铝合金表面添加稀土激光熔覆Ni基WC金属陶瓷涂层研究

添加适量稀土氧化物,采用自配的熔覆材料在ZL108表面激光熔覆制备了Ni基WC金属陶瓷复合涂层,对熔覆层进行了显微组织分析、显微硬度测量以及室温下的干滑动摩擦磨损试验。结果表明,铝合金上激光熔覆Ni基WC金属陶瓷增强熔覆层无裂纹,组织细小、致密,WC颗粒增强相与基体之间结合良好。室温下熔覆层的磨损主要为显微切削和粘着磨损,干摩擦磨损性能优良。     

激光熔覆Ni基微-纳米WC金属陶瓷涂层组织及干滑动磨损性能

在45钢表面进行添加微一纳米WC颗粒的镍基自熔粉末激光熔覆处理.得到不同Ni基WC合金涂层.对熔覆层进行显微组织观察、硬度测定以及室温千摩擦磨损试验.结果表明,纳米品WC的加入能改善涂层的耐磨性能,在本试验条件下,当添加的纳米级WC和微米级WC各为15%时.涂层耐磨性能最佳;但纯纳米晶WC增强涂层耐磨性不佳,其主要磨损破坏方式随涂层中WC晶粒尺寸变化而有所变化.     

激光熔覆FeCrNiMo-WC复合涂层的组织与耐磨性能

采用激光熔覆技术在Q235钢表面制备了WC陶瓷颗粒增强FeCrNiMo-WC多主元合金复合涂层。通过相组成分析、显微结构表征、力学性能测试和摩擦磨损实验等研究了WC含量对涂层组织和耐磨性能的影响。结果表明：涂层主要物相除了FCC+WC以外，还存在网状的共晶组织，由FCC与M₆C碳化物相呈层片状交替分布，片层间距约100 nm;随着WC含量的增加，共晶组织体积分数增加，涂层逐渐形成共晶组织+WC陶瓷颗粒的微观组织结构；WC陶瓷颗粒的加入显著提高了涂层的硬度和耐磨性，当WC含量为40 mass%时，涂层硬度为55.9 HRC,此时涂层耐磨性能最好，最小体积磨损率为2.17×10^-5 mm³/(N·m)。涂层中大颗粒WC以及软硬交替的FCC+M₆C共晶体，协同提高了涂层的硬度和强韧性。同时M₆C相具有减磨作用，使得涂层摩擦系数逐渐降低，磨损失效形式由粘着磨损向磨粒磨损过渡。     

激光熔覆微-纳米WC复合涂层的干摩擦磨损性能

以微米和纳米12%Co-WC颗粒为增强相,自熔合金粉末Ni60B为粘结剂,采用激光熔覆的方法在45钢表面制备出微-纳米WC增强Ni基合金复合涂层;在MM200磨损试验机上与硬质合金磨轮进行了不同载荷和距离的干磨损试验.并利用SEM、TEM、X-射线、显微硬度计等手段分析熔覆涂层在磨损前和磨损后的显微组织和硬度,研究了各涂层在此干摩擦条件下的磨损机理.结果表明,纳米晶WC的加入能改善涂层的耐磨性能,当纳米级WC和微米级WC各为15%时,涂层耐磨性能最佳,但纯纳米晶WC增强涂层耐磨性不佳,其主要磨损破坏方式随涂层中WC晶粒尺寸变化而有所变化.     

纳米WC增强Ni基合金喷熔层组织结构与抗磨粒磨损特性

目的研究纳米WC对Ni基合金喷熔层抗磨粒磨损性能的影响。方法采用扫描电镜、X射线衍射分析了氧乙炔火焰喷熔Ni基合金层和两种不同结构WC增强Ni基合金喷熔层的微观组织和相结构,并通过磨粒磨损试验平台对三种涂层进行磨损性能测试。结果纳米WC粉末的加入,能有效提高喷熔层的宏观硬度。通过组织分析得出纳米WC增强Ni基喷熔层中除含有γ-(Ni,Cr)固溶体、Cr的碳化物、硼化物以及微米级WC颗粒之外,还含有一定量的纳米WC团聚体和少量高硬度的W_2C相。磨粒磨损实验结果显示,纳米WC增强Ni基喷熔层的磨损失重分别为Ni60和NiWC35涂层失重的56%和73%。对比磨损后涂层的表面微观形貌可知,纳米WC颗粒在涂层中能有效降低磨粒压入喷熔层的深度,从而控制磨粒对喷熔层的犁削量。结论纳米WC增强Ni基合金喷熔层中含有的γ-(Cr,Ni)固溶体、Cr_(23)C_6、Cr_7C_3、Cr_3Ni_2及未熔化的WC颗粒和WC脱碳形成的W_2C等硬质相,使镍基自熔合金涂层的硬度有较大提高,同时也大大提高了涂层的抗磨粒磨损性能。     

