木瓜的营养保健功能及其产品的开发研究

介绍了木瓜的营养价值与保健功能，对木瓜果酒、木瓜保健果醋、低糖木瓜果脯、木瓜果酱、低糖木瓜罐头、木瓜果肉饮料、木瓜保健软糖等产品的开发研究进行了概述。     

木瓜酒生产包装后混浊的研究

<正>木瓜酒作为一种果酒,是营养丰富的酒,在实际生产销售过程中,只有确保酒体澄清透明,不仅可以保持木瓜酒外观品质,也可以,长期保持木瓜酒的稳定性。以下本篇研究木瓜酒生产包装后混浊的问题,并为此找出解决措施。据悉,木瓜酒包装后3个月,往往容易出现混浊的现象,这不仅严重影响木瓜酒的品质,也影响木瓜酒的销售市场。该项目主要研究木瓜酒后混浊产生的原因及解决办法。科学合理解决木瓜酒的沉淀问题,最大限度的保留其营养成分,使木瓜酒具有良     

木瓜酒和木瓜醋发酵工艺及其有机酸组成分析

以光皮木瓜为原料,发酵木瓜干酒,再通过液态深层发酵酿制木瓜醋,确定了木瓜干酒和木瓜醋的发酵工艺,并对木瓜酒和醋主要有机酸进行分析。光皮木瓜经榨汁、调整糖度后进入发酵工序,酒精发酵采用带皮渣半固态发酵方式,条件为加水比例1.5∶1（m/m）、初始糖度18%、果酒干酵母接种量0.1%、在24 ℃条件下发酵64 h,木瓜酒酒度（乙醇体积分数）为9.45%。醋酸发酵采用半连续式液态深层发酵法,调整初始酒度7%,醋酸菌接种量10%,在34 ℃条件下醋酸发酵80 h,木瓜醋总酸度为4.52%;分割留种发酵仅需24 h即可完成醋酸发酵。采用反相高效液相色谱法从木瓜干酒和木瓜醋中检出10 种有机酸,分别是草酸、酒石酸、甲酸、苹果酸、α-酮戊二酸、乳酸、醋酸、柠檬酸、富马酸和琥珀酸。实验确定的发酵工艺以及有机酸的分析与鉴定可为木瓜干酒及木瓜醋产品的开发提供理论依据。     

木瓜保健果醋的工艺研究

木瓜营养丰富,且具有良好的保健功能,以木瓜为原料,采用液态发酵法,经过酒精发酵和醋酸发酵,研制出风味独特、营养保健的木瓜醋,对开发木瓜保健调味品具有重要意义。该文对木瓜果汁浸提、酒精发酵、醋酸发酵等主要工艺进行了研究。     

木瓜入菜香

木瓜茶在台湾很流行。泡木瓜茶以选用圆形未熟的雌性果为佳，把一头切平做壶底，把另一头切开，掏除种子后直接放入茶叶，再把切去的顶端当成盖子盖上，过几分钟就可品尝到苦中带甜，充满木瓜清香的木瓜茶了。木瓜入菜做法更多。木瓜中含有特殊的木瓜酵素，对肉类有很强的软化作用，因此将肉类与木瓜同炖，     

木瓜椰油提取工艺的研究及其副产物分析

研究了用木瓜浆和果胶酶制备木瓜椰油并分析其副产物化学成分的变化。研究表明,制备木瓜椰油的最佳工艺为:椰奶经冷冻-解冻处理,反应体系中椰奶水分质量分数为65%,木瓜浆用量为40%(以椰奶质量计),果胶酶用量为1.0%(以木瓜浆质量计),不调节反应体系的pH,反应温度为45℃,反应时间为4 h。制备木瓜椰油后的副产物乳清营养丰富。     

木瓜化学成分、生物活性及其应用研究进展

木瓜是我国的传统植物资源,具有品种多样、分布广泛的特点。木瓜富含多种生物活性成分,具有很高的食用和药用价值。该文对我国6 种常见木瓜中主要天然化学成分的含量、生物活性等进行总结,对其在医药和食品领域的应用进行介绍,并对我国木瓜产业面临的问题进行分析,以期为木瓜在食品及医药领域的进一步应用提供参考。     

