作业成本法在工程项目成本管理中的应用

作业成本法在进行成本计算和分配上所取得的成就,在制造业企业中已经得到了大量的实际印证,它能给企业带来的实际效益是企业采用它的最好的理由.在施工成本管理中也可以采用作业成本管理,真正做到对施工成本的准确确定和核算,实现对成本发生动因的管理和控制,做到成本的有效降低。     

最小施工单元成本管理方法

提出了一种最小施工单元的成本管理方法,它以方块图的形式把项目总成本逐级分解至最小施工单元,通过对最小施工单元成本的管理来控制项目的总成本.为保证项目总成本计划的执行,对单元成本计划的管理要按照分级管理的原则.只要控制好最小施工单元的成本,项目总成本的目标就可以实现.     

基于数据挖掘的工程项目投资控制系统

项目进展过程中产生了大量的投资数据,但不能孤立地分析这些数据,必须与其他数据关联起来进行分析才有意义.基于数据挖掘的工程项目投资控制系统主要由投资监控与预警、投资多维分析、投资决策支持等功能模块组成.系统利用已建立的数据库,采用OLAP技术对项目造价进行多维分析,提供动态的、实时的投资控制业务视图,可以提高项目投资分析、动态监控能力;并利用知识库正向推理策略实现工程用材智能选型,避免盲目招标和保证优质选材.     

基于小群体规模遗传算法的钢混单筋梁优化设计

针对遗传算法在结构优化应用中的缺点以及钢筋混凝土单筋梁的特点,提出了一种小群体规模遗传算法,同时给出适用的钢筋混凝土单筋梁优化设计的数学模型和适应度函数,采取邻域搜索技术和有限变异策略,寻求钢筋混凝土单筋梁的满足约束、造价最低的设计方案。算例表明这种方法有很强的全局搜索能力,能减少结构特性计算量,收敛速度快,能有效解决单筋梁的优化问题,并取得了较好的效果。     

推行限额设计控制工程造价

论述了限额设计的含义，探讨了推行限额设计的重要性，提出了加强限额管理控制工程造价的具体措施，并通过大量实践表明，限额设计是控制工程造价，提高投资效益的有效手段，应大力推广。     

Integration of cost and schedule using extensive matrix method and spreadsheets

In a construction project, cost and schedule data are closely related to each other. However, due to the differences in the breakdown structures to which cost and schedule may belong, some methods that could quantitatively evaluate cost–schedule relationship are required. To help establish the relationship between cost and schedule, new base matrices are introduced in this paper. Based on these base matrices, several cost- and schedule-related matrices which could integrate cost and schedule will be derived. Besides, cost of uneven resource allocation, budgeted cost of work scheduled (BCWS), budgeted cost of work performed (BCWP), actual cost of work performed (ACWP), cost performance index (CPI), and schedule performance index (SPI) will all be represented using the matrices. A real case study is presented at the end of the paper to demonstrate the integration of cost and schedule using matrices and spreadsheets.     

Long-term housing costs in the hot and arid environment of Kuwait

Kuwait and several other countries in the region experience hot and long arid summers. Builders in the pre-oil era successfully adapted to this environment. However, during the country's rapid development, new materials and technology were used while environmental designs were disregarded. A study on middle-income governmental housing was undertaken to determine the long-term running cost in hot arid environments and compare it with the initial cost of construction. The study presents the costs of air-conditioning installation, maintenance, and electricity. A breakdown of the construction cost is presented along with the operation cost. The effects of the environment on the building and its materials are also discussed. Environmental aspects that should be considered in reducing the cost of housing are also given.     

Decentralised power generation in rural India

A comparison of a few resource-technology combinations suitable for decentralised power generation in rural areas from the view point of the unit cost of electricity produced has been undertaken. The cost of the extension of grid electricity to rural areas has also been compared with the cost of decentralised power generation using renewable sources of energy. In several situations the decentralised power generation using renewables has been found to be cost effective.     

建设项目设计阶段投资控制方法

探讨了在社会主义市场经济条件下设计阶段投资控制方法，通过对我国现行限额设计方法的分析，提出以造价规划法为核心的新的限额设计模式。     

Estimating capital costs of wastewater treatment plants at the strategical level

ABSTRACT

The present paper aims at the establishment and testing of construction cost functions for wastewater treatment plants (WWTP) based on their hydraulic and physical characteristics. A five-step methodology is followed: (1) database construction and asset characterization; (2) present cost value calculation; (3) key parameters and cost functions establishment; (4) cost modelling; and (5) model testing. A large set of construction costs and infrastructure data from several Portuguese wastewater utilities is analysed including 147 WWTP. Simple linear regression analysis is carried out to obtain cost functions for five types of WWTP. The cost modelling also includes the estimation of 90% prediction bands. Each developed cost function is tested for checking their statistical significance. Results allow the estimation of capital costs of new WWTP and the assessment of the current value of existing assets at the strategical and tactical planning levels without the knowledge of the specific components of the facilities.     