激光熔覆Cu/WCP复合涂层

采用激光熔覆表面改性方法，在45号钢基体上表面熔覆Cu/WCp复合涂层。试验研究了WC含量对熔覆复合涂层的组织特点和耐摩擦磨损性能的影响规律。研究结果表明，通过调整WC的加入量可获得α-Cu固溶体＋WC双相组织，当WC的加入量超过30％时，熔覆层中出现小圆点状的WC颗粒，表明WC有一定程度的熔化和熔解；Cu/WCp复合熔覆层与基体金属之间存在过渡区，其组织为钢基体＋WC混合组织。采用40Cr磨轮对Cu/WCp熔覆层进行摩擦磨损试验，结果表明，WC加入量为10％时，摩擦系数与磨损量最小；采用硬质合金磨轮进行磨损试验，当WC加入量为30％时，摩擦系数最小，而加入量为10％，磨损量较小。     

水轮机叶片氩弧熔覆WC涂层的组织和性能

采用氩弧熔覆法对用于水轮机叶片的45碳钢进行WC涂层表面强化处理。利用扫描电镜、XRD、显微硬度计和磨损试验机对未熔覆涂层和熔覆WC涂层的45碳钢进行组织和性能分析。结果表明,氩弧电流对涂层表面形貌产生影响,电流为100 A时表面形貌最均匀。涂层组织除了稳态相Fe、WC外,还出现亚稳态W2C、Fe6W6C相。与未熔覆涂层相比,熔覆WC的碳钢表面显微硬度,磨损强度等性能显著提高。     

纳米稀土改性热喷涂WC/12Co涂层的摩擦磨损性能研究

利用超音速火焰喷涂技术在45#钢表面制备了不同稀土含量的WC/12Co涂层.在HV-5型小负荷维氏硬度计上测定了涂层的显微硬度,在WTM-2E微型摩擦磨损试验仪上测定了涂层的摩擦磨损性能.结果表明:适量稀土的加入使WC/12Co涂层的显微硬度提高,耐磨性增强.当稀土含量在1.5%时,涂层的硬度提高42%,磨损体积最小.     

激光熔覆铁基复合涂层组织与性能影响

目的 在45#钢基体表面制备耐磨性优于基材的梯度涂层。方法 采用激光熔覆技术在基材上制备连接层后,分别用未添加WC颗粒、添加3%和5%WC颗粒的铁基合金粉末制备耐磨涂层。通过金相显微镜（OM）、X射线衍射仪（XRD）、扫描电子显微镜（SEM）,研究了涂层的微观结构。通过维氏显微硬度计和M-2000磨损试验机,研究了涂层的力学性能。结果 获得的涂层致密,没有裂纹和气孔等缺陷,涂层内部WC清晰可见。连接层与基材具有良好的冶金结合,涂层组织主要有等轴组织、柱状组织和共晶组织。耐磨层物相组成为奥氏体（γ-Fe）、γ(Fe,Ni)固溶体和Fe-Ni-Cr固溶体。涂层表面的显微硬度最高为559HV1,比基材硬度（182HV1）提升了3倍多。随着WC含量的增加,涂层的磨损量显著下降。结论 基材与连接层有沿基体表面生长的平面晶,涂层内部为柱状晶、树枝晶和共晶等组织,涂层顶部多为细小的等轴晶。加入WC,涂层的显微硬度提高不明显,但WC周围的组织细化,显微硬度提高。无WC的涂层磨损机理主要为粘着磨损;3%WC的涂层磨损较轻,磨损仍以粘着磨损为主;5%WC的耐磨层磨损最轻,磨损机理为磨粒磨损,WC的加入明显提高了涂层的耐磨性。     

铸造碳化钨添加量对镍基复合喷熔涂层性能的影响

在镍基合金粉末NiCrBSi中添加不同比例的铸造碳化钨(WC),并采用氧乙炔火焰喷熔工艺在低碳钢表面制备了相应的Ni基WC复合涂层.采用金相显微镜观察了涂层的显微组织,采用湿砂橡胶轮式磨粒磨损试验机测试了涂层的抗磨粒磨损性能,并采用扫描电镜观察了喷熔粉末和喷熔层磨损后的形貌.结果表明:喷熔层的组织为在NiCr合金基体上弥散分布着不同粒度的碳(硼)化物硬质相;涂层的显微组织和WC的含量对Ni基WC喷熔层的硬度和抗磨损性能影响很大,涂层的硬度和抗磨损性能随WC添加量的增加先增加后减小;当WC的含量为35％时,Ni基体WC喷熔涂层的硬度最高,相应的抗磨粒磨损性能最好.     

