共查询到19条相似文献,搜索用时 62 毫秒
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多相多组分化学反应平衡和相平衡计算的遗传算法 总被引:14,自引:2,他引:12
引 言多相多组分化学反应平衡和相平衡的计算是热力学研究的基础问题 ,同时也是化工流程模拟的重要环节 ,建立快速、稳定的求解方法具有特别重要的理论和现实意义 早期的以及目前应用较多的平衡常数法 (K值法 )的缺点是要预先知道体系的组分数、相态和具体反应 ,不适用于相态和反应未知的复杂体系 .Gibbs自由能最小法虽然具有通用性 ,然而需要求解多变量和复杂约束的非线性规划问题 对于非理想体系 ,涉及逸度、逸度系数的计算 ,这还是一个含有大量局部最优解的非凸问题[1,2 ] ,所以传统的数学规划算法不能保证得到全局最优解 文献 [3]… 相似文献
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文章结合常见的化学反应实例,采用反例推导的方式,逐项引出影响化学反应方向的因素,经过综合,最后给出准确的化学反应自发性判据公式。通过具体案例引起学习兴趣,并采用反例法加深同学们对判据因素的印象,以期达到知其所以然的教学效果。 相似文献
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对于给定温度和压力的系统,平衡状态时其吉布斯自由能最小。根据热力学基本关系式,在多组分体系中元素和电荷守恒的限制条件下,最小化吉布斯函数,通过SQP方法来求解此有约束的优化问题,通过迭代法求解反应后的温度。该方法可用于复杂的非理想、多相流体、电解液或非电解液混合物的相平衡计算,平衡计算结果包括温度、密度、组分浓度等。对于某新型热动力系统中使用的一种含铝火药,应用本文方法,获得了化学平衡计算结果。 相似文献
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应用广义简约梯度算法增强遗传算法求解化工冶金相平衡 总被引:3,自引:1,他引:2
研究可靠的相平衡计算对化工冶金过程有很重要意义,本文采用广义简约梯度法(GRG)来增强遗传算法(GA)用于相平衡计算过程,在遗传算法演化快结束时引入GRG算子,演化结束后使用GRG精修结果,克服了GA局部搜索能力不强的缺点,加快了搜索速度.KCl-FeCl2体系相平衡计算结果显示这种混合算法(Hybrid Algorithms)能够提高GA效率的同时保留了全局收敛的优点,因此其在化工冶金相平衡计算中将有广泛的应用前景. 相似文献
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化学反应方向是在化学热力学中研究的关键内容,是有关化工反应的重要问题,对判断反应发生的可能性具有重大意义。基于BOPPPS改进模型,对“化学反应方向”的教学设计进行了优化,以加深学员对吉布斯自由能的理解,提高应用吉布斯自由能判据判断化学反应方向的能力。 相似文献
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以甲基三乙氧基硅烷为疏水性前驱物,Ni(NO_3)_2·6H_2O为镍源,采用溶胶-凝胶法制备镍掺杂型SiO_2杂化(Ni/SiO_2)溶胶,研究镍掺杂对SiO_2溶胶黏度、密度、反应速率常数、黏滞性活化吉布斯自由能、稳定性、粒径分布和化学结构的影响以及350℃焙烧前后材料物相、化学结构的变化。结果表明:随着镍摩尔分数的增加,Ni/SiO_2溶胶的黏度、密度、平均粒径、反应速率常数和黏滞性活化吉布斯自由能逐渐增大,溶胶的Zeta电位则逐渐减小。黏滞性活化吉布斯自由能的增加使分子间的分散性降低,溶胶的稳定性减弱。Ni/SiO_2溶胶及凝胶材料中镍元素主要以Ni(NO_3)_2·6H_2O的形式存在,其化学结构主要以Si—O—Si,Si—CH_3和Si—OH键为主,在空气气氛中经350℃焙烧后,材料的物相、化学结构发生了变化, Ni~(2+)转变成了NiO和Ni—O—Si形式。 相似文献
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C.C.R.S. RossiM.E. Berezuk L. Cardozo-FilhoR. Guirardello 《Computers & Chemical Engineering》2011,35(7):1226-1237
Chemical and phase equilibria were considered for closed multicomponent reactive systems at: (a) constant pressure and temperature; (b) constant pressure and enthalpy. Equilibrium at constant P and T was found by minimization of G, while equilibrium at constant P and H was found by maximization of S or minimization of −S, all with respect to the number of moles of each component in each phase. Both cases could be handled as optimization problems, satisfying the restrictions imposed by mole or atom balances, and non-negativity of number of moles. Convexity analyses were carried out, and the conditions were found in order to guarantee global minimum, for one liquid phase, one gas phase, and a number of solid phases. The minimum point was then found either by analytical methods or by direct minimization methods. These strategies were tested for a number of cases, with good results. 相似文献
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The estimation of parameters of models describing simultaneous phase and reaction equilibria is generally difficult to accomplish, due to strong correlation between the parameters. We show in this paper that these models possess intermediate properties between reduced and implicit models. This makes it convenient to develop ad-hoc algorithms for this class of problems which are of considerable importance in process design. We present a method for parameter estimation based on implicit differentiation, which makes it possible to use a gradient algorithm with respect to a reduced number of parameters, which greatly enhances global convergence. 相似文献
