Numerical Simulation of Electromagnetic Field and Flow Pattern in a Continuous Slab Caster with In-roll Type Strand Electromagnetic Stirring

The electromagnetic field and flow analysis model were developed to simulate the electromagnetic field and the flow pattern in a vertical curved continuous slab caster with the in-roll type strand electromagnetic stirring.The transient electromagnetic field distribution and the induced electromagnetic force were numerically described.The effects of stirring current,stirring frequency,and different stirrer configurations on the electromagnetically driven flow field in the strand were investigated and the optimization of the stirring parameters was discussed by performing a relative comparison of numerical results.Results show that the in-roller type strand electromagnetic stirrer(SEMS)pair generates the fluctuating magnetic fields,penetrating through the cast slab and periodically parallel shifting along the slab wide face with time evolution.The transient induced electromagnetic forces travels toward the magnetic flux shifting direction.Different stirring parameters(i.e.current and frequency)and stirrer configurations affect the stirring strength and the flow recirculation pattern in the strand,which are closely related to metallurgical performances of the stirrers.There is an optimum frequency to obtain the maximum stirring.The present model provides a relatively theoretical insight into the in-roll type strand electromagnetic stirring system for best operating.     

Numerical Simulation of Fluid Flow in a Round Bloom Mold with In-Mold Rotary Electromagnetic Stirring

In this article, an electromagnetic field simulation and a flow analysis model are performed to describe the three-dimensional electromagnetic field distribution and the electromagnetically driven flow characteristics in a round-bloom mold with a low-frequency in-mold rotary electromagnetic stirrer. The interaction between the induced flow and the inertial impinging jet from a straight-through submerged entry nozzle (SEN) of the caster is considered. The effects of stirrer current and frequency on the electromagnetic field and the flow in the round-bloom mold are investigated, and a strategy to optimize the stirring parameters is proposed. The results show that the distributions of magnetic flux density and electromagnetic force magnitude are nonuniform in a three-dimensional electromagnetic stirring (EMS) configuration. There exists a significant axial induced component of electromagnetic force. The flow in the in-mold EMS system is characterized by a dominant swirling movement at the transverse sections, coupled with the recirculating flows in the axial direction. An upper recirculation zone and a lower recirculation zone with the reverse melt flowing are found near the strand wall at the axial location close to the middle of the stirrer, and another recirculation zone is formed due to the interference of the induced flow with the jet from SEN. The meniscus surface has a swirl flow, and the meniscus level rises near the bloom strand wall and sinks around the SEN wall. All of these flow features are closely associated with metallurgical performances of the in-mold rotary stirrer. With the increase of stirring current and the decrease of frequency, the magnetic flux magnitude increases. There is an optimum frequency to obtain a peak of electromagnetic force magnitude and maximum tangential velocity. For a mold rotary EMS system, to determine the optimum stirring intensity, it is necessary to make a compromise between a larger tangential velocity and a relatively quiescent meniscus surface.     

350 mm×470 mm大方坯结晶器电磁搅拌参数优化

对350 mm×470 mm大方坯结晶器电磁搅拌的空载磁场进行了在线测量,获得了结晶器内磁感应强度分布规律。根据磁场测量结果计算了凝固前沿的电磁力及钢水流动速度,并分析了电磁搅拌参数对钢水流动速度的影响,确定了搅拌电流和频率的范围。由42CrMo钢现场实验的结果得出,当结晶器电磁搅拌电流为150 A,频率为2.5 Hz时,铸坯横断面的最大碳含量的偏差为±0.01%,带状偏析基本消除,铸坯内部质量明显改进。     

Flow fields in electromagnetic stirring of rectangular strands with linear inductors: Part II. computation of flow fields in billets,blooms, and slabs of steel

The model presented in Part I of this series of papers is used to compute flow velocities in the longitudinal stirring of steel blooms and billets, and in the horizontal stirring of steel slabs. In longitudinal stirring of blooms and billets the reverse flow is on the side of the strand opposite to the inductor. The effects of penetration depth of the electromagnetic force, of the force itself, of the length of the stirrer, and of the width of the liquid core were determined. In horizontal stirring of slabs the reverse flow takes place outside of the stirrer region, forming the so-called butterfly stirring pattern. The characteristics of this flow field depend to a considerable extent on the width of the stirrer. The effects of stirrer width, of thickness of the liquid core, of force and of width of the slab were elucidated. The maximum velocities in both types of stirring are represented as simple formulae.     

