限域空间内的结晶研究进展

在经典成核理论基础之上,综述了无机、有机化合物和大分子聚合物等几类物质在不同的限域空间内的结晶行为,并与普通溶液结晶行为进行了比较。分析了不同限域空间对晶体的成核、生长以及相转化产生的影响,如成核速率、生长取向、晶型种类等。研究表明,在高度分散的纳米孔基质中,孔径尺寸、形貌对晶体成核与生长的控制机理不同,从而影响了最终的晶体结构。     

SBA-15形貌对聚乳酸微孔发泡的影响

文章采用水热法合成了球状、棒状与环状三种形貌的SBA-15无机介孔粒子,利用含氟硅烷对粒子进行亲二氧化碳修饰后,用于聚乳酸超临界二氧化碳(scCO2)微孔发泡,探索了粒子形貌对聚乳酸发泡材料的泡孔结构的影响。TG,BET和SEM等分析表明,不同粒子形貌的介孔粒子具有不同的硅烷接枝率,在聚乳酸微孔发泡材料中异相成核作用也不同,就泡孔尺寸和泡孔密度来讲,环状SBA-15粒子对聚乳酸发泡的异相成核作用最好,表明介孔粒子有望成为新型的微孔发泡成核剂。     

聚丁烯异相成核发泡行为的研究

以偶氮二甲酰胺（AC）为发泡剂,采用热塑模压的方法制备了聚丁烯泡沫材料。分别以滑石粉和碳酸钙为异相成核剂,根据经典成核理论,探究了不同种类成核剂的添加量及粒子尺寸对泡沫材料的力学性能与泡孔结构的影响。结果表明,随着成核剂添加量的增加,滑石粉与碳酸钙作为成核剂制备的泡沫材料的平均泡孔直径减小至135 μm,泡孔密度增加至7×105个/cm3;成核剂粒径越小,制得的泡沫材料泡孔密度越大,平均泡孔直径越小,粒径为10 μm的碳酸钙作为成核剂时,添加量为6 %时,制备的泡沫材料的泡孔密度达到106个/cm3,平均泡孔直径为85 μm。     

成核剂对聚对苯二甲酸丙二醇酯结晶行为和形态的影响

用差示扫描量热分析仪、广角X射线衍射仪和偏光显微镜，研究了聚对苯二甲酸丙二醇酯（P1T）与成核剂YS-688共混物的熔融结晶行为和晶体形貌。结果表明，成核剂不仅能够提高PTT、在高温区的结晶速率，同时还可以提高PTT、在低温区的结晶速率，但同时降低了PTT、的结晶度；光透过率测试表明，随着成核剂含量的增加，PTT、透明性先增加后略有下降，最佳加入量为1％（质量分数，下同）；偏光显微镜分析表明，成核剂影响PTT、的晶体尺寸，晶体尺寸随着成核剂含量的增加而减小；广角X射线衍射分析表明，添加成核剂没有改变PTT的晶型。     

不同还原剂对金纳米颗粒合成的影响

利用种子生长法,分别用盐酸羟胺和抗坏血酸作还原剂合成了不同大小的金纳米颗粒.研究了不同还原剂对金纳米颗粒形貌、粒径和单分散性的影响.实验结果表明,用盐酸羟胺作还原剂合成的金纳米颗粒的单分散性较好.这主要是由于盐酸羟胺的还原性弱于抗坏血酸,反应过程中不会发生二次成核.     

成核剂改性聚丙烯的研究

研究了增强型成核剂A和β型成核剂B对不同种类的聚丙烯（PP）的成核效果，对PP进行了物理机械性能测试和结晶性能研究。结果表明，增强型成核剂A可以较大幅度地提高PP的弯曲模量，而材料的冲击强度只有在成核剂A适当的添加量下才会增加；β型成核剂B可以较好地改善PP冲击性能；所用2种成核剂都可以提高PP的热变形温度，在添加质量分数不小于0．10％时β型成核剂B的效果要优于增强型成核剂A；2种成核剂都可以使PP的熔体流动速率略有增加，都对PP加工性能的改善有一定的作用。添加β型成核剂B可以使PP的晶型由α型向β型发生转变。     

聚乳酸有机成核剂研究进展

聚乳酸作为生物可降解材料应用广泛,但是结晶速率非常慢,添加成核剂可以改善其结晶速率,其中有机成核剂因其与聚乳酸良好的相容性备受关注。本文重点综述了有机成核剂的种类及其对聚乳酸结晶性能的改善情况,并展望了有机成核剂今后的发展方向。     

PA66/PET共混体系的相互成核及结晶行为

采用小型混合挤出装置制备PET/PA66共混体系,系统地研究其结晶行为、动态力学性能以及相形貌变化.结果表明:PET和PA66之间存在着较强的互为成核作用,添加5%的PET(或PA66),即可使体系中另外一种树脂的结晶温度显著提高;PA66的成核作用可使PET的结晶温度、结晶速率和结晶度得到较大的提高,而PET的成核作用只能提高PA66的结晶温度和结晶速率;PA66和PET之间的互为成核作用,特别是PA66对PET所产生的成核和结晶促进作用,有利于改善PA66/PET共混体系合金的力学性能.     

