Apparent Colour Yield in Dyed Textiles

Various factors influence the visual efficiency of a fixed amount of colorant in a textile. The relevant optical phenomena are reviewed and treated in non-mathematical outline. The results of calculations on a number of simple optical models give rational bases for considering the qualitative effect on colour yield of the factors: fibre size and cross-section; incomplete penetration of colorant into the textile structure; colour-blended textiles; packing density of yarns and fabrics; polarization and fibre orientation; internal scattering and matt fibres; mechanical and added finishes; raised and pile structures; and ring-dyed fibres.     

Colour Fastness of Textiles to Daylight and Artificial Light

Exposure of 677 dyed cloths to daylight in Melbourne, Australia, and to radiation from carbon arc and xenon arc failed to support the commonly accepted view that xenon-arc exposures more reliably reproduce daylight exposures than do carbon-arc exposures. In contrast the results indicated that, for Melbourne daylight at least, the carbon arc is a more reliable indicator of light fastness than the xenon arc.     

Assessment of Color-Measuring Instruments

The U.S. Army has undertaken a program to develop an instrumental method for assessing the acceptability of textiles for color difference from a standard. This article reports the results of the first phase of the program, an assessment of three commercial color-measuring instruments (Diano Match-Scan, Hunter D-54P-5, Macbeth MS-2000) for objective textile acceptability judgment. It is concluded that the three instruments are essentially equivalent in the precision and accuracy of the measurement of color and color difference using a wide variety of samples, at least over periods of up to seven weeks. All measures of repeatability lead to the conclusion that the uncertainties involved are well below the just-perceptible color difference. Levels of absolute accuracy achieved depend greatly on the details of operation, data treatment, and calibration, but are considered satisfactory for each of the instruments tested. With respect to certain other parameters, the performance of the instruments is less satisfactory. Rejection of the specular component differs significantly among the three, as does the selection of weights for tristimuus calculations. One instrument, as tested, exhibited significant sensitivity to weave orientation in textile samples. Finally, we find that the distributions of tristimulus values obtained with each of the instruments show large deviations from normality, severely limiting the significance of conventional statistical treatment of such data.     

色差的测量及其不确定度的评定

介绍了颜色的测量及其表示方法,以及常用的色差计算方法。简述了不确定度的定义及评定方法。通过白色色板的测定对仪器测定色差进行了不确定度的评定。     

纺织品生态染色和染色新技术

本文从生态角度介绍和分析了近年来的一些染色新技术。着重介绍了节水染色，包括合理利用水，重复利用水，无水和非水染色；超临界CO2流体染色；短流程和一浴法染色，特别是一种染料或多种染料一浴法染近年来出现的新纤维混纺和交织物，还介绍了笔者研究开发的一些成果；小浴比，特别是超小浴比染色、低温、受控、低盐或无盐、深色和坚牢度染色、以及射线、超声波、低温等离子体、纳米材料和离子液体在染色中的应用可能性。     

本安型防爆仪表热点燃评价方法研究

针对本安型防爆仪表热点燃评价的难点,在分析传统热点燃评价方法的基础上,提出两种本安型防爆仪表热点燃评价新方法——线性内插法和改进的小元件评定法.最后,给出了本安型电气设备热点燃评定的快速流程.     

The Colour of Textiles when Wet The Relationship between Wet and Dry Reflectance Values for Common Textile Materials

The colour of a dyed textile material immersed in water can be related to its colour in the dry state. The results of wet and dry colour measurements on a variety of textile materials are presented. An empirical equation is developed, relating wet and dry reflectance values for the common textile fibres. The equation varies with fibre type, but it is independent of colour. The equation also varies with fibre decitex and pigment content, but it is thought that this may be due to the design of the apparatus. Some work has also been done on some dyes which exhibit abnormal wet–to–dry colour changes. The paper does not prove wet assessment to be practicable, but it goes some way towards that objective, and reports sighting experiments which may benefit other workers in the field.     

新型保温调温纺织品的研究进展

概括了新型保温、降温和调温织物种类和加工原理,介绍了阳光蓄热保温纤维、远红外纤维、凉爽舒适织物、紫外线和热线屏蔽织物、介质相变调温纤维、特殊调温服等新型保温调温纺织品。     

Factors Affecting Instrumental Measurement and Visual Assessment of Colour Differences

The factors affecting the instrumental measurement of colour differences are reviewed. For most types of sample the performance of modern instruments is more than adequate provided that sufficient care is taken. Problems may arise with metameric pairs and fluorescent samples. The main source of error lies in the colour–difference equations/ this is quite separate from errors due to the instrument. Problems associated with visual assessments are discussed. The use of a panel of three observers will produce more reliable results and may be preferable under certain circumstances.     