R410A与R22在家用空调中的应用比较(2)

本文部分（2）利用Bin参数分析法对R410A与R22空调的全年运行耗电进行计算,采用寿命期气候性能（LCCP）指标对R410A与R22的温室效应总体影响进行考查,同时对R410A与R22空调的生产成本进行比较。结果表明R410A空调由于运行效率高,在使用过程中可以显著节约耗电和运行费用,而且随着原材料价格的上涨和R410A压缩机生产能力的扩大,R410A与R22空调具有相近的生产成本;同时,通过减小温室间接效应以及空调的制冷剂充灌量或泄露量,与R22相比,R410A反而还会有利于降低对气候变暖的影响。     

Estimation of the number of fire stations and their allocated areas to minimize fire service and property damage costs

The number of fire stations, and the area allocated to each station, that will minimize the sum of the relevant costs of the fire service and the cost of property damage due to fires is determined for a density of fires that is varying slowly with respect to location. A solution procedure is proposed when the cost of a fire is modelled as a nonlinear function of time. A closed-form solution for the area allocated to a fire station is given when the cost of a fire is a linear function of time. A numerical example is given to illustrate the method. The probability of a second fire alarm occurring while a fire is being fought is investigated.     

基于价值工程的墙体自保温体系热工性能评价

该文以重庆市某项目为例,运用PBECA Build2014.02版计算了五类自保温系统的热工性能参数,并以热阻值作为功能系数值。构建了自保温系统的成本计算模型,其中运营成本涵盖项目空调耗能成本和维修养护成本。运用改进的价值工程原理,基于热阻值和全过程成本值计算了五类自保温系统的价值系数。研究表明,蒸压加气混凝土砌块功能效果最为显著,其次为厚壁型烧结页岩空心砌块。     

Design optimisation for a low energy home in Sydney

A simple model for a detached house in Sydney is optimised using a building energy simulation program to reduce the annual heating and cooling requirement to the point where a heating and cooling system is no longer necessary. A net present cost analysis, including the construction cost, the HVAC capital cost, and the electricity cost for space heating and cooling, is used to conduct the optimisation. The insulation thickness of the walls and roof, the window type, the thickness of an internal thermal mass wall, and the night ventilation air change rate were varied in the optimisation. Results for the best performing optimisation cases are presented and compared with the net present cost for a similar house, designed to meet the BASIX energy efficiency requirement for New South Wales. The best performing optimisation cases are shown to have a lower net present cost than the equivalent BASIX compliant house. With a view towards creating an operationally zero energy house, an optimisation case with a very low space energy requirement is selected and a photovoltaic system is sized to cover the remaining household electricity consumption over the course of a year.     

A quadratic complementarity problem related to the optimal design of a pipeline freely resting on a rough sea bottom

A submarine pipeline resting on a rigid, frictionless seabed assumes an equilibrium configuration which can be determined by solving a unilateral contact problem, i.e. a quadratic program or a variational inequality.When the sea bed is irregular, its profile along the sealine can be modified, in present offshore technology, by means of costly trench excavations or artificial supports, in order to avoid excessive bending moments in the pipe. Thus, the problem arises of determining the minimum cost of the profile changes provided that a specified curvature is nowhere exceeded.This optimal design problem is solved by assuming a quadratic cost function and reducing it to a sequence of convex quadratic programming problems leading to the optimal design situation. Upper and lower bounds on the absolute minimum cost and optimality conditions are established. A suitable algorithm for solving the problem in a finite number of steps is developed. Its generalization to allow for ‘fixed charges’ due to the equipment mobilization cost is presented. Two numerical examples illustrate the optimum (minimum cost) proposed design method.     

工程量清单报价在工程造价控制中的应用

简要介绍了工程量清单报价的概念及特点，详细阐述了工程造价控制的四个阶段在工程量清单下应注意的要点，并提出了相关的几个应注意的问题，即造价管理单位，建设单位，施工单位，造价咨询单位在实施工程量清单计价模式时应做的工作。     

建设工程项目造价管理

建设工程项目造价管理是工程建设过程中的重要部分,造价管理必须贯穿项目各阶段,包括决策设计阶段、项目实施阶段、竣工验收阶段。良好的造价管理可以节约成本、提升利润和缩短工期。文章就工程造价控制的意义和相关措施进行具体分析论述。     

Parametric analysis of the financing cost in a building project

A parametric model is presented for the evaluation of financing cost in a construction project. The cost can be assessed at a very early stage of the project's design. The main parameters that are examined are the duration of the project, its pattern of cost and sales distribution, the cost of owner's equity capital and of external debt. Three financing options are examined and their effect on the financing cost is evaluated. The influence on the cost of financing of the main decision variables, such as the construction duration or the profit margin, is also examined.     

A quadratic complementarity problem related to the optimal design of a pipeline freely resting on a rough sea bottom

A submarine pipeline resting on a rigid, frictionless seabed assumes an equilibrium configuration which can be determined by solving a unilateral contact problem, i.e. a quadratic program or a variational inequality.When the sea bed is irregular, its profile along the sealine can be modified, in present offshore technology, by means of costly trench excavations or artificial supports, in order to avoid excessive bending moments in the pipe. Thus, the problem arises of determining the minimum cost of the profile changes provided that a specified curvature is nowhere exceeded.This optimal design problem is solved by assuming a quadratic cost function and reducing it to a sequence of convex quadratic programming problems leading to the optimal design situation. Upper and lower bounds on the absolute minimum cost and optimality conditions are established. A suitable algorithm for solving the problem in a finite number of steps is developed. Its generalization to allow for ‘fixed charges’ due to the equipment mobilization cost is presented. Two numerical examples illustrate the optimum (minimum cost) proposed design method.     

甲方在建筑工程预算造价管理的建议措施

工程预算造价关系到工程建设企业的经济效益,甲方在其工作中扮演管理者的角色,充分发挥其管理职能对整个工程建设意义重大。本文就对甲方在建筑工程预算造价中如何更好地发挥其管理职能进行了探究。