PA6材料尺寸稳定性的影响因素

通过双螺杆挤出机熔融共混制备PA6材料,分析了环境湿度、成核剂、热处理对PA6材料尺寸稳定性的影响。结果表明,吸湿膨胀和内应力释放收缩共同影响PA6材料的尺寸变化,前者是主导因素;环境湿度越高、时间越长,PA6材料尺寸变化率越大,且在垂直流动方向上的尺寸变化率大于流动方向上的;随着成核剂用量的增加,PA6材料的尺寸变化率降低,用量为0. 5份时,尺寸稳定性最佳,成核剂用量继续增加,PA6材料尺寸变化率下降较小;热处理促进PA6材料内应力释放收缩,与吸湿膨胀相反,PA6材料的尺寸变化率明显降低;在相对湿度为50%的环境试验180 d,未添加成核剂、添加0. 50份成核剂、添加0. 50份成核剂热处理后的PA6材料在流动方向上的尺寸变化率分别为0. 39%、0. 33%、0. 21%,垂直流动方向上的尺寸变化率分别为0. 53%、0. 43%、0. 38%。     

碳化法形貌可控制备碳酸钙的研究

碳化法通常只能获得立方结构的碳酸钙。采用碳化法,通过调控反应温度、晶型控制剂种类(无机或有机)和反应时间等条件,分别得到了不同形貌的碳酸钙,包括立方状、棒状、片状、无定型以及纺锤状的碳酸钙粒子,实现了碳酸钙形貌的可控合成。此外,对碳酸钙不同形貌的形成机理进行了初步分析。结果表明:反应温度与反应时间对碳酸钙颗粒的成核与生长速率起着重要的作用,而晶型控制剂主要对晶粒的生长方向产生影响。选取棒状碳酸钙的形成过程,通过考察反应时间对碳酸钙形貌的影响,得出棒状碳酸钙晶体的形成机理是溶解再结晶过程。     

氢气纯度分析方法准确性的探讨

ONACCURACYOFANALYSISOFOFHYDROGEN1前言我公司目前应用的氢气纯度分析方法有两种,一种是爆炸反应法,另一种是焦性没食子酸吸收法。几年来,人们对两种分析方法的准确性曾有过褒贬不一的评论。这里我们也谈谈自己粗浅的观点。2爆炸法测定氢气纯度一定量的氢气样品与适量的空气之均匀混合物因反应后生成液体水而引起气体体积减少,减少的体积等于参加反应气体体积之和。其中l／3为氧气,2／3为氢气。根据氢气取样量和反应前后混气体体积之差,以及氢气在反应中的体积比例关系,可计算出样品的氢气纯度。计算公式式中：A一混…     

COMPARISON OF METHODS OF ANALYSIS OF GYPSUM1

The different analytical methods proposed for the evaluation of gypsum have been subjected to an experimental test. A combination method, consisting of a fusion with KHCO₃ and determination of CaO by KMnO₄ titration, the SO₃ by Andrews method of titration of BaCrO₄ has been found to give very reliable results with the least consumption of time.     

SEDIMENTATION OF BINARY MIXTURES OF PARTICLES OF UNEQUAL DENSITIES AND OF DIFFERENT SIZES

A model is developed for the sedimentation from a suspension of two particle species of unequal densities and of different sizes. The composition and the thickness of various layers in the sediments are predicted using graphical and analytical methods. The model predictions were in excellent agreement with experimental results, when the particle size ratio was ≥ 108. When size ratio of the particles was 2.60 and 4.31 the agreement occurred in about 50 percent of the cases.     

HEASUREHENT OF INSTANTANEOUS RATES OF LOSS OF VOIATILE COMPOUNDS DURING DRYING OF DROPS

A novel technique serves to monitor instantaneous rates of loss of a volatile solute from a suspended drop during drying. A highly sensitive electron capture detector is used to monitor concentrations of SF6 released into a flowing gas stream from a suspended, drying drop. Simultaneously, the appearance and morphological development of the drop are monitored with a video camera. This provides the wherewithal of relating instantaneous rates of loss of the volatile solute to particular events during the development of particle morphology.

