镁合金搅拌摩擦焊接头晶粒取向和织构分析

利用背散射电子衍射分析技术(EBSD)和取像显微分析技术(OIM),通过定量测量变形镁合金AZ80A搅拌摩擦焊搭接接头的焊核区晶粒取向和织构,探讨了搅拌摩擦焊焊核区形成的微观过程.结果表明:AZ80A合金在搅拌摩擦焊过程中,存在塑性变形和动态再结晶两种微观过程,导致焊核区所形成的晶粒织构密度不强、取向呈多样化的趋势;晶粒为再结晶细晶粒;在焊核区,变形织构{1,-1,0,4}<1,0,-1,0>略偏离板法向20°,且随板厚方向向下越来越强,同时再结晶取向越来越多;焊核区晶粒继承了母材中的{1,-1,0,4}<1,0,-1,0>变形织构,在焊核区所发生的动态再结晶含有一定程度的原位再结晶.     

镁合金搅拌摩擦焊接组织特征研究

通过对镁合金AZ31进行搅拌摩擦焊获得了成型良好的焊缝,采用金相显微镜对焊缝组织进行了分析,并采用透射电镜和X射线能谱仪对晶粒形貌和晶界析出的第二相进行了观测分析。结果表明,镁合金搅拌摩擦焊可以获得组织致密的焊缝,焊缝区域根据组织特点可以分为焊核区、热机影响区和热影响区;焊核区"洋葱环"之间呈现层片状结构,晶界强化相数量减少且尺寸变小;热机影响区在前进侧和焊核区有明显的分界,晶粒呈细长条状,后退侧和焊核区分界相对不明显,晶粒变形较小;热影响区在前进侧较窄,组织与母材组织相比变化较小,而后退侧热影响区较宽,晶粒尺寸有所增长,这与搅拌摩擦过程中金属切削迁移的堆积过程有关。     

6082铝合金搅拌摩擦焊焊接过程中晶粒取向演化

采用电子背散射衍射(EBSD)技术,研究6082-T6铝合金搅拌摩擦焊焊核区及母材上表面晶粒形貌、晶界特征、织构组分的演化。结果表明:在焊接过程中,母材发生塑性变形以及动态回复再结晶,晶粒被细化;基于搅拌针后方所形成的汤普森四面体,邻近匙孔焊核区首先形成(110)[001]高斯织构和(114)[221]织构,且这两种织构晶粒沿〈110〉晶向旋转一定角度,进一步形成(112)[111]铜织构、(111)[112]织构;距匙孔40mm处焊核区,经历了轴肩的挤压,塑性变形程度更大,使得[110]丝织构占主导地位。     

搅拌针偏移量对A356/6061铝合金搅拌摩擦焊的影响

对6mm厚的A356-T6/6061-T6异种铝合金的搅拌摩擦焊工艺进行了试验研究,采用OM、SEM、万能拉伸试验机、显微硬度仪等分析了搅拌针偏移量对搅拌摩擦焊接头组织和性能的影响。研究结果表明:搅拌针的偏移量在-0.4~0.4mm范围内均可获得外表美观、内部无明显缺陷的搅拌摩擦焊接头;焊核区两种材料的分界线非常清晰,分别由焊核区、热机影响区和热影响区组成,混合区主要分布在前进侧的焊核区;焊核区由晶粒细致的等轴晶组成,随厚度方向从上而下细化程度逐渐增加。搅拌针向6061侧偏移,有利于焊核区面积、接头强度以及延伸率的增加。当搅拌针向6061偏移0.4mm时,焊核区较-0.4mm时面积增大10%,接头强度和延伸率分别达到210MPa和8.8%,分别为A356母材的74.6%和65.2%;同时,接头断裂位置由返回侧逐渐向前进侧转移,断口位置与焊缝区最低硬度区相吻合;向A356侧偏移时,两侧的热影响区宽度变窄,硬度值增大。     

2060搅拌摩擦焊对接接头显微组织与析出相分析

选用Al-Li-Cu-Mg系铝锂合金2060,开展搅拌摩擦焊对接接头显微组织与析出相演变规律研究.搅拌摩擦焊对接接头,呈现典型的母材、热影响区、热机影响区和焊核区四区分布特点.母材为双向板条组织,在α板条中有大量三角形AlCu2Mn化合物析出,但在其它相区,当受到热影响时,该相消失;热影响区组织粗大,热机影响区晶粒受到机械力作用,前进侧拉长,后退侧破碎;焊核区为等轴晶组织,出现了高温析出相AlxCuxMn,均布于整个焊核区域.接头显微硬度在母材区最高,热影响区最低,焊核区低于母材,稳定在115 HV.     

