高压均质对大豆分离蛋白功能特性的影响

研究了高压均质压力(40～160MPa)和均质次数(1次/2次)对大豆分离蛋白(SPI)功能特性的影响。结果表明:均质次数为1次时,40MPa和80MPa可显著提高SPI的溶解性,压力增加至120MPa和160MPa时,溶解性反而明显下降,但持水性提高;1次均质可以显著改善SPI乳化活性,而对其乳化稳定性影响不大;80MPa1次均质和160MPa2次均质能显著提高SPI凝胶性;除160MPa外,均质压力相同时,1次均质比2次均质更有利于改善SPI功能特性(包括溶解性、乳化性、凝胶性和持油性)。     

高压均质处理对豌豆淀粉流变特性及多尺度结构的影响

以豌豆淀粉(pea starch,PS)为原料,分别在0、20、40、60、80、100 MPa条件下高压均质(high-pressure homogenization,HPH)处理3次,每次约30 min,探究HPH处理对PS凝胶流变特性及淀粉多尺度结构的影响。结果表明,随着均质压力的增加,PS黏度、触变性先增加后减小;频率扫描结果显示,HPH处理后PS凝胶的储能模量G’、损耗模量G”明显升高,40 MPa处理后PS凝胶黏性和弹性最好;PS凝胶的G’、G”曲线在70～75℃区间内出现拐点。HPH处理使PS的颗粒形貌、晶体结构及短程有序结构等多尺度结构均发生变化。其中,HPH处理后PS颗粒表面出现裂缝、塌陷及坑洞,其粒径分布发生变化;通过X射线衍射、傅里叶变换红外光谱分析发现,与原PS相比,100 MPa处理后PS非结晶区比例增加,且HPH处理使PS的在1 047、1 022 cm^-1处吸收峰峰面积的比值升高,短程有序结构数量增多;¹H核磁共振图谱表明PS中α-1,4糖苷键、α-1,6糖苷键均受到破坏,PS的分支度降低。本研究为HPH在淀粉流...     

Rheology and Oxidative Stability of Whey Protein Isolate-Stabilized Menhaden Oil-in-Water Emulsions as a Function of Heat Treatment

ABSTRACT:  Menhaden oil-in-water emulsions (20%, v/v) were stabilized by 2 wt% whey protein isolate (WPI) with 0.2 wt% xanthan gum (XG) in the presence of 10 mM CaCl₂ and 200 μM EDTA at pH 7. Droplet size, lipid oxidation, and rheological properties of the emulsions were investigated as a function of heating temperature and time. During heating, droplet size reached a maximum at 70 °C and then decreased at 90 °C, which can be attributed to both heating effect on increased hydrophobic attractions and the influence of CaCl₂ on decreased electrostatic repulsions. Combination of effects of EDTA and heat treatment contributed to oxidative stability of the heated emulsions. The rheological data indicate that the WPI/XG-stabilized emulsions undergo a state transition from being viscous like to an elastic like upon substantial thermal treatment. Heating below 70 °C or for less than 10 min at 70 °C favors droplet aggregation while heating at 90 °C or for 15 min or longer at 70 °C facilitates WPI adsorption and rearrangement. WPI adsorption leads to the formation of protein network around the droplet surface, which promotes oxidative stability of menhaden oil. Heating also aggravates thermodynamic incompatibility between XG and WPI, which contributes to droplet aggregation and the accumulation of more WPI around the droplet surfaces as well.     

Physical Stability of Whey Protein-stabilized Oil-in-water Emulsions at pH 3: Potential ω-3 Fatty Acid Delivery Systems (Part A)