Initial experiments have been carried out with drops of aqueous solutions of glucose, sucrose, maltodextrin and coffee extract. The results clearly display the onset of the volatiles-retentive selective diffusion phenomenon. There is also substantial loss of the volatile component later in the drying process, when the drops undergo repeated ex ansion, bursting and cratering due to the formation of internaf bubbles. These experiments appear to be the first quantitative demonstration of major losses accompanying changes in drop morphology.     

茶多酚提取方法进展

本文综述了国内外现有茶多酚提取方法的现状以及近期的研究进展，并对其优缺点进行了评价。这将有助于中低档茶的综合利用和茶多酚的进一步开发应用。     

ANALYSIS OF RECENT MEASUREMENTS OF THE VISCOSITY OF GLASSES

Viscosity of Simple Soda-Silicate 500° to 1400°C Comparison of the results given by English with those of Washburn, Shelton and Libman, indicates a discrepancy in the absolute values of log₁₀ viscosity amounting to 0.6, those of Washburn et al., being relatively too high. If correction for this is made, the isothermal curves of log₁₀ viscosity as a function of soda content are smooth up to 50% Na₂O, showing no inflection. The observations as a function of temperature T are all represented within accidental error by an equation of the type where all three constants vary regularly with the composition. Change of Viscosity of Glass (6SiO₂, 2Na₂O) due to Molecular Substitution of CaO, MgO and Al₂O₃ for Na₂O The effect is clearly brought out by plotting (from the results of English) the change of log₁₀η due to the substitution as a function of temperature. The curves each show a sharp bend at a temperature between 840° and 1050°C, which is designated the aggregation temperature T_a. If we divide these curves by the corresponding percentage substituted, we get curves for each oxide which are straight and parallel below the aggregation temperatures, the slopes (increase of change of log₁₀η per 100°C) being −0.056 (CaO), −0.055 (MgO), −0.018 (A1₂O₃) per per cent oxide substituted. For substitution of 1/2 molecule the slopes are −0.325 (CaO), −0.23 (MgO) and −0.18 (Al₂O₃) per 100°. At the aggregation temperature the change of log₁₀η per per cent is a minimum, 0.03 to 0.06 for CaO, 0.12 for MgO, 0.07 for Al₂O₃. Evidence of Aggregation in Glasses, from viscosity Measurements The sharp bends in the plots of change of log₁₀η due to substitution of an oxide for Na₂O, suggest the beginning of molecular aggregation at these temperatures. These aggregation temperatures are close to the devitrification temperatures, but the effect on the viscosity curves cannot be due to actual devitrification since it does not change with time. Taking the aggregation temperatures as equal to devitrification temperatures, additional isotherms are roughly sketched into the equilibrium triangle of the system Na₂O-CaO-SiO₂. Change of Viscosity of Glass (4SiO₂, 2Na₂O) due to of Substitution of B₂O₃ for SiO₂ The change of log₁₀η (from the results of English) is plotted as a function of temperature, and also the change of log₁₀η per per cent B₂O₃. The curves are more complex than for the substitution for Na₂O.     

环氧树脂羟基值测定方法的研究

利用乙酸酐、吡啶和浓硫酸混合的乙酰化试剂测定环氧树脂中羟基值含量的方法具有操作简便、滴定终点明显和分析结果误差小等优点。     

骑式摩托车油箱喷涂工艺的改进

面对日益激烈的市场竞争,摩托车油箱外观质量越来越成为影响销售的因素之一。文章介绍了改进工艺后的油箱涂装,该涂装体系提高了油箱外观的丰满度,降低了油箱涂装的生产成本。     

几种针状焦性能对比

针状焦分石油系和煤系两大类,这主要取决于针状焦的原料来源。在同一系列中由于原料不同和工艺条件不同 ,针状焦的各自性能也不相同。针状焦是生产超高功率石墨电极和高功率石墨电极的主要原料 ,针状焦的性能对石墨电极的质量有至关重要的影响。所以对针状焦性能以及其对石墨电极质量影响的研究十分必要的。以下是常用的几种进口针状焦和国产针状焦的性能对比。１原料性能分析对比原料试样包括４种针状焦 ,其中两种为进口针状焦：三菱针状焦和新日化针状焦;另两种为国产针状焦：鞍山针状焦和锦州针状焦。其中除锦州针状焦是石油系针状焦外…     

聚酰亚胺的合成法

本文评述了缩聚型聚酰亚胺的主要合成方法和近年来国际上在合成中所做的探索。