2060搅拌摩擦焊对接接头显微组织与析出相分析

本文选用Al-Li-Cu-Mg系铝锂合金2060,开展搅拌摩擦焊对接接头显微组织与析出相演变规律研究.搅拌摩擦焊对接接头,呈现典型的母材、热影响区、热机影响区和焊核区四区分布特点.母材为双向板条组织,在α板条中有大量三角形AlCu2Mn化合物析出,但在其它相区,当受到热影响时,该相消失;热影响区组织粗大,热机影响区晶粒受到机械力作用,前进侧拉长,后退侧破碎;焊核区为等轴晶组织,出现了高温析出相AlxCuxMn,均布于整个焊核区域.接头显微硬度在母材区最高,热影响区最低,焊核区低于母材,稳定在115 HV.     

AZ81A镁合金焊接接头的组织与性能

对AZ81A镁合金进行了搅拌摩擦焊和钨极氩弧焊的工艺实验.通过观察焊接接头宏观成形,分析焊缝显微组织,测试焊接接头的显微硬度分布,对两种焊接方法焊接性进行了分析.研究结果表明:搅拌摩擦焊的外观成形及可操作性均优于熔化焊,焊件焊后基本没有变形.搅拌摩擦焊接头的焊缝为锻造组织,焊核区为细小的再结晶组织;热影响区为部分再结晶组织,再结晶的晶粒沿原铸造晶界生长.熔化焊接头的焊缝区组织为较母材细小的等轴晶,熔合区组织的晶界为α固溶体和Mg17Al12共晶,并有强化相析出;热影响区组织的晶界分布有不连续的共晶.     

轴肩直径对6061铝合金搅拌摩擦焊轴向力的影响

目的 降低搅拌摩擦焊接过程中的轴向力,选择直径合适的轴肩,提高搅拌摩擦焊的焊接效率以及接头性能。方法 设计并使用了3种不同轴肩直径的搅拌头（9,12,15 mm）对6061铝合金进行焊接,记录并分析焊接轴向力的变化,观察焊缝表面形貌及微观组织,选择合适的轴肩直径。结果 “轴向力-时间”曲线上下起伏,当轴肩直径为15 mm时,曲线呈现较大的起伏;随着轴肩直径的减小,焊接轴向力也随之减小,当焊接速度为95 mm/min,搅拌头旋转速度为1500 r/min时,轴肩直径为9 mm的搅拌头所产生的平均轴向力最小,最小值约为2311 N;9 mm轴肩焊接所形成的焊缝表面形貌光滑,飞边量少;轴肩直径越小,焊核区晶粒尺寸越细小,当轴肩直径为9 mm时,焊核区晶粒尺寸为9.77 μm。结论 在相同的焊接参数下,选用9 mm轴肩所产生的轴向力小,焊缝表面形貌优,焊核区晶粒尺寸细化,接头力学性能好。     

静轴肩搅拌摩擦焊2A14-T4铝合金T形接头的组织和性能

采用静轴肩搅拌摩擦焊技术实现了8.5 mm厚2A14-T4铝合金T形接头的焊接,研究了接头的宏观成型、显微组织及力学性能.结果表明:焊缝表面呈现光滑无弧纹特征,焊缝外部和内部未发现焊接缺陷;SSFSW T形接头截面焊接区域形貌整体呈现两头宽、中间窄的"开口哑铃"状,焊核区晶粒表现为取向随机的等轴晶,焊核区平均晶粒尺寸表现为第二次焊核区最大,焊接重合区次之,第一次焊核区最小.焊核区再结晶机制以几何动态再结晶为主并伴随有部分连续动态再结晶;热机影响区较窄且晶粒被拉长变形,热影响区组织晶粒长大粗化;焊接过程中第二相粒子的析出粗化造成焊核区硬度降低,硬度最低点出现在第一道焊缝热影响区与热机影响区的交界处;接头的硬度较低区域和结构尺寸引起的应力集中导致T形接头底板与筋板容易萌生裂纹、发生断裂;断口中存在较多的撕裂棱以及大小不一的韧窝,在韧窝中存在尺寸不均匀的第二相颗粒,断口呈现韧性断裂特征.     