纺织品中新有害纺织化学品状况与对策

本文阐述了当今国际纺织品市场新特点和纺织品中有害纺织化学品的状况,并提出了对策:更新观念、树立起绿色生产和营销的思想、研究各国现行的技术限制法规与技术标准、采用国际标准组织生产、随时掌握国外先进标准和先进技术成果,大力开发新产品,以适应国内外市场的实际需要。     

The Measurement and Assessment of Colour Differences for Industrial Use V—The Accuracy of Visual Assessments in Relation to Industrial Colour Passing

The quantitative data available for expressing the errors associated with visual assessments, measurements and colour-difference equations have been used to calculate, for given sets of circumstances, the pass and rejection rates at various stages from the dyer to the retailer to the final customer. The main errors arise in the visual assessments and the colour-difference equations and, for the average of the available equations, these two errors are roughly comparable in magnitude. They do, however, vary with size of colour difference in different ways such that for small differences (0- 1AN40 units) the equations agree better with the true colour differences than a single visual assessment, whereas the reverse is true for large differences (above 2 AN40 units). Detailed results depend on the distribution of samples over the range of colour differences considered, together with the sizes of colour-tolerance limits set. Two initial distributions for the dyer have been assumed, one with same number of samples at all colour differences and the other simulating the distribution used in the Davidson and Friede study. For each, the results of use of a ‘low tolerance’ (0.5 AN40 unit) and a ‘high tolerance’ (1.5 AN40 units) by the dyer have been calculated. At low tolerance, the average equation provides much greater satisfaction than one assessor and improved equations will not give much more satisfaction. At high tolerance, the average equation could give greater or less satisfaction depending on the precision of the particular assessor and the exact distribution of samples to be considered, but there are considerable benefits to be gained by improvement in equation performance. Some of the likely interactions between the dyer and his customers are illustrated, showing that difficulties could arise unless there is some degree of co-operation. This is particularly true if unilateral action for equation use is taken by the retailer working to his customary tolerance limit. It would appear that the introduction of the use of an equation should first be made by the dyer, but if made by the retailer then consultation with the dyer is essential. The use of an equation by a retailer provides little benefit except in reducing dyer-retailer disputes.     

Colour Measurement and Colour Tolerance in the Plastics Industry

The limited use, within the plastics industry, of colour-difference units is discussed. The requirements and calibration of measuring instruments, with particular reference to plastics, are stated, together with details of reference and calibration standards. Identification and estimation of colorants is carried out with the Comic analogue computer handling a modified Kubelka—Munk function of the spectrophotometric reflectance curve. Although the scatter component of this function varies with the opacity of the moulding, the variation can be predicted and its effect nullified. The correction of a first prediction for a new colour is done through the computer by means of the differences in tristimulus values, as measured by means of a colorimeter, between the predicted recipe and the required colour. An extension of this method for colour control in production is explained. The colour tolerances achieved by instrumental control in the production of thermosetting plastics are stated in terms of the deviation (in MacAdam units) from standard. The colour gamut over which measurement may usefully be applied is prescribed. Finally, some problems associated with measurement are described, together with their solutions.     

基于DDS技术的涡流检测阻抗信号分解器的设计与实现

从原理出发推导出涡流检测系统所需的阻抗分解器的实现要求,首先分析了单通道直接数字合成(Direct Digital synthesis,DDS)技术应用于阻抗信号分解器中存在的问题,然后着重论述了基于多通道同步DDS技术的阻抗信号分解的设计方案和实现方法.实验和结果分析表明,基于多通道同步DDS技术的分解器设计从根本上解决了阻抗信号分解技术中的同步性及精度要求等难点问题,不仅提高了涡流检测系统的整体性能,还使系统集成度以及可操作性大为改善.     

Techniques for the Assessment of Mucoadhesion in Drug Delivery Systems: An Overview

Abstract

In recent years mucoadhesive drug delivery systems have been developed for oral, buccal, nasal, ocular, rectal and vaginal routes for either systemic or local effects. Mucoadhesive drug delivery systems are presently being explored because of their potential advantages including increased residence time of the drug at the site of application, relatively rapid uptake of the drug into the systemic circulation, and enhanced bioavailability of the therapeutic agents. This review focuses on trends and techniques for mucoadhesion assessment which includes various experimental methods that have been used for the characterization of mucoadhesive polymers and/or delivery systems. These techniques are categorized into two methods, namely methods for mechanism assessment and methods for formulation evaluation. The techniques used to evaluate mecha nisms of mucoadhesion include atomic force microscopy, texture analysis, rheological, wetting and zeta potential measurements for the assessment of interactions between the mucoadhesive polymer/system and mucosal surface. The methods for the evaluation of mucoadhesion based formulations are also further classified as ex vivo, in vitro as well as pharmacokinetic methods. Hence, the techniques highlight the possibility of evaluating mucoadhesion phenomenon in spite of its complexity.     

新型汽车效果涂料色差评估方法的探讨

结合多年实际工作经验,探讨了评价汽车效果涂料色差更合理的方法。汽车效果涂料色差评估需将视觉评估和仪器测试评估相结合,仪器测量的数据结果需选用合适的色差计算数学模型才能将仪器评价的结果与人眼视觉感知效果涂料色差结果保持一致。     

废旧棉质纺织品资源化利用新方法

基于国外的研究成果,介绍了一种废旧棉质纺织品回收利用的改进方法,即先用N-甲基氧化吗啉（NMMO）溶液对废旧棉质纺织品进行预处理分离出纤维素,然后将分离出的纤维素水解发酵生产乙醇.对该方法的优缺点和工业化的经济效益和社会效益进行了评价.