平行线比较法测量材料导热系数的研究

作者在平行线法的基础上提出了一种改进的新方法—平行线比较法。文中阐述了该法的理论基础及测试结果,并探讨了修正的方法。指出了该法具有简便、实用、测试范围广、尤其适合于测定硬质材料的导热系数的优点。     

多层绝热低温有效导热系数试验研究

叙述了多层绝热低温有效导热系数试验方法，对两种国产多层绝热材料有效导热系数测试结果进行了分析比对，在特定的绝热材料预处理过程下，得到了工程应用数据。     

低温导热系数测量的影响因素

结合一个棒状试样导热系数测试装置,研讨了在低温导热系数测试中的影响因素,提出了一些减少误差的方法。     

导热系数测量系统的数值模拟

对中国计量科学研究院的稳态保护热平板导热系数测量系统的温度场分布进行数值计算,并在此基础上对实验材料内测温点的选择进行了分析.结果表明,测温点复盖了实验材料内温度的最低和最高点,且呈线性分布,满足实验材料导热系数测量所需温度梯度测量的要求.此外,对热流密度测量的探讨发现,热流密度测量范围的确定是实现精密测量导热系数的关键.     

低温下真空多层绝热材料导热系数的测试

介绍了低温下真空多层绝缘热材料导热系数的测试，在相同的条件下对各种材料作了对比试验，结果表明，由２３３材料组成的绝热全基热性能优于其它材料，因此如何改善和提高多层绝热材料的性能，是摆在我们面前的一个重要课题。     

热线法测量半透明固体材料的导热系数

建立了适用于热线半透明固体材料导热系数测试系统的简化解析模型。针对一种半透明固体材料—Ｋ９冕玻璃，在２９７～１２３０Ｋ温度范围内进行了测试研究。     

高分子聚合材料的导热系数测定

讨论了平板法测量导热系数的原理。介绍了导热仪的结构。给出了对新型高导热性能有机高分子材料的导热系数测试结果。测试表明,此导热仪可对不良导热材料进行低于０℃的测量,填补了国内这方面的空白。     

低温下固体材料导热系数的测定

研制了一套能在４～３００Ｋ温区和１×１０￣（－４）～１×１０￣２Ｗ．ｃｍ￣（－１）·Ｋ￣（－１）导热系数范围内，测出各种固体材料导热系数的装置。本文介绍了装置的原理、结构、几种工程材料导热系数的测试结果。该装置具有结构简单、操作方便等优点。     

国产石墨薄膜低温导热系数测量

在90-350K温度范围内,设计了1套实验装置,用以测量一种国产石墨薄膜的导热系数.介绍了实验装置的结构和原理,以及相关的数据处理方法.最终利用该装置得出了石墨薄膜导热系数与温度的关系.结果表明,该石墨薄膜在低温下可以作为铜的理想替代材料.     

霜层综合导热系数的研究

提出了霜层综合导热系数概念。认为霜层导热系数除了应考虑霜层结构复杂性还应计及蒸汽凝华潜热释放的影响。从霜层能量平衡分析出发，导出霜层综合导热系数是霜层有效导热系数和蒸汽有效导热系数之和。据此计算的霜层综合导热系数与实验数据符合较好。     

超导电缆波纹管内过冷液氮流动阻力特性研究

基于Fluent软件,采用30 m高温超导电缆模型,分析了波纹管几何结构对恒温器内液氮压力损失的影响,也与光滑管的流阻特性进行了对比分析.结果表明:压力损失与液氮流量的平方成正比,在相同体积流量下,过冷液氮在波纹管内的压力损失随着波纹管波距的增大而减小,随着波纹管波高的增大而增大.     

Sliding performance of polymer composites in liquid hydrogen and liquid nitrogen

Outstanding features favour the application of polymers and polymer composites in low-temperature technology. The booming hydrogen technology is a challenge for these materials, which are considered as seals and bearings in cryogenic pumps. In the present study, three types of thermoplastics, i.e., polyetheretherketone (PEEK), polyetherimide (PEI) and polyamide 6,6 (PA6,6), and one epoxy were considered as matrix materials. Micron-sized fillers, i.e., short carbon fibres, graphite flakes, and PTFE powders, were incorporated into these polymers together with nano-sized TiO₂ particles. Optimised compositions of each matrix were selected from our previous works at room temperature in order to be studied at very low temperature conditions. In particular, frictional tests were carried out with polymer composite pins against polished steel surfaces under constant load over a certain distance in liquid hydrogen and liquid nitrogen. Afterwards, worn surfaces were analysed by using scanning electron microscopy (SEM). It was found out that the tribological properties in liquid hydrogen are dominated by the matrix materials, in particular thermoplastics perform generally slightly better than thermosetting resins.     

