亚共晶Sn-Zn系合金无铅焊料的性能

通过差热分析(DTA),研究Sn-xZn合金(x=2.5~9)的非平衡熔化性能,发现在加热速度为5℃/min时,Sn-6.5Zn与Sn-9Zn的熔化特性相同;通过浸润法和铺展法表征Sn-xZn合金在Cu基材表面上的润湿性。结果表明:Sn-6.5Zn在Cu基材表面上的润湿性优于Sn-9Zn。研究速率为10-3s-1和10-1s-1时Sn-xZn的拉伸性能,结果发现:Sn-6.5Zn的抗拉强度与Sn-9Zn的相当,而延伸率高于Sn-9Zn。以搭接焊及界面剪切实验研究Sn-xZn/Cu焊点界面强度,发现焊点界面剪切强度随x的增加而提高,在x≥6.5时趋于稳定;x=6.5时剪切力最大,表明Sn-6.5Zn在Sn-Zn系中具有最好的钎焊工艺性能。     

复合添加Ga,Al,Ag对Sn-9Zn钎料性能的影响

采用润湿平衡法研究了合金元素Ga,Al,Ag复合添加对Sn-9Zn钎料润湿性的影响.结果表明,Ga,Al,Ag的最佳添加量分别为0.2,0.002,0.25(质量分数,%);添加合金元素后钎料的高温抗氧化性能显著提高.俄歇电子能谱分析表明,Sn-9Zn-0.2Ga-0.002Al-0.25Ag钎料表面Al高度富集并形成一层致密的氧化膜,可阻挡氧向液态钎料内部扩散,减少钎料的氧化.Sn-9Zn-0.2Ga-0.002Al-0.25Ag钎料与Cu/Ni/Au基板之间的金属间化合物由一层平坦的AuZn3和颗粒状的AuAgZn2化合物组成.另外,微焊点力学试验表明,采用Sn-9Zn-0.2Ga-0.002Al-0.25Ag钎料时,电子元器件与基板间微焊点的力学性能比Sn-9Zn钎料略有提高.     

Bi、Ag对Sn-Zn无铅钎料性能与组织的影响

研究了Bi、Ag对Sn-9Zn无铅钎料系统润湿性、接头力学性能及微观组织的影响。结果表明:Sn-9Zn无铅钎料的润湿性较差,添加适量的Bi有助于提高钎料的润湿性和接头剪切强度,但同时也使接头的塑性降低;添加适量的Ag能明显改善钎料的润湿性和接头塑性,但Ag的质量分数超过1.5%时会降低钎料润湿性和接头剪切强度。Sn-9Zn-Bi系无铅钎料组织由富Sn相、富Zn相及Bi的析出物组成;Sn-9Zn-Ag系无铅钎料组织由富Sn相、富Zn相及AgZn3化合物组成。     

稀土Er对Sn-3.0Ag-0.5Cu无铅焊料合金组织与性能的影响

研究稀土Er含量对Sn-3．0Ag-0．5Cu无铅焊料合金显微组织以及性能的影响。结果表明：当Er含量为0．05％～0．50％（质量分数）时，对该无铅焊料合金的导电性和腐蚀性影响不大，但使熔化区间温度降低：当Er含量为0．05％时，焊点剪切强度最高；当Er含量为0．10％时，焊料铺展面积最大，焊料润湿性有所改善，同时焊料的拉伸强度达到最高；当Er含量为0．25％时，伸长率最大。随着Er含量的增加，该焊料合金的组织由树枝晶向等轴晶转变，且组织逐渐细化。Er的较佳添加量为0．05％～0．25％。     

Sn-3.0Ag-0.5Cu-xNi无铅焊料及焊点的性能

研究了Ni元素对Sn-3.0Ag.0.5Cu无铅钎料熔点、润湿性、拉伸性能及焊点性能的影响.结果表明,镍的添加对Sn-3.OAg-0.5Cu钎料的润湿性有所改善,添加量为0.03%～0.1%时,随着镍含量的增加,润湿时间逐渐递减,润湿力逐渐增大,镍含量在0.05%时润湿时间最短,镍含量在O.1%时润湿力最大.但当镍含量到0.15%时,润湿时间反而增长,润湿力下降;镍提高了合金的抗拉强度、断后伸长率及焊点的抗剪强度.当镍含量为0.05%时,抗拉强度最高,当镍含量为0.1%时,断后伸长率和抗剪强度最高,扫描断口表现为明显的韧性断裂特征;镍的添加量为0.05%~0.1%效果较好.     