ABSTRACT: The oxidative stability of polyunsaturated lipids can be improved by incorporating them in oil droplets surrounded by positively charged whey protein isolate (WPI) membranes. This study dealt with the factors that influence the physical properties of WPI-stabilized oil-in-water emulsions at pH 3. Emulsions containing 5 to 50 wt% corn oil and 0.5 to 5.0 wt% WPI (protein-to-oil ratio of 1:10) were prepared at pH 3. The apparent viscosity of the emulsions increased appreciably at oil concentrations ≥ 35 wt%; however, the particle size was relatively independent of oil concentration. The influence of NaCl (0 to 250 m M ) on the physical properties of 28 wt% emulsions was examined. Significant increases in mean particle size, apparent viscosity, and creaming instability occurred at ≥150 m M NaCl, which were attributed to flocculation induced by screening of the electrostatic repulsion between droplets. The influence of heat treatment (30°C to 90°C for 30 min) on 28 wt% emulsions was examined in the absence and presence of salt, respectively. At 0 m M NaCl, heating had little effect on the physical properties of the emulsions, presumably because the electrostatic repulsion between the droplets prevented droplet aggregation. At 150 m M NaCl, the mean particle diameter, apparent viscosity, and creaming instability of the emulsions increased considerably when they were heated above a critical temperature, which was 70°C when salt was added before heating and 90°C when salt was added after heating. These results have important implications for the design of WPI-stabilized emulsions that could be used to incorporate functional lipids that are sensitive to oxidation, for example, ω-3 fatty acids.     

大豆酸溶蛋白/大豆多糖纳米乳液的制备及表征

纳米乳液具有抗沉降和抗乳析动力学稳定性,是提高脂溶性物质的水溶性和生物利用度的有效手段。本论文探索了大豆酸溶蛋白(acid soluble soy protein,ASSP)/大豆多糖(soy soluble polysaccharides,SSP)纳米乳液的制备工艺,系统分析了p H条件、加油量、压力、质量比、热处理等因素对纳米乳液形成以及稳定性的影响。结果表明:在p H 3.0~4.0范围内,酸溶蛋白与大豆多糖质量比1:4,400 bar的压力下,可以很好地包埋5%~20%的油,此时制备的乳液粒径为269.33±2.26 nm,并且储存60天粒径无显著性变化(P0.05)。p H条件、高压以及热处理对乳液的稳定性具有显著影响(P0.05),ASSP/SSP纳米乳液适合食品工业中的酸性介质、高温以及高盐环境下的应用。通过果胶酶水解大豆多糖,对酸溶蛋白/大豆多糖纳米乳液的形态学进行了研究分析,结果表明酸溶蛋白/大豆多糖纳米乳液的微滴表面被多糖覆盖,大豆多糖能够很好地固定在微滴表面并使得纳米乳液微滴稳定和分散。     

大豆蛋白及其水解物的界面流变学行为和搅打性质

为研究不同结构大豆蛋白在空气-水界面处的吸附行为,探究其与搅打起泡性质的关系,本文对大豆分离蛋白(SPI)、β-伴大豆球蛋白(7S)、大豆蛋白选择性水解产物(SPSH)和大豆蛋白限制性水解产物(SPLH)进行了聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳(SDS-PAGE)、界面剪切流变学和搅打起泡性的测定。SDS-PAGE表明SPI由7S和11S组成,SPSH选择性水解后11S亚基带消失,仅保留了7S亚基,SPLH水解度1%,仅留下分子量约10 kDa的多肽链。界面剪切流变学行为表明SPI和7S的吸附速度较慢,SPLH可快速吸附至界面上。SPSH同时存在7S和多肽,既可快速吸附至界面,又能形成粘弹性强的界面膜。搅打实验表明SPSH和SPLH的泡沫膨胀率明显增加,分别从450%增至680%和700%。水解可以降低大豆蛋白的分子量,加快蛋白质吸附至界面的速度,从而增加泡沫膨胀率。本研究为大豆蛋白在充气食品的应用提供实际意义。     

动态超高压微射流均质对大豆分离蛋白起泡性、凝胶性的影响

采用动态超高压微射流均质机对大豆分离蛋白进行处理,研究了不同的压力对大豆分离蛋白起泡性、凝胶性的影响.结果表明动态超高压微射流处理能使大豆分离蛋白的起泡性、凝胶性得到改善,随着均质压力的逐渐增加,都有不同程度的提高,100ml的6%大豆分离蛋白经高速分散搅打后,泡沫高度可以达到180ml,16%的大豆分离蛋白凝胶强度可以达到0.08355kg.     