Effects of Post-weld Heat Treatment on Microstructure,Mechanical Properties and the Role of Weld Reinforcement in 2219 Aluminum Alloy TIG-Welded Joints

In as-welded state, each region of 2219 aluminum alloy TIG-welded joint shows diff erent microstructure and microhardness due to the diff erent welding heat cycles and the resulting evolution of second phases. After the post-weld heat treatment, both the amount and the size of the eutectic structure or θ phases decreased. Correspondingly, both the Cu content in α-Al matrix and the microhardness increased to a similar level in each region of the joint, and the tensile strength of the entire joint was greatly improved. Post-weld heat treatment played the role of solid solution strengthening and aging strengthening. After the post-weld heat treatment, the weld performance became similar to other regions, but weld reinforcements lost their reinforcing eff ect on the weld and their existence was more of an adverse eff ect. The joint without weld reinforcements after the post-weld heat treatment had the optimal tensile properties, and the specimens randomly crack in the weld zone.     

The First Phase of the SRIF Industrialized Base in ＂West Area＂ Has Been Put into Operation

After nearly two years＇ tense construction, the first phase of industrialized base of Shenyang Research Institute of Foundry （SRIF）, located at the Tiexi Casting and Forging Industrial Park in the west of Tiexi District, has now been completed and formally put into operation.     

Thermodynamics Study on the Decomposition of Chromite with KOH

Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, China, has proposed a method for oxidative leaching of chromite with potassium hydroxide. Understanding the mechanism of chromite decomposition, especially in the potassium hydroxide fusion, is important for the optimization of the operating parameters of the oxidative leaching process. A traditional thermodynamic method is proposed and the thermal decomposition and the reaction decomposition during the oxidative leaching of chromite with KOH and oxygen is discussed, which suggests that chromite is mainly destroyed by reactions with KOH and oxygen. Meanwhile, equilibrium of the main reactions of the above process was calculated at different temperatures and oxygen partial pressures. The stable zones of productions, namely, K2CrO4 and Fe2O3, increase with the decrease of temperature, which indicates that higher temperature is not beneficial to thermodynamic reactions. In addition, a comparison of the general alkali methods is carried out, and it is concluded that the KOH leaching process is thermodynamically superior to the conventional chromate production process.     

Influence of Heat Treatment on Damping Behaviour of the Magnesium Wrought Alloy AZ61

The effect of isochronal heat treatments for 1h on variation of damping, hardness and microstructural change of the magnesium wrought alloy AZ61 was investigated. Damping and hardness behaviour could be attributed to the evolution of precipitation process. The influence of precipitation on damping behaviour was explained in the framework of the dislocation string model of Granato and Lücke.     

Effect of Rare Earth Doping on Impedance,Modulus and Conductivity Properties of Multiferroic Composites:0.5(BiLa_xFe_(1-x)O_3)–0.5(PbTiO_3)

The Lanthanum-doped bismuth ferrite–lead titanate compositions of 0.5(Bi LaxFe1-xO3)–0.5(Pb Ti O3)(x = 0.05,0.10,0.15,0.20)(BLxF1-x-PT) were prepared by mixed oxide method.Structural characterization was performed by X-ray diffraction and shows a tetragonal structure at room temperature.The lattice parameter c/a ratio decreases with increasing of La(x = 0.05–0.20) concentration of the composites.The effect of charge carrier/ion hopping mechanism,conductivity,relaxation process and impedance parameters was studied using an impedance analyzer in a wide frequency range(102–106Hz) at different temperatures.The nature of Nyquist plot confirms the presence of bulk effects only,and non-Debye type of relaxation processes occurs in the composites.The electrical modulus exhibits an important role of the hopping mechanism in the electrical transport process of the materials.The ac conductivity and dc conductivity of the materials were studied,and the activation energy found to be 0.81,0.77,0.76 and 0.74 e V for all compositions of x = 0.05–0.20 at different temperatures(200–300 °C).     

