Basic trends in automating checking work

Conclusions It is proposed to divide measuring instruments, from the point of view of automating their checking, into three basic groups, for each of which there is a typical technical solution. For each group there is also a characteristic degree of effectiveness due to the introduction of automation.The greatest effectiveness can be expected from the automated checking of measuring instruments without scales, since the information from them can be applied directly to other instruments and there is no need for intermediate members such as readout and computing devices.Complete automation of the checking of indicating instruments is desirable at the present time only for instruments of high accuracy classes (0.5 and higher), and when it is necessary to check 10 or more scale marks and to record the indications. As with SST, it is desirable first to introduce such automation in factories producing instruments.For instruments of lower accuracy classes it is desirable to limit the automation of checking to the introduction of SST.The Editorial Staff invites readers to respond to this article.Translated from Izmeritel'naya Tekhnika, No. 3, pp. 59–61, March, 1968.     

镍钛合金在医疗器械领域应用和表面改性研究进展

镍钛合金基于特有的超弹性、形状记忆效应,广泛应用于医疗器械领域。其中超弹性表现为大变形下的弹性应变,应用于血管和腔道介入器械、口腔正畸丝、根管器械等;形状记忆效应可实现低温下易变形、体温下自回复,应用于热激活正畸丝、骨科、矫形外科、缝线等。此外,可通过多样化的表面改性技术,提升镍钛合金的生物相容性、腐蚀抗性、摩擦磨损性能,优化产品性能,拓展其在医疗器械制品中的应用范围。     

基于模型的计量器具软件法制相关部分测试方法研究

《JJF1182—2007计量器具软件测评指南》实施以来,目前国内尚未建立一套完整的计量器具软件法制性相关部分的测试方法,文章旨在探讨如何利用基于模型的方法来对计量器具软件法制相关部分进行测试,通过5个步骤的测试就可以有效的发现计量器具软件中尽可能多的缺陷,对保护消费者利益和加强诚信计量有着重要的意义。     

Ponderomotive power meter

Conclusions The testing of the above ponderomotive wattmeter leads to the conclusion that it is advisable to use such instruments in UHF measurements. The fact that these instruments measure transmitted power, and that they can be calibrated by an absolute method and are relatively accurate makes them particularly suitable for use as reference instruments for calibrating power meters of other systems.     

Classification of digital measuring instruments

Summary A classification schematic of digital instruments (Fig. 2) based on the above article includes the classification of digitizers by their method of comparing the unknown and known quantities, by the method used in measuring by their equipment and their output devices, that is, their method of presenting the results.The examination of the design principles of digital instruments only with respect to these classifications shows a considerable variety of measuring methods for which these instruments can be used. It should be noted, however, that the above classification does not include many derived types of digital circuits. However, digital instruments based on intermediate types may be of great importance. Thus, for instance, the simultaneous utilization of digitizers and analogue instruments, which is characteristic for differential methods of measuring the difference between a discrete and an unknown analogue quantity, is employed in a considerable number of instruments [5,7]. In the category of intermediate types of digital instruments should also be included partly automatic instruments which comprise contact and contactless elements, digitizers based on the simultaneous utilization of different methods of comparing the unknown and known quantities, etc.The proposed classification of digital instruments is undoubtedly not the only possible one. However, in our opinion, it covers the basic principles for designing digital instruments and indicates certain possible tendencies in their development.In conclusion the author considers it his duty to express his gratitude to Corresponding Member of the Academy of Sciences, USSR K. B. Karandeev and to Prof. M. I. Levin for their valuable advice, as well as to candidate of technical sciences B. S. Sinitsyn and engineers B. V. Karpyuka and A. N. Kasperovich for the useful observations made by them in discussing the material dealt with in this article.     

