光纤Bragg光栅流量传感器

采用靶式结构作为光纤Bragg光栅流量传感器的换能元件,其中两片光栅分别粘贴于等强度悬臂梁的上下两表面。采用双光栅粘贴方式对传感器进行温度补偿,有效的解决了应变与温度交叉敏感的问题,提高了测量灵敏度。实验表明该靶式光纤Bragg光栅流量传感器的载荷响应灵敏度为33.6pm/kg,测量精度为0.5%。     

基于平面膜片的高灵敏度光纤Bragg光栅压力传感器

提出了一种新颖的利用粘贴于平面圆形膜片环向上的光纤Bragg光栅来实现压力传感测量的高灵敏度压力传感器。推导了该传感器波长与压力之间的关系,得到了该传感器的压力响应灵敏度的解析表达式。从实验上获得了-4.8549fm/Pa的压力响应灵敏度,是裸光纤Bragg光栅压力响应灵敏度的1618.3倍。该传感器的压力响应具有很好的线性。同时指出,该传感器的压力响应灵敏度随着膜片的大小、材料的力学参量、光纤Bragg光栅粘贴位置的改变而改变。     

基于单片机的光纤光栅解调器

Bragg光栅解调系统是光栅传感器得以实用化的关键。根据光纤Bragg光栅传感器的传感机理,介绍了Bragg光栅解调系统的工作原理,建立了解调系统模型,提出了实现Bragg光栅解调的单片机解调系统,给出了详细的软硬件设计方案。光栅解调系统测量能够精度达到±5pm,重复性最大误差为±8pm。     

基于光纤Bragg光栅应变传感器的量测锚杆拉力研究

由于被锚固结构自身的风化作用和锚杆自身的受力,蠕动变形等会改变锚杆的受力状态。为了实时反映锚杆的受力状态,将光纤Bragg光栅应变传感器通过引脚沿轴向焊接在锚杆的杆体上。由于锚杆杆体受力带动光纤Bragg光栅应变传感器引脚间距发生变化,使得应变传感器内的光纤Bragg光栅中心波长发生移位。通过对光纤Bragg光栅中心波长移位量的测量,可以实现对锚杆轴向拉力的在线监测。锚杆拉力试验表明:拉力灵敏度为6.5 pm/kN,线性度为1.78%FS。     

光纤Bragg光栅传感网络实时监测与应变分析

作为一种绝对式传感器,波长调制式光纤Bragg光栅传感器对应变的响应为0.9pm/??。开发了基于可调谐F-P滤波器的检测仪器与计算机系统之间的实时监测系统。在对白泥井3号隧道的监测过程中,该光纤Bragg光栅传感网络实时监测系统实现了对来自隧道结构的应变状态的实时采集和描绘,并可以存储波长和应变数据以便后期查寻分析;借助分析光纤Bragg光栅传感器的应变图、三维应变图,为判断隧道二次衬砌的受力趋向提供参考。     

一种耐高温光纤Bragg光栅温度传感器

分析了光纤Bragg光栅在高温段的线性特征,设计了一种高温光纤Bragg光栅的传感探头,并进行了理论和实验研究,结果表明:该传感器有很好的重复性和良好的线性特性。其灵敏度为0.0304nm/℃,是裸栅的3倍,可检测的温度范围为0～230℃,且具有很高的稳定性,经10次等精度测量,其灵敏度值的波动不超过0.06%。可应用于高温环境下测量温度的变化。     

基于相关分析的光纤光栅Bragg波长偏移值测量

在分析光噪声对光纤光栅Bragg波长偏移量测量影响机理的基础上,利用数字信号处理技术中信号的互相关分析对信号噪声的抑制及其在信号时延长度测量中的应用,将光纤Bragg光栅反射功率谱序列等效为信号的一个时间抽样序列,在较强噪声条件下,对基于光纤Bragg光栅的测力传感探头受拉后Bragg波长的偏移量,使用相关分析的方法进行了测量;结果显示,该方法将光纤光栅Bragg波长偏移值的测量波动最大差值由一般方法的90pm降低到了28pm,有效减小了由噪声引起的Bragg波长偏移值的测量误差.     