Quantitative Analysis of the Crystallographic Orientation Relationship Between the Martensite and Austenite in Quenching–Partitioning–Tempering Steels

The orientation relationships(ORs)between the martensite and the retained austenite in low-and medium-carbon steels after quenching–partitioning–tempering process were studied in this work.The ORs in the studied steels are identified by selected-area electron diffraction(SAED)as either K–S or N–W ORs.Meanwhile,the ORs were also studied based on numerical fitting of electron backscatter diffraction data method suggested by Miyamoto.The simulated K–S and N–W ORs in the low-index directions generally do not well coincide with the experimental pole figure,which may be attributed to both the orientation spread from the ideal variant orientations and high symmetry of the low-index directions.However,the simulated results coincide well with experimental pole figures in the high-index directions{123}_(bcc).A modified method with simplicity based on Miyamoto’s work was proposed.The results indicate that the ORs determined by modified method are similar to those determined by Miyamoto’method,that is,the OR is near K–S OR for the low-carbon Q–P–T steel,and with the increase of carbon content,the OR is closer to N–W OR in medium-carbon Q–P–T steel.     

Using Finite Element and Contour Method to Evaluate Residual Stress in Thick Ti-6Al-4V Alloy Welded by Electron Beam Welding

This work was to reveal the residual stress profile in electron beam welded Ti-6Al-4V alloy plates(50 mm thick) by using finite element and contour measurement methods.A three-dimensional finite element model of 50-mmthick titanium component was proposed,in which a column–cone combined heat source model was used to simulate the temperature field and a thermo-elastic–plastic model to analyze residual stress in a weld joint based on ABAQUS software.Considering the uncertainty of welding simulation,the computation was calibrated by experimental data of contour measurement method.Both test and simulated results show that residual stresses on the surface and inside the weld zone are significantly different and present a narrow and large gradient feature in the weld joint.The peak tensile stress exceeds the yield strength of base materials inside weld,which are distinctly different from residual stress of the thin Ti-6Al-4V alloy plates presented in references before.     

Microstructures and Tensile Properties of Ultrafine-Grained Ni–(1–3.5) wt% SiC_(NP) Composites Prepared by a Powder Metallurgy Route

Silicon carbide nanoparticle-reinforced nickel-based composites(Ni–Si CNP),with a Si CNPcontent ranged from1 to 3.5 wt%,were prepared using mechanical alloying and spark plasma sintering.In addition,unreinforced pure nickel samples were also prepared for comparative purposes.To characterize the microstructural properties of both the unreinforced pure nickel and the Ni–Si CNPcomposites transmission electron microscopy(TEM) was used,while their mechanical behavior was investigated using the Vickers pyramid method for hardness measurements and a universal tensile testing machine for tensile tests.TEM results showed an array of dislocation lines decorated in the sintered pure nickel sample,whereas,for the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,the presence of nano-dispersed Si CNPand twinning crystals was observed.These homogeneously distributed Si CNPwere found located either within the matrix,between twins or on grain boundaries.For the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,coerced coarsening of the Si CNPassembly occurred with increasing Si CNPcontent.Furthermore,the grain sizes of the Ni–Si CNPcomposites were much finer than that of the unreinforced pure nickel,which was considered to be due to the composite ball milling process.In all cases,the Ni–Si CNPcomposites showed higher strengths and hardness values than the unreinforced pure nickel,likely due to a combination of dispersion strengthening(Orowan effects) and particle strengthening(Hall–Petch effects).For the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,the strength increased initially and then decreased as a function of Si CNPcontent,whereas their elongation percentages decreased linearly.Compared to all materials tested,the Ni–Si CNPcomposite containing 1.5% Si C was found more superior considering both their strength and plastic properties.     

Directional Growth of Tin Crystals Controlled by Combined Solute Concentration Gradient Field and Static Magnetic Field

A new method was introduced to achieve directional growth of Sn crystals. Microstructures in liquid(Pb)/liquid(Sn) diffusion couples were investigated under various static magnetic fields. Results show that the β-Sn crystals mainly reveal an irregular dendritic morphology without or with a relatively low static magnetic field(B0.3 T). When the magnetic field is increased to 0.5 T, the β-Sn dendrites close to the final stage of growth begin to show some directional character. With a further increase in the magnetic field to a higher level(0.8–5 T), the β-Sn dendrites have an enhanced directional growth character, but the dendrites show a certain deflection. As the magnetic field is increased to 12 T, the directional growth of the β-Sn dendrites in the center of the couple is severely destroyed. The mechanism of the directional growth of the β-Sn crystals and the deflection of the β-Sn crystals with the application of static magnetic field was tentatively discussed.     

Growth Kinetics of Single Inclusion Particle in Molten Melts

On the basis of the single-particle framework, a new theory on inclusion growth in metallurgical melts is developed to study the kinetics of inclusion growth on account of reaction and collision. The studies show that the early growth of inclusion depends on reaction growth and Brawnian motion collision, and where the former is decisive, the late growth depends on turbulence collision and Stokes＇ collision, and where the former is dominant; collision growth is very quick during the smelting process, lessened in the refining process, but nearly negligible in the continuous casting process.