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In this work the modified Wilson equation, proposed in a previous publication, for aqueous binary polymer solutions is extended to calculate liquid-liquid equilibrium of aqueous two-phase systems containing one salt with either polyethylene glycol or ethylene oxide-propylene oxide random copolymer. The Debye-Hückel equation based on the Fowler-Guggenheim theory is used to represent the long-range electrostatic interactions of ions. The parameters are estimated from only one or two tie-lines and are used to predict the phase diagrams with different molecular weights and polymer-salt systems at different temperatures. The predictions obtained with the modified Wilson equation are in good agreement with the experimental data. 相似文献
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铝合金微弧熔凝Al2O3形核及转变热力学分析 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
微弧氧化是在铝合金表面原位制备陶瓷膜层的一项新技术.针对陶瓷膜层在形成过程中的两次相变,分析计算Al2O3液相中的形核过程以及γ-Al2O3向α-Al2O3转变过程Gibbs自由能的变化,分析相变驱动力与温度及过冷度的关系.研究结果表明:约在1200K左右过冷度时,可从液相Al2O3直接析出γ-Al2O3晶核,γ-Al2O3形核Gibbs自由能的变化符合T模型,α-Al2O3的形核行为可采用D-R模型计算,α-Al2O3和γ-Al2O3的均质形核率具有相同的数量级;微弧放电区域的热影响作用可造成γ-Al2O3向α-Al2O3的转变,温度为1500K时转变驱动力比1100K时增大了约12.3%. 相似文献
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Phase equilibria in the carbon dioxide - n-hexadecane and carbon dioxide – water systems have been measured at temperatures between 314 K and 353 K and pressures between 8.53 and 16.12 MPa. The results have been correlated using two cubic equations of state and also compared with measurements reported in the literature. 相似文献
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利用Benson基团贡献法和ABWY法估算了费托合成产物的标准生成焓、标准熵和摩尔定压热容,对费托合成反应体系的热力学性质进行了详尽的计算,得到不同反应温度下的反应焓、吉布斯自由能以及反应平衡常数等热力学性质。分析了不同反应步骤的热力平衡与限度,对反应生成烷烃、烯烃、含氧有机化合物的热力学可能性与生成顺序进行了判断,考察了温度和H2与CO摩尔比对合成气平衡转化率的影响。结果表明:费托合成反应是放热反应,低温时大部分反应在热力学上都能够自发地进行,并运行到很高的程度;高温时(大于635 K)生成烷烃、烯烃、醇及酸的大部分反应在热力学上不能自发进行;随着温度的升高,平衡转化率降低,随着H2与CO摩尔比的增大,平衡转化率升高;且所获的热力学数据对费托合成工艺研究及相关催化剂研发等具有重要的参考价值。 相似文献
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利用Benson基团贡献法估算了饱和脂肪酸或酯与甲醛羟醛缩合反应生成多一个碳的α,β-不饱和脂肪酸或酯的标准生成焓、标准熵和摩尔比定压热容,对反应体系的热力学性质进行计算。分析了反应的方向与限度,考察了温度对反应热力学性质的影响,比较了热力学数据随产物分子结构的变化规律。结果表明:在498—698 K的温度区间内,文中涉及的生成通式为CH=2CR1COOH的反应,均为自发放热反应。当R1为H时,较烷烃取代基自发放热反应程度偏小,R1为烷烃取代基时,其碳链的增长对羟醛缩合反应热力学性质的影响可以忽略。生成通式为CH=2CHCOOR2的反应,反应热随R2取代基上与氧相连碳原子由—CH3,—CH2变化到—CH而降低,反应程度下降。 相似文献
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Osarnu Ohtaka Takamitsu Yamanaka Shoichi Kume Eiji Ito Alexandra Navrotsky 《Journal of the American Ceramic Society》1991,74(3):505-509
The stability fields of two high-pressure polymorphs of ZrO2 (ortho I and ortho II) were determined by both calorimetry and phase equilibrium experiments. Enthalpies of transition were measured by transposed temperature drop calorimetry. The entropies of transition and slopes of phase boundaries were calculated using the measured enthalpies and free energies calculated from the results of phase equilibrium experiments. From the thermodynamic measurements, it is seen that the entropy increases and the volume decreases during the monoclinic–ortho I transition, whereas both the entropy and the volume decrease during the ortho I–ortho II transition. Accordingly, the gradient of phase boundaries, dP/dT , is negative in the former and positive in the latter. These trends are consistent with those of phase equilibrium experiments. 相似文献