5A01铝合金厚板搅拌摩擦焊组织性能研究

采用搅拌摩擦焊方法对厚度为30 mm的5A01铝合金进行了单面对接焊,分析了焊缝的金相组织及力学性能。结果表明,5A01铝合金厚板的搅拌摩擦焊接成形良好;焊缝接头从组织上可分为焊核区、热机影响区和热影响区;根据受到热量影响程度的不同,焊核区可分为上部焊核和下部焊核,焊核区出现了"洋葱环"结构,可能与搅拌针表面加工的三个平面有关;热机影响区沿厚度方向受到不同程度的热机械和热循环作用,因此其上部、中部和下部表现出了不同的组织特点;焊接接头具有较好的力学性能,抗拉强度达到了母材的90%以上,拉伸断裂位置位于焊缝区。     

Texture Characterization of High-Temperature Superconductor Wires

Texture measurements have been made for BSCCO tapes produced by dip coating and by powder-in-tube techniques. The texture of the Bi2212 grains was characterized for both c axis texture using (001) pole figures from 008 reflections and a–b axis texture using (115) pole figures. The critical current densities of these tapes were also measured and correlated with texture parameters obtained from contours of the pole figures. For the tapes with good current transport, the arrangement of grains in a crystallographic sense was inferred from the pole figures and was found to be consistent with a model based on global alignment of the c axes and the presence of colonies of grains differing mostly in c axis twist.     

极图在晶体判定和取向分析中的应用

采用极图法并结合金相法分别对定向凝固生长的FeGa和CuAlNi合金进行了晶体判定和取向分析。结果表明：FeGa舍金为多晶体,表层存在六个晶粒,根据极点分布,确定该舍金为四方晶系;CuAlNi为单晶体,确定欧拉角为φ1=150°,φ=20°,φ2=0°,并据此旋转定向,重新切割后测量极图,晶体得到了很好的定向;极图法判定结果与金相检验结果一致。     

压铸态AZ91D镁合金搅拌摩擦焊接头微观组织研究

采用搅拌摩擦焊工艺对4mm厚的压铸态AZ91D镁合金进行对接工艺实验,搅拌头旋转速率1500r/min,焊接速率120mm/min;使用光学显微镜和扫描电镜对焊接接头微观组织进行了研究。结果表明:焊缝外观成形美观,但内部存在贯穿型隧道状孔洞缺陷;焊核区为典型的变形-再结晶组织,为细小、均匀的等轴晶;机械-热影响区为变形-部分再结晶组织,热影响区组织形貌与母材相近但伴有轻微的长大现象;焊核区与机械-热影响区的过渡具有以下特征:在前进侧呈现"突变"特征,在后退侧呈现"渐变"特征。     

Effect of backplate diffusivity on microstructure and mechanical properties of friction stir welded joints

Series of welds were made by friction stir welding (FSW) with various backplates made out of materials ranging from low diffusivity granite to high diffusivity copper in order to reveal the effect of backplate diffusivity on the joint microstructure and properties. The temperature, microstructure, microhardness and tensile properties of joints were compared and discussed. Results show that the backplate with high diffusivity effectively decreases the heat input to the workpiece during FSW. With decreasing the backplate diffusivity the sizes of equiaxed recrystallized grains in the nugget zone increase obviously, while the hardness of the nugget zone also increases a little. The interface between the thermo-mechanically affected zone and nugget zone at the retreating side disappears under the granite backplate. Moreover, the ductility of the joint is more excellent under the copper backplate, but under the granite backplate the failure has mixed fracture characteristics of quasi-cleavage and dimples.     

工业纯钛金属织构标准极图的计算及分析

工业纯钛中的金属织构会引起各向异性,获得织构信息及分析其演变规律对钛材加工与应用非常重要.本文利用单晶钛的晶体结构数据、乌氏网、极图与织构的定义,建立了纯钛的织构与特定晶面极图之间的对应关系,理论计算并绘制了纯钛部分织构的标准极图.基于塑性变形时基本滑移面与滑移方向的演变规律,构建了纯钛金属加工方式与织构之间的内在联系,可为六方系纯钛金属或合金的织构演变与表征提供理论基础。     