差动式光纤布拉格光栅渗压传感器的研究

为了对土壤中渗透水压力进行精确测量,根据波纹管的压力传感特性,以及等强度悬臂梁与光纤Bragg光栅的应变传感特性,设计了一种差动式光纤布拉格光栅(FBG)渗压传感器。传感器通过土壤渗透水压力推动波纹管轴向应变转化成等强度悬臂梁挠度变化,进而转化成FBG轴向应变。通过测量FBG中心波长的变化获得压力值,利用差动式结构降低了环境温度变化带来的影响。在常温条件下进行标定试验,得出升压过程中传感器的渗压灵敏度约为11.96 pm/k Pa,线性度为1.3%,重复性为2.9%;降压过程中传感器的渗压灵敏度约为10.56 pm/k Pa,线性度为4.6%,重复性为1.9%;环境温度变化对测量结果影响小于1%。试验结果表明,该光纤光栅渗压传感器能够对小量程范围内的渗压进行准确测量,同时可以通过改变波纹管及等强度梁参数将其推广到大量程的测量。     

电致伸缩式FBG磁场传感器设计

目前,工业生产现场应用的磁场传感器通常需要采取防爆、防电火花等措施,其现场应用具有一定的局限性,而采用光纤Bragg光栅(FBG)作为传感元件的磁电感应的电致伸缩式磁场传感器由于其抗电磁干扰、强绝缘性,能够在一定程度上提高在工业生产中的应用范围.根据电致伸缩式FBG磁场传感器工作原理,通过测量的中心波长的移位量可以计算出实测磁场的大小,可以对磁场进行实时监测.测试结果表明:该磁场传感器的灵敏度为0.113 pm/Gs,非线性误差为5.45％FS,能够很好地满足工业生产现场的应用.     

低温敏的双管式光纤Bragg光栅应变传感器的研究

机械构件由于荷载会产生应变,根据应变分布情况可以确定构件的强度信息以及所受荷载状况。研制了一种降低温度敏感性的双金属管光纤Bragg光栅应变传感器。利用内、外管材料热膨胀系数的差值,抵消光纤Bragg光栅由于热膨胀和热光效应引起的波长偏移,实现在应变测量过程中的温度补偿。内、外管之间采用螺纹结构连接,通过调整内管旋入外管的螺纹长度来调节传感器的测量范围和温度补偿效果。实验表明,该传感器的温度灵敏系数为2.62 pm/℃,是裸光栅温度灵敏度的25%;应变灵敏系数为1.215 pm/με,非线性误差为0.8%FS,滞后误差为3.6%FS,重复性误差为2.86%FS。     

European Community policy and the market

Abstract This paper starts with some reflections on the policy considerations and priorities which are shaping European Commission (EC) research programmes. Then it attempts to position the current projects which seek to capitalise on information and communications technologies for learning in relation to these priorities and the apparent realities of the marketplace. It concludes that while there are grounds to be optimistic about the contribution EC programmes can make to the efficiency and standard of education and training, they are still too technology driven.     

一种自适应子融合集成多分类器方法

融合集成方法已经广泛应用在模式识别领域,然而一些基分类器实时性能稳定性较差,导致多分类器融合性能差,针对上述问题本文提出了一种新的基于多分类器的子融合集成分类器系统。该方法考虑在度量层融合层次之上通过对各类基多分类器进行动态选择,票数最多的类别作为融合系统中对特征向量识别的类别,构成一种新的自适应子融合集成分类器方法。实验表明,该方法比传统的分类器以及分类融合方法识别准确率明显更高,具有更好的鲁棒性。     

Explanation and prediction: an architecture for default and abductive reasoning

Although there are many arguments that logic is an appropriate tool for artificial intelligence, there has been a perceived problem with the monotonicity of classical logic. This paper elaborates on the idea that reasoning should be viewed as theory formation where logic tells us the consequences of our assumptions. The two activities of predicting what is expected to be true and explaining observations are considered in a simple theory formation framework. Properties of each activity are discussed, along with a number of proposals as to what should be predicted or accepted as reasonable explanations. An architecture is proposed to combine explanation and prediction into one coherent framework. Algorithms used to implement the system as well as examples from a running implementation are given.     

Three Process Perspectives: Organizations, Teams, and People

This paper provides the author's personal views and perspectives on software process improvement. Starting with his first work on technology assessment in IBM over 20 years ago, Watts Humphrey describes the process improvement work he has been directly involved in. This includes the development of the early process assessment methods, the original design of the CMM, and the introduction of the Personal Software Process (PSP)^SM and Team Software Process (TSP){^SM}. In addition to describing the original motivation for this work, the author also reviews many of the problems he and his associates encountered and why they solved them the way they did. He also comments on the outstanding issues and likely directions for future work. Finally, this work has built on the experiences and contributions of many people. Mr. Humphrey only describes work that he was personally involved in and he names many of the key contributors. However, so many people have been involved in this work that a full list of the important participants would be impractical.     