Effect of Wheat Bran Particle Size on Dough Rheological Properties

Commercial hard red spring, hard red winter, soft white and durum wheat brans were used to investigate the effect of wheat bran particle size on the rheological properties of doughs. Wheat brans were first coarsely ground and passed through a bran finisher to remove additional endosperm and aleurone layers. These processes increased total dietary fibre content and decreased starch content of the wheat bran samples. Three particle size distributions, for each wheat bran class, were obtained by further grinding (not by sifting) of the bran samples by different experimental mills. Coarse bran can retain significantly more water than medium or fine bran as measured by a centrifuge method, but bran particle size had no significant effect on dough water absorption. Addition of wheat bran into bread dough systems increased dough water absorption rate, reduced mixing time and decreased dough mixing tolerance as measured by farinograph. Fine particle size wheat bran decreased dough mixing tolerance and reduced mixing time compared to coarse bran. Dough containing fine particle size bran exhibited more strength than dough containing coarse bran after a 180-min rest period as measured by the extensigraph. © 1997 SCI.     

热处理对大豆分离蛋白稳定乳液包埋特性的影响

本实验通过喷雾干燥前对SPI溶液95℃1 5 min热处理及形成乳液后加入乳糖溶液制备粉末样品,并将部分干粉储存于RH 75%环境中记录其7 d内等温吸湿线,待吸湿稳定后得到湿粉样品,测定原始乳液及干、湿粉末复溶乳液的粒径大小分布,干、湿粉末的水分含量、包埋效率(ME)、溶解速率并用扫描电镜(SEM)观察其微观结构。结果表明热处理和加糖处理能显著提高喷雾干燥SPI稳定乳液的包埋效率,高达98.68%,相对于未经处理的SPI乳液包埋效率高出1倍以上,此外含糖粉末表现出良好的溶解性,但潮湿环境对其溶解性、包埋效率及微观结构有较大影响。     

大豆分离蛋白辅助干热改性玉米淀粉的流变特性研究

本文采用快速黏度分析仪(RVA)、流变仪、扫描电镜(SEM)对干热处理前后的普通玉米淀粉(CS)和蜡质玉米淀粉(WCS)与大豆分离蛋白(SPI)共混物的糊化特性、流变特性以及微观结构进行了研究。实验结果表明,与SPI干热处理后,淀粉的黏度明显增加,而WCS黏度的增加相比于CS更加明显。与未经干热处理的样品相比,干热混合物的G’、G"值显著增加,tanδ值明显降低。表明干热处理后,糊化后的淀粉凝胶网络结构增强,更加偏向于类固体的性质。SEM结果显示,与SPI干热使淀粉产生了聚集,CS/SPI产生了较小的聚集,而WCS/SPI形成了更大的块状聚集体。淀粉颗粒之间的聚集表明淀粉与SPI经干热处理后发生了相互作用,并且WCS与SPI的交互作用更加明显。SPI辅助干热改性可以作为蜡质玉米淀粉改性的新方法。     

湿热处理对甘薯淀粉流变特性的影响

目的:采用HAAKE MARSⅢ型流变仪研究不同湿热处理条件下甘薯淀粉的流变性。方法:通过控制湿热处理的水分(10%~30%)、温度(90~130 ℃)和时间(4~12 h)对甘薯淀粉进行湿热改性。结果:原淀粉与湿热改性淀粉的糊具有明显的剪切稀化行为,其流变曲线也服从Herschel-Bulkley模型。不同湿热处理条件下得淀粉糊浓度系数K、屈服应力τ₀均低于原淀粉(K_原=14.816 Pa·sⁿ,τ_0原=10.322 Pa),流动特性指数n高于原淀粉(n_原=0.47)。随着湿热处理水分、温度与时间的增加,淀粉糊的K逐渐减小,τ₀则先增后减,湿热处理水分20%,温度110 ℃,时间8 h的屈服应力最大(τ_0上行线=5.683 Pa,τ_0下行线=12.423 Pa)。动态流变学特性表明:不论湿热改性与否,甘薯淀粉糊的储能模量(G')均大于损耗模(G″)。并且相对于原淀粉,湿热改性甘薯淀粉糊的黏弹性明显增加。结论:经过湿热处理,甘薯淀粉糊的浓度系数与屈服应力下降,非牛顿性减弱,黏弹性显著提高,更适合作为食品加工的辅料和添加剂。     

高压均质协同壳聚糖萃取对乳清水中大豆蛋白结构和功能性的影响

本研究以大豆乳清水为原料,研究高压均质协同壳聚糖法对大豆乳清水中大豆蛋白回收的影响,并研究其对回收蛋白的结构及功能特性的影响.结果表明,当蛋白/多糖质量比为2:1时,与未高压均质处理相比,在高压均质压力不大于90 MPa条件下,高压均质协同壳聚糖处理使蛋白回收率显著增加(P ＜0.05),达到61.92％;另外,拉曼光...     