凉菜的星味

木瓜冻烤鸭 把木瓜加少许精盐、糖粉打成木瓜汁,然后把烤鸭片成片,再贴上木瓜块和炸好的土豆片,配冰镇过的木瓜汁蘸食。     

皱皮木瓜真空冻干工艺优化及基于LF-NMR技术的复水特性研究

目的:对皱皮木瓜片的真空冷冻条件进行优化,研究木瓜片复水过程中水分状态变化。方法:采用单因素试验结合Box-Behnken响应面法,分别以复水比和色差值为指标,考察木瓜片厚度,真空冷冻干燥机的隔板温度以及真空度3个因素对冻干工艺的影响,优化皱皮木瓜片冻干工艺;利用低场核磁共振技术比较真空冷冻干燥和热风干燥的木瓜片成品复水过程中水分状态的变化情况。结果:确定皱皮木瓜真空冷冻干燥的复水比最佳工艺条件:木瓜片厚度4 mm,隔板温度40℃,真空度2.4 mbar;色差值最优的组合为:木瓜片厚度7.45 mm,隔板温度28.37℃,真空度2.02 mbar。NMR试验表明,复水过程中进入木瓜片中的水很快转化为不易流动水,结合水和自由水变化不大,且真空冷冻干燥的木瓜片中不易流动水增加较快,说明冻干比热风干燥的木瓜片品质好。结论:本研究结果为优化的皱皮木瓜真空冷冻干燥工艺参数,低场核磁共振技术可用于表征皱皮木瓜复水过程中水分状态的变化。     

木瓜保健果冻的工艺研究

以木瓜为主要原料研究木瓜保健果冻的生产工艺。通过单因素试验和正交试验,得到木瓜保健果冻的最佳工艺。试验结果表明:影响木瓜保健果冻品质的因素大小顺序为:复合胶的添加量>木瓜汁添加量>柠檬酸添加量>蔗糖的添加量;木瓜保健果冻的最佳配方为复合胶1.0%、蔗糖20%、木瓜汁30%、柠檬酸0.25%。在此工艺条件下所得产品具有木瓜特有清香气味和橘黄色色泽,酸甜可口,质地均匀,口感软滑。     

Chlorohydrins of bisphenol A diglycidyl ether (BADGE) and of bisphenol F diglycidyl ether (BFDGE) in canned foods and ready-to-drink coffees from the Japanese market

BADGE.2HCl and BFDGE.2HCl were determined in 28 samples of ready-to-drink canned coffee and 18 samples of canned vegetables (10 corn, 5 tomatoes and 3 others), all from the Japanese market. HPLC was used as the principal analytical method and GCMS for confirmation of relevant LC fractions. BADGE.2HCl was found to be present in one canned coffee and five samples of corn, BFDGE.2HCl in four samples of canned tomatoes and in one canned corn. No sample was found which exceeded the 1mg/kg limit of the EU for the BADGE chlorohydrins. However the highest concentration was found for the sum of BFDGE.2HCl and BFDGE.HCl.H₂O at a level of 1.5mg/kg. A Beilstein test confirmed that all cans containing foods contaminated with BADGE.2HCl or BFDGE.2HCl had at lest one part coated with a PVC organosol.     

The development of reference materials for paralytic shellfish poisoning toxins in lyophilized mussel. II: Certification study

This paper describes the second part of a project undertaken to develop certified mussel reference materials for paralytic shellfish poisoning toxins. In the first part two interlaboratory studies were undertaken to investigate the performance of the analytical methodology for several PSP toxins, in particular saxitoxin and decarbamoyl-saxitoxin in lyophilized mussels, and to set criteria for the acceptance of results to be applied during the certification exercise. Fifteen laboratories participated in this certification study and were asked to measure saxitoxin and decarbamoyl-saxitoxin in rehydrated lyophilized mussel material and in a saxitoxin-enriched mussel material. The participants were allowed to use a method of their choice but with an extraction procedure to be strictly followed. The study included extra experiments to verify the detection limits for both saxitoxin and decarbamoyl-saxitoxin. Most participants (13 of 15) were able to meet all the criteria set for the certification study. Results for saxitoxin.2HCl yielded a certified mass fraction of <0.07 mg/kg in the rehydrated lyophilized mussels. Results obtained for decarbamoyl-saxitoxin.2HCl yielded a certified mass fraction of 1.59+/-0.20 mg/kg. The results for saxitoxin.2HCl in enriched blank mussel yielded a certified mass fraction of 0.48 +/- 0.06 mg/kg. These certified reference materials for paralytic shellfish poisoning toxins in lyophilized mussel material are the first available for laboratories to test their method for accuracy and performance.     

