Genipin crosslinked microcapsules of gelatin A and κ-carrageenan polyelectrolyte complex for encapsulation of Neem (Azadirachta Indica A.Juss.) seed oil

Microcapsules containing neem seed oil (NSO) were prepared using complex coacervation technique and employing gelatin A and κ-carrageenan polyelectrolyte complex. The yield of the coacervate was dependent on the ratio of the two polymers and on the pH of the medium. Viscosity and turbidity measurements were carried out in order to support the ratio of the two polymers that produced the highest yield. The encapsulation efficiency and the release rates of NSO were dependent on the amount of crosslinker, oil loading and polymer concentration. Scanning electron micrographs showed the formation of free flowing spherical microcapsules. The size of microcapsules increased with the increase of the concentration of the polymer. Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy and Differential Scanning Calorimetry study showed that there was no significant interaction between NSO and carrageenan–gelatin complex.     

3-cis-hexenal,the “Green” reversion flavor of soybean oil

By means of gas-liquid-chromatography the neutral volatile products obtained by stripping oxidized soybean oil were fractionated. The fraction with “green bean” odor (a well-known offflavor of soybean oil) was investigated. By the application of various methods it was possible to isolate the flavor carrier proper and, in spite of its small amount, to complete the analysis to a point at which the structure 3-cis-hexenal seemed highly probable. Synthesis and subsequent comparison with the natural product confirmed the correctness of the assumption. n-Hexanal and 3-trans-hexenal, also found in this fraction, play no significant role in the reversion flavor.     

Comparison of the structural properties of compounds containing the XSSX moiety (X = H,Me, R,Cl, Br,F, OR)

A comparison of the structural parameters of a wide variety of compounds containing the S–S bond is summarized.     

Lipid metabolism and tissue composition in Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.)—Effects of capelin oil, palm oil, and oleic acid-enriched sunflower oil as dietary lipid sources

Triplicate groups of Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.) were fed four diets containing different oils as the sole lipid source, i.e., capelin oil, oleic acid-enriched sunflower oil, a 1∶1 (w/w) mixture of capelin oil and oleic acid-enriched sunflower oil, and palm oil (PO). The β-oxidation capacity, protein utilization, digestibility of dietary fatty acids and fatty acid composition of lipoproteins, plasma, liver, belly flap, red and white muscle were measured. Further, the lipid class and protein levels in the lipoproteins were analyzed. The different dietary fatty acid compositions did not significantly affect protein utilization or β-oxidation capacity in red muscle. The levels of total cholesterol, triacylglycerols, and protein in very low density lipoprotein (VLDL), low density lipoprotein (LDL), high density lipoprotein (HDL), and plasma were not significantly affected by the dietary fatty acids. VLDL, LDL, and HDL fatty acid compositions were decreasingly affected by dietary fatty acid composition. Dietary fatty acid composition significantly affected both the relative fatty acid composition and the amount of fatty acids (mg fatty acid per g tissue, wet weight) in belly flap, liver, red and white muscle. Apparent digestibility of the fatty acids measured by adding yttrium oxide as inert marker, was significantly lower in fish fed the PO diet compared to the other three diets.     

Calculation of the Structural Linear Expansion Coefficient from the Chemical Composition of Glasses in the R2O(RO)–Al2O3–B2O3 (R = Li, Na, Ca, and Ba) System

The regularities of the influence of the glass composition on the structural linear expansion coefficient in the glass transition range are analyzed using the published data obtained in systematic experimental investigations of glasses in the R ₂O(RO)–Al₂O₃–B₂O₃ (R = Li, Na, Ca, and Ba) system. A method is proposed for calculating the structural linear expansion coefficients of these glasses from the chemical composition with a mean relative error of 10%. The possibilities of extending the composition range covered by the calculation are considered.     

A Review of: “THERMAL CHARACTERISTICS OF TUMORS”, edited by R.K. Jain and P.M. Gullino (Volume 335 of the Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences,New York,New York 10021, 1980, 542 pp. $95.00, ISBN 0-89766-046-3).

A relationship has been derived for diffusion of an associating solute forming a dimer complex. Experimental data reported in this investigation for diffusion of acetic acid in carbon tetra chloride, benzene and toluene indicate dimer formation of acetic acid molecules while diffusing into the non-associating solvents.     

Theoretical investigation of molecular interactions between sulfur ylide and hypohalous acids (HOX,X═F,Cl, Br,and I)

In the present study, the complexes of sulfur ylide (SY) with hypohalous acids (HOX; X═F, Cl, Br, and I) were theoretically studied using the MP2/aug-cc-pVTZ computational level. Four types of structures were obtained for these complexes including two kinds of hydrogen bonds (HBs) (SY: HOX─I and SY: HOX─II) and two kinds of halogen bonds (SY: XOH─I and SY: XOH─II). According to the energetic results, the SY:XOH─I complexes are stronger for X═Br and I, while the SY:HOX─I complexes are favorable for X═Cl and Br; also, the SY:HOX─II complexes are stronger than SY:XOH─II except for SY:IOH─II, which is stronger than its counterpart (SY:HOI─II). Moreover, on comparing SY:HOX─I and II HBs complexes, the former is more stable than the latter, while between the SY:XOH─I and II halogen bond complexes (X═Cl, Br, and I), the SY:XOH─I ones are more stable. The strength, properties, and nature of interactions were also analyzed using the natural bond orbital and atoms in molecules theories.     

NMR studies of the Brønsted acidity of solids. Application to superacidic solids

¹H broad-line NMR at 4 K has been used to study the acid strength of Brønsted solid and liquid acids and superacids in the presence of water as base. From the simulation of the spectra, the number of hydronium ions per acid site is deduced and is used to rank the compounds.