Sn-9Zn系无铅焊料钎焊接头剪切性能的研究

利用扫描电镜及万能材料实验机研究了Sn-9Zn/Cu钎焊接头的界面形貌及Sn-9Zn焊料微合金化前后钎焊接头的剪切性能变化。结果表明,Sn-9Zn/Cu界面金属间化合物为Cu5Zn8,界面层呈平整的锯齿状。由于焊接时没有保护气氛,以致Sn-9Zn氧化而使剪切性能变差,而同时添加微量RE和Ag或RE和Al元素后剪切强度大幅度增高,尤其是添加0.025%RE和0.3%Ag时剪切强度可提高46.47%,同时添加元素后剪切断口韧性断裂趋势增大。     

稀土元素Ce对锡银铜无铅钎料润湿性及钎缝力学性能的影响

采用STA-5100型可焊性测试仪和STR-1000微焊点强度测试仪，对添加了稀土元素Ce的Sn-3．8Ag-0．7Cu无铅钎料的润湿性及钎缝的力学性能进行了研究。试验结果表明，Ce的加入，可以改善钎料的润湿性，质量百分含量为0．03％～0．05％时效果最好，温度升高以及通人氮气均可以明显地提高Sn-3．8Ag-0．7Cu—Ce无铅钎料的润湿性；当Sn-3．8Ag-0．7Cu钎料中稀土元素Ce的质量百分含量为0．03％时，钎缝的力学性能最佳。     

Sn-9Zn-xAg无铅钎料润湿性能及焊点力学性能

研究了合金元素Ag的添加量对Sn-9Zn无铅钎料润湿性能及其焊点力学性能的影响.结果表明,当Ag元素的添加量(质量分数)为0.3%时,钎料具有最好的润湿性能,焊点的力学性能最佳,焊接接头的断口形貌显示钎料与铜基板接头断口处有明显的韧窝,是典型的韧性断裂;当Ag元素的添加量(质量分数)为0.5%～1.0%时,钎料的润湿性能下降,当Ag元素的添加量(质量分数)增加到1.0%时,焊点的力学性能有所下降,在断口的韧窝底部有大颗的Cu-Zn,Ag-Zn金属间化合物.因此,Sn-9Zn无铅钎料中合金元素Ag的最佳添加量(质量分数)为0.3%.     

Ag,Al,Ga对Sn-9Zn无铅钎料润湿性能的影响

采用润湿平衡法测试了Sn-9Zn-X(X为Ag,Al,Ga)无铅钎料分别配合ZnCl2-NH4Cl钎剂和免清洗助焊剂,在空气和氮气保护的两种条件下的润湿性能,分析研究了合金元素Ag,Al,Ga的添加量对Sn-9Zn-X无铅钎料润湿性的影响规律.结果表明,合金元素Ag,Al,Ga在Sn-9Zn中的最佳添加量(质量分数)分别为0.3%,0.005%～0.02%,0.5%.采用氮气保护可以显著改善Sn-9Zn-X无铅钎料的润湿性,而Sn-9Zn-X无铅钎料配合ZnCl2-NH4Cl钎剂时具有较好的润湿性,甚至优于Sn-3.5Ag-0.5Cu在相同条件下的润湿性.这一研究结果表明,通过研发适合于Sn-Zn系无铅钎料的高性能助焊剂,从而改善Sn-Zn系钎料的润湿性能是完全可行的.     