Quasi-static RAM design for high performance operation at liquid nitrogen temperature

The leakage currents which cause information loss in dynamic random access memories (DRAMs) at room temperature disappear at liquid nitrogen temperature, permitting operation of the circuits without the need for refresh (quasi-static operation). The current drive characteristics of the MOS transistor also improve significantly at liquid nitrogen temperatures. Combining these factors leads to an exploration of high speed dynamic RAM design based upon cells with non-destructive readout. This paper describes an experimental high speed RAM based upon a new two-transistor (2T) memory cell designed to exploit the unique advantages of operation at low temperature. Non-destructive readout coupled with a large d.c. sensible output current yields a high speed RAM with low power consumption. An experimental 4 kbit memory, fabricated using a 2 μm CMOS technology, exhibits an access time of 7 nS at 77 K.     

Device performance of p-Ge MOSFETs at liquid nitrogen temperature

The device performance of p-channel Ge MOSFETs at liquid nitrogen temperature is reported and initial results of room temperature irradiation with 2-MeV electrons on the cryogenic device performance is described. It is shown that at 77 K an increase of the drain current and g_m is observed. This increase of the g_m can be explained by considering the balance between reduced phonon scattering on the one hand and increased Coulomb scattering by interface states, on the other. After irradiation, a slight negative shift of the threshold voltage and a decrease of the drain current for input and output characteristics have been observed together with a decrease of the transconductance (g_m).     

两种聚合物在液氮中的工频沿面闪络电压测量

对环氧树脂(E51)和聚四氟乙烯在液氮中的工频沿面闪络电压进行了测量.采用环-环电极测量了不同间距下的工频沿面闪络电压,用韦伯概率分布的方法对实验结果进行了分析,得出0.1％闪络概率的工频沿面闪络电压与爬电距离的关系,可为超导电力装置的绝缘设计提供参考.     

Measurement of oxygen transmission rate through foamed materials for bottle closures

The determination of the oxygen transmission rate (OTR) through closures in glass bottles is becoming increasingly important for quality control of different batches and for development purposes. The Mocon method for measuring OTR is globally accepted and used in different applications. However, one of the major drawbacks this method presents when applied to bottle/closures systems is the long time required to obtain stable measurements when 40 mm long closures are tested. This paper describes a method to obtain OTR values with samples of reduced thickness with much shorter measurements time, since the condition of steady state during measurements is achieved faster and compares the estimated full‐length commercial closure OTR with experimental values. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Effects of thermal and mechanical cyclic loads on polyurethane pre‐insulated pipes

District heating (DH) pre‐insulated pipes are a sandwich assembly composed by a steel heat service pipe, polyurethane (PU) foam and polyethylene casing. The foam acts as bond between the steel pipe and casing. The application has high constraints for the foam, as it is subjected to cyclic multiaxial stresses, high cyclic temperatures and long expected service life. In this study, we evaluate if and how cyclic loads affect the shear strength, shear modulus, toughness and failure behaviour of the PU foam in DH pipes sandwich assembly compared with unaged reference samples. We have found that the simultaneous application of mechanical and thermal loads weakens the strength and increases the stiffness of the foam and that this change is not caused by degradation of the molecular structure. Crack initiation and propagation along the pipe samples follow a very consistent pattern between samples, with cracks initiating in Mode II and propagating in Mode I. The consistent axial displacement of approximately 2 cm from each other suggests the formation of strain localizations.     

基于AMESim的液氮可控传输性能分析

针对超低温冷却加工液氮可控传输难题,分析了热流量、管路压降等复杂因素对液氮可控传输的影响机制,提出了基于AMESim的液氮可控传输性能分析方法,建立了受热管道液氮两相流动传热数值模型,并在此基础上,研制出一套液氮可控传输原理性系统。通过对比实验表明,提高系统的输入压力能够增大低温流体的流量,缩短系统进入热平衡状态的时间,提高输出流体的干度和流型的稳定性;研制出的液氮可控传输原理性系统在输入压力为1.3 MPa时,在一定的开口范围内,能够稳定输出流量可控的低干度流体,且符合超低温冷却加工的要求。     

Equation of state for liquid nitrogen

An equation of state has been found for nitrogen that satisfies the p, v, T data in the temperature interval 63.15–140° K at reduced densities=1.8–3 (and pressures up to 700 bar).     

Low-temperature heat pipes with separate channels for vapor and liquid

The design of a heat pipe with separate channels for vapor and liquid, ensuring high heat flux densities for any orientation in the gravitational field, is discussed.