Reliable identification of grapevine rootstock varieties using RAPD PCR on woody samples

Since grapevine ( Vitis spp .) rootstock material is being traded increasingly as disbudded woody material a lack of distinctive morphological features on such material necessitates an alternative and reliable means of identification. Methods described here were developed for rapid and efficient extraction of DNA from woody samples rich in phenolic compounds and polysaccharides, and for subsequent identification of varieties by RAPD PCR. Using these methods, and with the application of only one selected RAPD primer, we were able to differentiate sixteen rootstock varieties, including the seven varieties most commonly used in Germany. Problems commonly encountered with reproducibility of RAPD patterns were avoided by choosing primers with a dinucleotide sequence and a high G/C content that allowed a rather high annealing temperature of 45°C. Methods described here should also be useful for other horticultural crops, especially those with woody tissues rich in phenolic compounds and polysaccharides.     

Food-borne Listeria monocytogenes risk assessment

Listeria monocytogenes is ubiquitous in the environment and in food processing plants. Consequently, foods are frequently contaminated. However, the occurrence rate of listeriosis is only about five cases per million people per year. Listeriosis primarily strikes immunocompromised individuals, pregnant women and the elderly with a fatality rate of 20-25%. The FDA is in the process of finishing a risk assessment that is being conducted as an initial step in reviewing its approach to maximizing the public protection from foodborne L. monocytogenes . The risk assessment evaluated the presence and quantitative levels of L. monocytogenes in 21 groups of ready-to-eat foods. The potential growth of L. monocytogenes between retail point-of-sale, where contamination data originated, and consumption was modelled. The frequency and amount of consumption of these foods completed the data for the exposure assessment. For the hazard characterization or dose response part of the risk assessment, data from animal studies, virulence assays and epidemiological investigations were used to estimate the likelihood of illness for different human groups from consuming different numbers of L. monocytogenes . This risk assessment is a virtual review of current scientific knowledge. Quantitative modelling provides greater insight than a qualitative review and also indicates the uncertainty about our knowledge. The risk assessment does not attempt to define an acceptable or tolerable level of L. monocytogenes consumption or propose changes in regulations. These decisions are the responsibility of risk managers who consider additional factors such as food preferences, technical feasibility and societal values when evaluating regulatory policies.     

Nationaler Rückstandskontrollplan – Stärkung des Verbraucherschutzes durch gezielte Kontrollen bei tierischen Lebensmitteln

Zusammenfassung. Der Nationale Rückstandskontrollplan ist ein seit 1989 von Bund und L?ndern durchgeführtes Programm zur überwachung von Lebensmitteln tierischer Herkunft in verschiedenen Produktionsstufen auf Rückst?nde von gesundheitlich unerwünschten Stoffen. Koordinierende Stelle ist seit dem 01. 11. 2002 das Bundesamt für Verbraucherschutz und Lebensmittelsicherheit. Das Programm wird in der Europ?ischen Union nach einheitlich festgelegten Ma?st?ben durchgeführt. In Deutschland werden j?hrlich ca. 45.000 Tiere oder tierische Erzeugnisse auf verschiedene Stoffe und Stoffgruppen analysiert. Der Plan enth?lt für jedes Bundesland konkrete Vorgaben über die Anzahl der zu testenden Tiere bzw. tierischen Erzeugnisse, die relevanten Stoffe, die anzuwendende Methodik und die Probenahme. Die Probenahme erfolgt zielorientiert. Der Rückstandskontrollplan ist nicht auf die Erzielung statistisch repr?sentativer Daten ausgerichtet. Dargestellt werden Ziele, Organisation und Durchführung des Planes sowie einige Ergebnisse aus den letzten zehn Jahren.      