Flow fields in electromagnetic stirring of rectangular strands with linear inductors: Part II. computation of flow fields in billets, blooms, and slabs of steel

The model presented in Part I of this series of papers is used to compute flow velocities in the longitudinal stirring of steel blooms and billets, and in the horizontal stirring of steel slabs. In longitudinal stirring of blooms and billets the reverse flow is on the side of the strand opposite to the inductor. The effects of penetration depth of the electromagnetic force, of the force itself, of the length of the stirrer, and of the width of the liquid core were determined. In horizontal stirring of slabs the reverse flow takes place outside of the stirrer region, forming the so-called butterfly stirring pattern. The characteristics of this flow field depend to a considerable extent on the width of the stirrer. The effects of stirrer width, of thickness of the liquid core, of force and of width of the slab were elucidated. The maximum velocities in both types of stirring are represented as simple formulae. Formerly with Institut für Allgemeine Metallurgie, Technische Universit?t Clausthal     

Effect of electromagnetic stirring methods on solidification structures of Sn-11% Sb binary alloy

In this paper,a spiral magnetic field electromagnetic stirrer,which can separately induce two different magnetic fields,is introduced. The corresponding central magnetic flux curves of the stirrer were measured by two different probes of the Tesla meter. Meanwhile,the mentioned spiral magnetic field electromagnetic stirrer was used,the effect of the two different magnetic fields on solidification of Sn-11% Sb binary alloy was studied,and the segregations and metallographic structures of the ingot samples were analyzed. The research results show that,with the same electromagnetic stirring parameters,the spiral magnetic field electromagnetic stirring is more effective in reducing the composition difference between the upper and lower parts of the ingot. The microstructure photos show that the grain size was more refined.     

薄板坯二冷区电磁搅拌铸坯内磁场分布和钢液流动

针对特定设计的搅拌器建立了包含钢液流动、传热和电磁场的三维耦合非稳态数学模型,计算了CSP薄板坯二冷区液芯在电磁搅拌作用下的传输行为,其中考虑了感应电流和搅拌器线圈上下端部对磁场强度的影响.结果表明:电磁力改变了铸坯液相穴内钢液流场,对钢液起到水平搅拌作用;搅拌器产生的磁场不均匀,在不同厚度处幅度和相位都不同,且幅度随着穿透深度的增加而减小;感应磁场移动方向与外部磁场相同且不宜忽略;单侧搅拌器对铸坯内钢液搅拌比较均匀.      

Effect of in-mould electromagnetic stirring on the flow,initial solidification and level fluctuation in a slab mould: a numerical simulation study

In-mould electromagnetic stirring (M-EMS) is a widely used technique during slab continuous casting. To investigate the effect of M-EMS on the flow and initial solidification in a slab mould, a three-dimensional model coupling electromagnetic field, flow and solidification was developed. To track the steel/slag interface, the volume of fraction (VOF) model was coupled in the model. The electromagnetic force presents a centrally symmetrical distribution on the cross-section. The influences of stirring current and stirrer position on flow, initial solidification and level fluctuation have been discussed. M-EMS enhances the transversal flow and shrinks the lower recirculation in mould. The results indicate that both a higher stirring current and a lower stirrer position produce a reduction of the temperature in the mould centre. Furthermore, a higher stirrer position and a lower stirring current are favourable to the solidified shell growth. However, M-EMS aggravates the level fluctuation, which may lead to slag entrainment.     

圆坯凝固末端电磁搅拌作用下的流动与传热行为

以特殊钢圆坯连铸为研究对象, 建立了研究凝固末端电磁搅拌作用效果的三维耦合数值模型.利用分段计算模型获得末端电磁搅拌区域钢液流动与凝固的实际状态, 并采用达西源项法处理凝固末端钢液在糊状区的流动, 研究了不同电磁搅拌工艺参数下的电磁场分布及钢液的流动与传热特征.通过测量搅拌器中心线磁感应强度和铸坯表面温度验证了模型的准确性.研究结果表明: 电流强度每增加100 A, 搅拌器中心磁感应强度增加19.05 mT, 电磁力随着电流强度的增加显著增大.在20~40 Hz范围, 随着电流频率的提高, 中心磁感应强度略微下降, 但电磁力仍有所增加.在搅拌器区域, 液相穴内的钢液在切向电磁力的作用下旋转流动, 其切向速度随着电流强度和频率的增加而变大.末端电磁搅拌可促进钢液在圆坯径向的换热, 随着电流强度和频率的提高, 铸坯中心轴线上的钢液温度降低, 同时末端搅拌位置处的中心固相分率增加.      