Flow patterns in friction stir welds of AA5083 and AA6082 alloys

The flow patterns in dissimilar friction stir welds of AA5083-O and AA6082-T6 alloys have been studied. It was observed that material flows (pushes but does not mix) more from the advancing side into the retreating side. Material flow from the retreating side to the advancing side only occurs in the tool shoulder domain, and the pull is greatest at the transition region between the tool shoulder domain and the tool pin domain. It was also observed that materials tend to extrude out only in the thermomechanically affected zone of the retreating side, which was influenced by rotation of both the tool shoulder and the tool pin. The finest grains were present in the regions closest to the tool edge in the retreating side. The volume fraction of recrystallized grains increases down into the deeper part of the nugget from the flow arm region. Microhardness measurements revealed that regions of lowest hardness values were the nugget and the heat affected zone of the AA6082-T6 alloy side. The welding speeds had no influence on the microhardness values per se, but affected the mixing proportions in the flow arm and in the nugget stem.     

Effect of Rotation Rate on Microstructures and Mechanical Properties of FSW Mg-Zn-Y-Zr Alloy Joints

Friction stir welding (FSW) of Mg-Zn-Y-Zr plates with 6 mm in thickness was successfully carried out under a wide range of rotation rates of 600-1200 r/min with a constant traverse speed of 100 mm/min. After FSW, the coarse grains in the parent material (PM) were changed into fine equiaxed recrystallized grains at the nugget zone (NZ). Furthermore, the coarse Mg-Zn-Y particles (W-phase) were broken up and dispersed homogenously into the Mg matrix. With increasing rotation rates, the size of the W-phase particles at the NZ significantly decreased, but the recrystallized grain size tended to increase. The hardness values of the NZs for all the FSW joints were higher than those of the PM, and the lowest hardness values were detected in the heat affected zone (HAZ). The fracture occurred in the thermo-mechanical affected zone (TMAZ) on the advancing side for all the FSW joints in the tensile test, due to the incompatibility of the plastic deformation between the NZ and TMAZ caused by remarkably different orientation of grains and W-phase particles. The strength of FSW joint reaches 90% of that of its PM.     

7A52铝合金薄板搅拌摩擦焊焊缝的组织形貌

采用自行研制的便携式搅拌摩擦焊设备,对厚度为3mm的7A52铝合金薄板进行焊接试验。用金相显微镜、扫描电镜等分析测试手段,分析了焊缝的微观组织结构。焊缝可分为焊核、热机影响区、热影响区等三个区域。焊核为细小均匀的等轴晶,晶粒明显细小;热机影响区出现了晶粒粗化现象,由母材的细纤维组织变为具有弧度的弯曲粗纤维组织;热影响区组织发生了回复、再结晶和粗化。     

Effect of friction stir welding parameters on microstructural characteristics and mechanical properties of 2219-T6 aluminum alloy joints

A 2219-T6 aluminum alloy was friction stir welded in the present study. The results indicate that the recrystallized grains in the weld nugget zone (WNZ) of the joints exhibit the largest size in the middle part and the smallest size in the lower part. Furthermore, the void defect is formed in the joint when the rotation speed or welding speed is quite high. As the rotation speed or welding speed increases, the tensile strength of the joint firstly increases to a maximum value and then sharply decreases due to the occurrence of void defect. During tensile test, the defect-free joints welded at lower rotation speed are fractured in the WNZ, while those welded at relatively high rotation speed tend to be fractured in the heat affected zone (HAZ) adjacent to the thermal mechanically affected zone (TMAZ) on the retreating side.     

Evolution of the Microstructure and Strength in the Nugget Zone of Friction Stir Welded SiCp/Al-Cu-Mg Composite

A 6 mm-thick SiCp/2009AI composite plate was successfully joined by friction stir welding(FSW) using an ultrahard material tool to investigate the evolution of the microstructure and the strength in the nugget zone(NZ).While some SiC particles were broken up during FSW,most of them rotated in the matrix.Large compound particles on the interfaces were broken off during FSW,whereas the amorphous layer and small compound particles remained on the interfaces.The dynamically recrystallized Al grains nucleated on the surface of fractured SiC particles during FSW,forming nano-sized grains around the SiC particles.The yield strength of the NZ decreased slightly due to the variation in the size,shape,and distribution of the SiC particles.The clean interfaces were beneficial to the load transfer between SiC particles and Al matrix and then increased the ultimate tensile strength of the NZ.