基于复小波噪声方差显著修正的SAR图像去噪

提出了一种基于复小波域统计建模与噪声方差估计显著性修正相结合的合成孔径雷达(Synthetic Aperture Radar,SAR)图像斑点噪声滤波方法。该方法首先通过对数变换将乘性噪声模型转化为加性噪声模型,然后对变换后的图像进行双树复小波变换(Dualtree Complex Wavelet Transform,DCWT),并对复数小波系数的统计分布进行建模。在此先验分布的基础上,通过运用贝叶斯估计方法从含噪系数中恢复原始系数,达到滤除噪声的目的。实验结果表明该方法在去除噪声的同时保留了图像的细节信息,取得了很好的降噪效果。     

How do children do mathematics with LOGO?

Abstract  This paper considers some results of a study designed to investigate the kinds of mathematical activity undertaken by children (aged between 8 and 11) as they learned to program in LOGO. A model of learning modes is proposed, which attempts to describe the ways in which children used and acquired understanding of the programming/mathematical concepts involved. The remainder of the paper is concerned with discussing the validity and limitations of the model, and its implications for further research and curriculum development.     

Editorial: Special issue on recent advances in hybrid control theory and applications

正The demands of a rapidly advancing technology for faster and more accurate controllers have always had a strong influence on the progress of automatic control theory.In recent years control problems have been arising with increasing frequency in widely different areas,which cannot be addressed using conventional control techniques.The principal reason for this is the fact that a highly competitive economy is forcing systems to operate in regimes where     

Information for Authors

正Aim The Journals of Zhejiang University-SCIENCE(A/B/C)areedited by the international board of distinguished Chinese andforeign scientists,and are aimed to present the latest devel-opments and achievements in scientific research in China andoverseas to the world’s scientific circles,especially to stimulateand promote academic exchange between Chinese and for-eign scientists everywhere.     

Enhancing a leaf radiative transfer model to estimate concentrations and in vivo specific absorption coefficients of total carotenoids and chlorophylls a and b from single-needle reflectance and transmittance

The relative concentrations of different pigments within a leaf have significant physiological and spectral consequences. Photosynthesis, light use efficiency, mass and energy exchange, and stress response are dependent on relationships among an ensemble of pigments. This ensemble also determines the visible characteristics of a leaf, which can be measured remotely and used to quantify leaf biochemistry and structure. But current remote sensing approaches are limited in their ability to resolve individual pigments. This paper focuses on the incorporation of three pigments—chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, and total carotenoids—into the LIBERTY leaf radiative transfer model to better understand relationships between leaf biochemical, biophysical, and spectral properties.Pinus ponderosa and Pinus jeffreyi needles were collected from three sites in the California Sierra Nevada. Hemispheric single-leaf visible reflectance and transmittance and concentrations of chlorophylls a and b and total carotenoids of fresh needles were measured. These data were input to the enhanced LIBERTY model to estimate optical and biochemical properties of pine needles. The enhanced model successfully estimated reflectance (RMSE = 0.0255, BIAS = 0.00477, RMS%E = 16.7%), had variable success estimating transmittance (RMSE = 0.0442, BIAS = 0.0294, RMS%E = 181%), and generated very good estimates of carotenoid concentrations (RMSE = 2.48 µg/cm², BIAS = 0.143 µg/cm², RMS%E = 20.4%), good estimates of chlorophyll a concentrations (RMSE = 10.7 µg/cm², BIAS = − 0.992 µg/cm², RMS%E = 21.1%), and fair estimates of chlorophyll b concentrations (RMSE = 7.49 µg/cm², BIAS = − 2.12 µg/cm², RMS%E = 43.7%). Overall root mean squared errors of reflectance, transmittance, and pigment concentration estimates were lower for the three-pigment model than for the single-pigment model. The algorithm to estimate three in vivo specific absorption coefficients is robust, although estimated values are distorted by inconsistencies in model biophysics. The capacity to invert the model from single-leaf reflectance and transmittance was added to the model so it could be coupled with vegetation canopy models to estimate canopy biochemistry from remotely sensed data.     

Mr. Twinn’s bombes

This article discusses the history and design of the special versions of the bombe key-finding machines used by Britain’s Government Code & Cypher School (GC&CS) during World War II to attack the Enigma traffic of the Abwehr (the German military intelligence service). These special bombes were based on the design of their more numerous counterparts used against the traffic of the German armed services, but differed from them in important ways that highlight the adaptability of the British bombe design, and the power and flexibility of the diagonal board. Also discussed are the changes in the Abwehr indicating system that drove the development of these machines, the ingenious ways in which they were used, and some related developments involving the bombes used by the U.S. Navy’s cryptanalytic unit (OP-20-G).