Thermal Aggregation and Dynamic Rheological Properties of Pacific Whiting and Cod Myosins as Affected by Heating Rate

Thermal aggregation of cod myosin and Pacific whiting myosin were compared at different heating rates. Turbidity of Pacific whiting started to increase at 30°C and decreased at >50°C, and fluorescence intensity of ANS-myosin of both species was greater at slower heating rates at 20–80°C. Storage modulus (G′) of cod myosin gradually increased as temperature increased resulting in more elastic gel at slower heating rates. G′ of whiting myosin rapidly increased at 30°C, maximized at 45–48°C and decreased afterward. The onset temperature of a decreased G′ shifted from 45°C to 49°C as heating rate increased from 0.5 to 2°C/min. Whiting myosin heated at 2°C/min retained more myosin heavy chain.     

不饱和脂肪酸对猪肉蛋白质乳化特性的影响

研究不同饱和程度且不同添加量的脂肪酸对全肉盐溶性蛋白乳化特性、流变特性以及Zeta电位等影响。结果显示：脂肪酸添加量越大,乳化液的乳化活性越强,而乳化液的分层现象越严重;添加油酸和亚油酸可以明显增加乳化液的表面活性巯基;各乳化液粒度分布曲线均呈现“单峰”型,且较空白组的分布均向粒径较小的范围偏移;此外,随着剪切速率的增大,各乳化液黏度均逐渐减小,最后趋于平缓,在同一剪切速率下,添加量越大,乳化液剪切应力越大;Zeta电位值显示,荷电粒子不稳定。总之,C18的脂肪酸饱和程度越大,添加量越多,猪肉盐溶性蛋白质乳化的效果越好,在脂肪酸液滴表面形成蛋白膜的能力就会越强,使得乳化液的乳化特性越好。     

Effect of Continuous Flow High-Pressure Throttling on Rheological and Ultrastructural Properties of Soymilk

ABSTRACT:  Soymilk processing uses a filtration or centrifugation step to remove coarse solids in the comminuted soy. The objective was to utilize the whole beans and determine the effect of continuous flow high pressure throttling (CFHPT) process in reducing particle size and narrowing down the particle size distribution. The rheological and ultrastructural properties of such soymilk were also determined. Whole dehulled soybeans and deionized water were ground in a food processor before comminution in a Megatron (process M) or a Fitzmill (process F) or a Stonemill (process S). The comminuted slurry was homogenized at pressures of 69, 103, 138, 207, and 276 MPa using a CFHPT system, heated to 80 °C in a tubular heat exchanger prior to depressurization, and held at elevated temperatures of 97, 106, 114, 131, and 148 °C, respectively, for each applied pressure after throttling. To avoid flashing, back pressure was applied after the holding tube and soymilk was cooled immediately. Process M produced soymilk with smallest particle size and the highest apparent viscosity. All soymilk samples showed non-Newtonian pseudoplastic flow behavior. Ultrastructural images showed a clear protein network with very small fat globules entrapped in the protein matrix. Particles were uniformly distributed when the highest pressure treatment was applied for process M, which was considered as the best process.     