结晶器电磁搅拌对圆坯质量影响的研究

通过数值模拟计算了马钢圆坯连铸（断面尺寸为Ф450mm）电磁搅拌参数对磁场分布的影响,并通过生产试验研究了电磁搅拌参数对铸坯质量的影响。模拟计算表明,结晶器磁场强度随着搅拌电流的增加而增大,电流不变时,频率越小,磁场强度越大。现场试验表明,采用电磁搅拌能有效改善铸坯低倍组织,搅拌电流越大,铸坯中心等轴晶比率越高;电磁搅拌还能有效改善铸坯疏松和中心偏析状况。选择合适的电磁搅拌参数可以获得良好的铸坯质量。     

KR搅拌脱硫工艺的动力学研究

通过对搅拌罐液面、搅拌罐内液体微元及搅拌头功率进行分析,研究了搅拌头转速、搅拌桨直径的合理范围和搅拌桨的转速与搅拌桨直径之间的关系。结果表明:由于搅拌罐液面上升高度的限制,搅拌头转速上限值为127r/min;搅拌罐直径应低于搅拌桨直径的3倍;功率一定时,搅拌桨直径的5次方与搅拌桨转速的3次方的乘积为定值。     

搅拌器的结构参数对钢液内电磁场和流场分布的影响

利用ANSYS5．6软件对单侧线性电磁搅拌作用下钢液内的电磁场分布和流场分布进行了数值模拟，分析了搅拌器的结构参数对钢液流动状况的影响，结果表明，在搅拌器长度，线圈匝数及电流强度均相同的条件下，采用集中绕组的搅拌器所产生的电磁场最弱，而重叠绕组搅拌器和克兰姆绕组搅拌器的电磁利用率较高，所产生的磁场强度越大，钢液的流动速度和紊流动能均较大；此外，尽管磁轭不影响电磁场的分布趋势，但却显影响磁场强度的大小，所以，在数值模拟中应当考虑磁轭的存在，当搅拌器极距和其它参数一定时，增加搅拌器长度有利于扩大搅拌的作用范围，但对提高搅拌无明显效果，在搅拌器长度和其它参数一定的情况下，增大搅拌器的极距却不影响搅拌的作用范围，但却使搅拌强度明显提高。     

Rotational electromagnetic stirring in continuous casting of round strands

A model is presented to compute the three-dimensional flow field in rotational electromagnetic stirring of round strands. The model involves the solution of the Maxwell equations, the Navier-Stokes equations, and the transport equations for the turbulence characteristicsk andε. For the limiting case of one-dimensional stirring, the computations were checked with experiments using mercury as the fluid. Several sets of computations were carried out to determine the influence of stirrer position, stirrer length, and electromagnetic parameters on the flow field in continuous casting of steel strands.     

电磁搅拌对钢包精炼炉内金属液行为的影响

以侧壁配备电磁搅拌系统的钢包精炼炉为背景,分别利用多普勒超声波测速仪以及激光液位仪对几种电磁搅拌方式下金属液的内部流动以及表面波动状况进行了测定及分析。研究发现,电磁搅拌可以有效促进金属液的内部流动以及表面波动,从而显著改善金属液内部的动力学条件,是提高钢包精炼效率的有效手段;不同电磁搅拌方式对金属液的内部动力学条件影响的差异明显,在不同的精炼工艺要求下,可以考虑采用不同的电磁搅拌方式。     

方坯连铸结晶器电磁搅拌磁场的数值模拟

对方坯连铸结晶器电磁搅拌磁场进行了数值模拟,分析了不同电流强度、电流频率、结晶器铜管以及结晶器内水套对电磁搅拌器内磁场分布的影响,得到了磁场特性与电磁搅拌参数的关系,模拟结果与实测结果一致;并得出采用合适的电磁搅拌参数可以在结晶器内获得合理有效地电磁搅拌强度,从而可以更有效地改善铸坯的质量.     

