvature endows the nanoarcs with full phase coverage of 0–2π due to the Pancharatnam–Berry phase principle. Experimentally incorporated with the chiral‐detour phase principle, a few compelling functionalities are demonstrated, such as chiral beamsplitting, broadband holography, and helicity‐selective holography. The continuous nanoarc metasurfaces prevail over plasmonic or dielectric discretized building block strategies and the findings lead to novel designs of spin‐controllable metadevices.