RE对SnAgCu钎料合金及焊点性能的影响

利用JSM-5610LV扫描电镜（SEM）及能谱分析（EDS）等测量方法,研究了微量RE对Sn-2.5Ag-0.7Cu无铅钎料的显微组织、润湿特性、拉伸强度及焊点剪切强度和蠕变断裂寿命的影响。结果表明,向Sn-2.5Ag-0.7Cu中添加0.1%RE可明显细化钎料合金的显微组织,改善钎料合金的润湿特性,提高钎料合金的抗拉强度、伸长率及焊点剪切强度,增加焊点的蠕变断裂寿命。当RE添加量为0.5%时,由于形成了RE化合物而明显恶化钎料合金的性能。     

稀土元素Nd对Sn-9Zn无铅钎料性能的影响

研究了添加稀土元素Nd对Sn-9Zn无铅钎料的润湿性能、显微组织和焊点力学性能的影响.结果表明,Nd元素的加入改善了钎料的润湿性能,质量分数为0.06%时,钎料的润湿力最大,润湿时间最短,润湿性能达到最佳.随着Nd元素的加入,钎料的基体组织得到细化,富锌相逐渐减少,当元素Nd的添加量大于0.06%时,钎料的显微组织中出现小块状稀土元素Nd和Sn的金属间化合物.无铅钎料Sn-9Zn中稀土元素Nd的添加量为0.06%时,剪切力和拉伸力达到最大,分别提高了19.6%和26.6%,力学性能最佳.     

Microstructural evolution and tensile properties of Sn-5Sb solder alloy containing small amount of Ag and Cu

The near peritectic Sn-5Sb Pb-free solder alloy has received considerable attention for high temperature electronic applications, especially on step soldering technology, flip-chip connection. In the present study, a separate addition of the same amount of Ag and Cu are added with the near-peritectic Sn-5Sb solder alloy to investigate the effect of a third element addition on the microstructural, thermal and mechanical properties of the newly developed ternary solder alloys. The results indicate that the melting point of Sn-5Sb solder is enhanced by Ag and Cu additions. Besides, the Ag and Cu content refine the microstructure and form new intermetallic compounds (IMCs) with the near-peritectic Sn-5Sb solder alloy. The tensile tests revealed that all alloys exhibit higher mechanical strength with increasing strain rate and/or decreasing testing temperature, suggesting that the tensile behavior of the three alloys is strain rate and temperature dependence. The yield and ultimate tensile strength are higher for Sn-5Sb-0.7Cu alloy compared with Sn-5Sb and Sn-5Sb-0.7Ag alloys. Good mechanical performance of Sn-5Sb-0.7Cu solder is often correlated to a fine β-Sn grain size and more dispersed Cu-Sn IMC particles, which makes the solder exhibit high strength and yield stress.     

Sn-9Zn-xPr钎料钎焊性能及显微组织

研究了稀土元素Pr的添加量对Sn-9Zn无铅钎料的润湿性能、显微组织和焊点力学性能的影响.结果表明,镨的加入不仅改善了钎料的润湿性能和抗氧化性能,而且细化了钎料基体中的富锌相,使得界面组织更为稳定,有利于焊点可靠性的改善;Sn-9Zn无铅钎料中镨的添加量为质量分数0.08%时,钎料的润湿性能最佳,综合性能最好;当镨的添...     

纳米Ag颗粒增强复合钎料蠕变性能的研究

制备纳米Ag颗粒增强的Sn-Cu基复合钎料.研究不同温度载荷下复合钎料钎焊接头的蠕变断裂寿命,并与Sn-0.7Cu基体钎料钎焊接头进行对比.此外,确定纳米Ag颗粒增强的Sn-Cu基复合钎料钎焊接头在不同温度和应力水平下的应力指数和蠕变激活能,建立复合钎料钎焊接头的稳态蠕变本构方程.结果表明,在不同的温度和应力下,与Sn-0.7Cu钎料钎焊接头相比,纳米Ag颗粒增强的Sn-Cu基复合钎料钎焊接头的蠕变断裂寿命均有所提高,且具有更高的蠕变激活能,说明复合钎料钎焊接头具有更优的抗蠕变性能.     