电磁搅拌对特大方坯结晶器内流场及温度场影响

以某厂断面为410 mm × 530 mm的特大方坯结晶器为原型,利用ANSYS有限元软件建立三维数值模型,研究电磁搅拌对结晶器流场及温度场的影响。施加电磁搅拌后,钢液受到径向电磁力,液面呈现旋转流动趋势。结晶器内钢液最大切向速度随着电流的增加而增大,随着频率的增加而减小。电磁搅拌的电流大小由0 增加到500 A时,液面波动由1.21 mm增加到4.35 mm。电磁搅拌能够使钢水的高温区局限于连铸结晶器上部,钢水温度更加均匀。同时钢液的水平旋流能够抑制初生坯壳的生长,降低坯壳的生长速度,使结晶器出口处坯壳厚度变薄。综合分析,该厂在实际生产时合理的电磁搅拌的电流大小应为400 A,频率为1.5 Hz,此时钢渣液面波动约为2.73 mm,温度场较为均匀。      

行波磁场铸流搅拌提升不锈钢板坯等轴晶率

为揭示各种行波磁场铸流搅拌的电磁冶金效果,基于计算域分段法建立了断面1280 mm×200 mm板坯连铸电磁、流动、传热和凝固的耦合模型,利用电气参数和磁感应强度的实测值和预测值的对比验证了模型的可靠性。研究表明:行波磁场搅拌器因电磁推力的方向性特点在板坯二冷区搅拌过程中均表现有不同程度与特征的端部效应,辊后箱式搅拌器(Box-typed electromagnetic stirrer, B-EMS)的单侧安装形式导致板坯内弧侧磁感应强度远大于外弧侧,辊式搅拌器(Roller-typed electromagnetic stirrer, R-EMS)的对辊安装形式则使磁感应强度呈现对称分布。在400 kW和7 Hz的相同电气参数下,R-EMS的电流强度比B-EMS高75 A;尽管箱式电磁搅拌的有效作用区域较辊式电磁搅拌大,铸坯中心钢液过热耗散区域大,但辊式搅拌推动钢液冲刷凝固前沿形核作用则明显大于箱式搅拌。两者均具有较好的抑制柱状晶生长、促进凝固前沿等轴晶形核与发展的能力,将不锈钢板坯等轴晶率提高至45%的门槛值以上,其中间隔型反向辊式搅拌器下的等轴晶率比箱式搅拌高约17%。综合表明,基于行波磁场铸流搅拌的间隔型反向辊式搅拌器有望更好地消除铁素体不锈钢板材表面皱折缺陷。      

电磁搅拌作用下水口深度对液面波动的影响

 结晶器内液面波动会影响连铸坯的质量,施加电磁搅拌使钢液的液面呈旋转抛物面。电磁搅拌电流过大或拉速过高会造成保护渣卷渣现象,对铸坯质量造成不利的影响。以某钢厂[?]250 mm连铸圆坯结晶器电磁搅拌为研究对象,采用电磁-流体单相耦合的方式及流体体积函数VOF模型,建立描述结晶器电磁搅拌作用下液面波动的数学模型,研究电磁搅拌作用下浸入式水口深度对液面波动的影响。研究表明,通过增大水口深度,能够改善因电磁搅拌强度过大或拉速过大造成的卷渣现象,减小水口附近的液面波动。     

Fluid flow phenomena in a single phase coreless induction furnace

New measurement techniques for local velocity, magnetic field, and current density have been applied to the study of electromagnetic and hydrodynamic phenomena in a coreless induction furnace containing an aluminum alloy. The action of electromagnetic shields on the intensity and the structure of the liquid metal flow is reported. It is shown that the direction of the fluid flow and the number and sizes of the recirculating cells may be significantly modified; the electromagnetic stirring may also be practically canceled. The influence of the dimensions of the screens on the structure of the liquid metal flow is examined. Finally, the modification of the fluid flow phenomena is explained by the evolution of the electromagnetic force patterns.     

电磁搅拌技术在连铸生产中的应用

电磁搅拌的实质是借助电磁力控制铸坯液相穴中钢水的运动，强化钢水的传热，从而控制凝固过程。介绍了连铸过程中应用的电磁搅拌技术的主要作用及安装形式，提出了应用过程中存在的一些问题，概述了连铸电磁搅拌技术的发展方向。