超声处理对商用大豆分离蛋白凝胶性能的影响

本文通过动态振荡测量检测了超声处理对商用大豆分离蛋白（SPI）的凝胶过程及动态粘弹性的影响。在热诱导凝胶的场合，经超声处理的SPI形成粘弹性更强的凝胶，其中最终形成的凝胶的弹性模量（G′）比未经处理的要高出10倍左右。经超声处理的SPI的凝胶的动态剪切模量（包括弹性模量和损耗模量）几乎与动态频率（f）（0．1～10Hz）无关，其中G′远高于G^n，而未经处理的场合的动态剪切模量与f则有较强的依赖性，而且其G′几乎与G′相当。经超声处理的SPI热诱导凝胶具有一定的热不可逆性。在微生物转谷氨酰胺酶（MTGase）诱导胶凝的场合，MTGase更容易地使经超声处理的SPI分散液发生胶凝，而且后者最终形成的凝胶的粘弹性也更强。该结果为进一步扩宽商用SPI的应用范围提供了一定的借鉴意义。     

高压均质对天然和热变性大豆蛋白-磷脂水包油型乳状液功能性质的影响

为揭示大豆蛋白和大豆卵磷脂在油-水界面层的交互作用及复合微乳体系的稳定机制,探究了温度(20、60℃)和均质压力(0~80 MPa)的协同作用对蛋白质-磷脂复合乳化体系功能性质的影响。结果显示:相比于天然大豆蛋白与磷脂(native soybean isolate-lecithin,NSI-Lec)形成的乳状液,热变性大豆蛋白与磷脂(denatured soybean isolate-lecithin,DSI-Lec)的乳状液功能性质随均质压力的变化更明显。NSI-Lec乳液在均质压力达到80 MPa时乳化性、乳化稳定性及电位变化不再显著,但DSI-Lec乳液在该条件下功能性质继续提高。当均质压力高于40 MPa时,DSI-Lec乳液的乳层析指数明显下降,说明乳液更加稳定。粒径分布结果表明:NSI-Lec乳液呈双峰粒径分布,DSI-Lec乳液在均质压力高于20 MPa后粒度分布曲线向小粒径方向移动,且当均质压力达到80 MPa时粒径分布呈现单峰。激光共聚焦显微镜结果显示,DSI-Lec乳液随均质压力的提升分布更均匀,乳液连续性较好。     

商业橘皮果胶与大豆果胶流变性质的比较

通过流变学方法对商业橘皮果胶及大豆果胶溶液黏度及凝胶过程进行分析。结果表明：相同条件下,商业橘皮果胶的黏度高于大豆果胶;在形成凝胶过程中,商业橘皮果胶凝胶体系储能模量要远高于大豆果胶。果胶质量浓度为2 g/100 mL、蔗糖添加量为55、60 g/100 mL,葡萄糖酸内酯（D-glucono-δ-lactone,GDL）添加量为3、4 g/100 mL的商业橘皮果胶与相同条件下的大豆果胶储能模量差异不大;通过加入蔗糖及GDL或提高大豆果胶质量浓度,可明显提高大豆果胶凝胶体系的储能模量,增加大豆果胶的凝胶强度。     

预热处理大豆蛋白对鲤鱼肌原纤维蛋白凝胶和流变学特性的影响

以鲤鱼肌原纤维蛋白（myofibrillar protein isolate,MPI）为研究对象,研究经过预热处理的大豆分离蛋白（soy protein isolate,SPI）对MPI凝胶和流变学特性的影响。SPI在90 ℃热处理0（天然SPI）、30 min和180 min,分别与MPI以不同的比例（0∶1、1∶1、1∶2、1∶3、1∶4）混合,所有溶液总蛋白质量浓度均为40 mg/mL。结果表明,经过预热处理的SPI与MPI混合后其凝胶硬度、弹性、白度和持水性显著高于天然SPI与MPI混合所形成的蛋白凝胶（P＜0.05）,且预热处理时间越长的大豆蛋白（180 min）与短时间处理（30 min）相比增加得更为明显（P＜0.05）。此外,随着SPI-MPI复配1∶1～1∶4,混合蛋白凝胶硬度、弹性、白度和持水性显著增大（P＜0.05）。流变学研究表明,SPI添加到MPI溶液中能增加蛋白变性温度,而经过预热处理SPI能够显著地提高储能模量（G’）。热稳定性结果表明,MPI中添加天然SPI能够显著降低Tmax3（P＜0.05）而对Tmax1和Tmax2无影响（P＞0.05）;当SPI经过热处理后添加到MPI中能够显著降低Tmax1（P＜0.05）而提高Tmax3（P＜0.05）。总之,与未经预热处理的SPI相比,经过预热处理后的SPI添加到MPI中能够改善蛋白凝胶特性和流变学特性。