Innovation in Linen Manufacture

This monograph traces the various means by which flax fibre is transformed into linen yarns and fabrics. The principal innovations and developments of the past fifty years are identified. An extensive range of relevant literature is reviewed. Details are given of how the fibre is extracted from the stem of the flax plant and of the stages of yarn and fabric production. An explanation is given of how yarns are produced from short fibres (known as tow) using carding, drafting and dry spinning, and from long fibres (known as line) using hackling, drafting, doubling, roving and wet spinning in warm water. Further areas covered include yarn winding, linen weaving, dyeing and finishing. New applications for flax fibre, beyond traditional uses in apparel or furnishing fabrics, are also identified.     

STANDARD SIZING AND FIT TESTING APPLIED TO WOMEN'S HOSIERY

The monograph deals with a critical review of the recent research work and development on ramie, a long vegetable bast fibre. The review is divided into two parts. Part I discusses the progress of recent work on ramie, chemical components like fibre degumming, its effects on fibre composition, chemical constituents, i.e. hemicellulose, cellulose, non-cellulosic and mineral matters. Besides various chemical properties of native and modified fibres such as accessibility, infrared, cellulose I–V, DP, grafting, cross linking and resin finishing and dyeing etc. are dealt with.     

Biological activities of oligoketide pigments of Monascus purpureus

Rubropunctatin (1) , monascorubrin (2) , monascin (3) and ankaflavin (4) were purified from the mycelium of Monascus purpureus by flash chromatography on silica gel or reversed phase. Their embryotoxicity towards chicken embryos decreased in the order 2> 1> 3> 4 . The lower homologues 1 and 3 exhibited teratogenic effects on these organisms. Significant antibiotic activities against Bacillus subtilis and Candida pseudotropicalis were found with compounds 1 and 2 . Immunosuppressive activity on mouse T-splenocytes was most pronounced with compounds 3 and 4 . None of the compounds showed significant cytotoxic activity towards rat hepatocytes in vitro . Incubation of resting cells of M. purpureus with glycine afforded the dark-red compounds 5 and 6 where the pyran moiety of 1 and 2 changed into the N-substituted dihydropyridine moiety by replacement of the O-atom by the amino group of glycine. Compounds 5 and 6 were less biologically active than the major pigments 1 - 4 .     

Tests of potential functional barriers for laminated multilayer food packages. Part I: Low molecular weight permeants

The advent of the functional barrier concept in food packaging has brought with it a requirement for fast tests of permeation through potential barrier materials. In such tests it would be convenient for both foodstuffs and materials below the functional barrier (sub-barrier materials) to be represented by standard simulants. By means of inverse gas chromatography, liquid paraffin spiked with appropriate permeants was considered as a potential simulant of sub-barrier materials based on polypropylene (PP) or similar polyolefins. Experiments were performed to characterize the kinetics of the permeation of low molecular weight model permeants (octene, toluene and isopropanol) from liquid paraffin, through a surrogate potential functional barrier (25 μm-thick oriented PP) into the food simulants olive oil and 3% (w/v) acetic acid. These permeation results were interpreted in terms of three permeation kinetic models regarding the solubility of a particular model permeant in the post-barrier medium (i.e. the food simulant). The results obtained justify the development and evaluation of liquid sub-barrier simulants that would allow flexible yet rigorous testing of new laminated multilayer packaging materials.     

Influence des ions sur le pouvoir hydratant de l'ure e: e tude sur peau de porc ex vivo

This study deals with the influence of ions (NaCl and MgSO4) in a W/O emulsion containing 10% urea. Moisturization kinetics are assessed by corneometry on pig skin ex vivo. The formula's influence on urea penetration is measured by infrared spectrometry with an ATR device and the stripping method. Corneometry and spectroscopy were chosen to record simultaneously the hydratation levels and urea localization into superficial cell layers. Urea crystallization after evaporation of emulsions and aqueous solutions is described. Results show that urea does not hydrate nor penetrate when applied to the skin through an aqueous gel. In a W/O emulsion, sodium chloride increases the ability of urea to moisturize without improving penetration. In vitro urea crystallization is disturbed by sodium chloride or magnesium sulphate for solutions and emulsions. This stabilization by ions is correlated with good moisturization values. The stabilization of urea in the solute state provided by ions increases its water epidermal binding capacity without enhancing penetration.