Ni对SnAgCuRE钎料及其钎焊接头性能的影响

以商用Sn3.8Ag0.7Cu为参照系,研究了Ni对Sn2.5Ag0.7Cu0.1 RE钎料合金及其钎焊接头性能的影响。研究结果表明,添加0.05%(质量分数)Ni能在不降低Sn2.5Ag0.7Cu0.1RE钎料合金抗拉强度的同时显著提高其伸长率,是商用Sn3.8Ag0.7Cu的1.4倍;相应地钎焊接头的蠕变断裂寿命最长,为未添加Ni时的13.3倍,远高于现行商用Sn3.8Ag0.7Cu的,满足微电子连接高强韧高可靠性无铅钎料合金系的需求。     

Solderability and intermetallic compounds formation of Sn-9Zn-xAg lead-free solders wetted on Cu substrate

The eutectic Sn-9Zn alloy was doped with Ag (0 wt.%-1 wt.%) to form Sn-9Zn-xAg lead-free solder alloys. The effect of the addition of Ag on the microstructure and solderability of this alloy was investigated and intermetallic compounds (IMCs) formed at the solder/Cu interface were also examined in this study. The results show that, due to the addition of Ag, the microstructure of the solder changes. When the quantity of Ag is lower than 0.3 wt.%, the needle-like Zn-rich phase decreases gradually. However, when the quantity of Ag is 0.5 wt.%-1 wt.%, Ag-Zn intermetallic compounds appear in the solder. In particular, adding 0.3 wt.% Ag improves the wetting behavior due to the better oxidation resistance of the Sn-9Zn solder. The addition of an excessive amount of Ag will deteriorate the wetting property because the glutinosity and fluidity of Sn-9Zn-(0.5, 1)Ag solder decrease. The results also indicate that the addition of Ag to the Sn-Zn solder leads to the precipitation of ε-AgZn₃ from the liquid solder on preformed interfacial intermetallics (Cu₅Zn₈). The peripheral AgZn₃, nodular on the Cu₅Zn₈ IMCs layer, is likely to be generated by a peritectic reaction L + γ-Ag₅Zn₈ → ɛ-AgZn₃ and the following crystallization of AgZn₃.     

Effects of Al, Ga, and Ag on the anti-oxidation and wetting reactions of Sn-9Zn-X solders

The effects of Ca, Al, and Ag on the anti-oxidation of Sn-9Zn-X solders and the interface reactions between the solders and Cu substrate were investigated by Auger electron spectroscopy (AES) and scanning electron microscope (SEM) analysis, respectively. The mechanism of improving the wettability of Sn-g Zn lead-flee solder by adding Ca, Al, and Ag was also revealed. The AES analysis indicated that Al and Ca might enrich on the molten solder surface which resulted in improving the anti-oxidation of Sn-gZn-O. O05Al and Sn-gZn-O. 3C, a alloys. The addition of Ca reduced the apparent activation energy and promoted the interface reaction. With the addition of 0.3 wt. % Ag, some scallop-like intermetallic compounds (IMCs) formed at the interface, according to the energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS) analysis, these scallop-like IMCs might be the mixture of Ag-Zn and Cu-Sn compounds.     

Development of high strength Sn-0.7Cu solders with the addition of small amount of Ag and In

Nowadays, a major concern of Sn-Cu based solder alloys is focused on continuously improving the comprehensive properties of solder joints formed between the solders and substrates. In this study, the influence of Ag and/or In doping on the microstructures and tensile properties of eutectic Sn-0.7Cu lead free solder alloy have been investigated. Also, the effects of temperature and strain rate on the mechanical performance of Sn-0.7Cu, Sn-0.7Cu-2Ag, Sn-0.7Cu-2In and Sn-0.7Cu-2Ag-2In solders were investigated. The tensile tests showed that while the ultimate tensile strength (UTS) and yield stress (YS) increased with increasing strain rate, they decreased with increasing temperature, showing strong strain rate and temperature dependence. The results also revealed that with the addition of Ag and In into Sn-0.7Cu, significant improvement in YS (∼255%) and UTS (∼215%) is realized when compared with the other commercially available Sn-0.7 wt. % Cu solder alloys. Furthermore, the Sn-0.7Cu-2Ag-2In solder material developed here also exhibits higher ductility and well-behaved mechanical performance than that of eutectic Sn-0.7Cu commercial solder. Microstructural analysis revealed that the origin of change in mechanical properties is attributed to smaller β-Sn dendrite grain dimensions and formation of new inter-metallic compounds (IMCs) in the ternary and quaternary alloys.