基于Web的远程设备状态监测与交互式维护

虽然现在有许多成功的基于Web的应用，但是专门为设备维护设计的基于Web的系统很少。一个主要的原因是开发这样一个系统存在许多困难，因为它包括大型数据库、信号处理和设备监测和控制的实时数据通信。更重要的是同时具有设计基于Web虚拟仪器和故障诊断经验的专家很少。然而，基于Web的虚拟仪器的益处时明显的，用于设备监测和分析的昂贵硬件仪器可以被低廉的基于软件的虚拟仪器代替。通过在Internet服务器上安装虚拟仪器，当前用于工厂的冗余仪器可以精简到最小。因为每种虚拟仪器只有一套拷贝安装在服务器上，所以维护工作变得简单。通过Web的交互式维护变得容易。本文给出了这样一套基于W eb的维护系统的设计框架。它包括：远程数据传感和记录，采用虚拟仪器的信号处理与分析、智能故障诊断、以及Web交互式维护平台。     

浅议检验检测机构在做好计量证书确认中应注意的问题

计量证书需要确认是否满足预期使用要求,确认正确与否,直接关系到仪器设备的检测结果,是质量控制的重要环节。本文就检测机构在做好仪器设备计量认证工作应注意的问题作了探讨和分析。     

Problem of applying modern uncertainty concepts to the measurement of instrument-specific parameters

This paper presents a number of problems that occur when applying the Guide to the Expression of Uncertainty in Measurement (GUM) to modern instruments. These instruments are often automatic, which makes it complicated to evaluate the uncertainty components in each measurement step because it is difficult to control and analyze them. Many of these instruments try to quantify instrument-specific parameters, which are difficult to compare with others that have the same dimension but are measured using other techniques. Often, these parameters lack traceable calibration, which may result in a large uncertainty component. This paper also considers the human aspect of the measurement process.     

老年人坐椅设计的量化方法研究

目的在现有的市场现状和常规设计模式下,设计师对老年人坐椅设计的主观经验因素较多,容易导致结果的偏差,使用科学仪器对老年人的坐椅相关因素进行定量化测试,归纳数据并修正设计方向,探索新的设计方法。方法使用多导生理仪、眼动仪、脑电仪等科学仪器,对老年人的坐姿生理数据、眼动注意力轨迹数据、脑电数据所反映的心理关注信息等进行研究,归纳出合理的数据范围,为后续设计提供相对精确的指导方向。结论通过使用科学仪器测试产生的数据对老年人坐椅设计方向进行修正,将传统的设计经验加入科学仪器的量化校正,使老年人坐椅设计量化方法的探索得到了合理验证。     

Application of the packless piston principle to precision measuring instruments

Conclusions It follows from the above review that work in improving reference and calibrating instruments should be further developed. At the same time it is necessary to develop high-precision dead-weight piston instruments in order to satisfy the growing requirements of our national economy for precision instruments used in direct measurements under varying operating conditions, especially since the potentialities inherent in the principle of a packless piston provide the possibility for the successful solution of problems in the above field of measurements.     

Experimental Determination of Random Errors of Measuring Systems Utilizing the Concept of the Local Inhomogeneity of Their Characteristics

A study is made of the relative analysis of schemes which make it possible to estimate the random errors of measuring instruments caused by low-frequency fluctuations without using standard instruments and gauges. A choice is made of measurement procedures which possess higher reliability.     

试论实验仪器设备的有效管理

文章分析了原有仪器设备管理体制不足，提出了新的仪器设备管理模式，实行动态管理，实现资源共享，从而提高仪器设备的利用率。     

A technique for electromagnetic interference measurements oninstruments

The aim of this paper is to highlight the problems that arise when the immunity of measurement instruments to power line voltage disturbances has to be evaluated. The lack of an international product standard puts at the user's disposal only some basic standards which, in giving only general criteria for test result classification, make it difficult to choose suitable acceptance criteria and, consequently, to plan a proper set of tests, especially for very complex instruments. After an introduction on the state of art of electromagnetic compatibility (EMC) international standards, a measurement technique adopted by the authors to evaluate the immunity of complex instruments to conducted disturbances is presented. Finally, experimental tests carried out on VXI instruments are given and discussed exhaustively     

检测实验室仪器设备计量分类管理标准初探

本文通过分析国内和国外检测实验室仪器设备计量管理的现状,探索性提出了我国检测实验室仪器设备计量分类管理标准的原则、方法和内容。初步将提出的分类管理标准应用于实践,为检测实验室仪器设备的标准化、规范化管理提供依据。     

Error in mass production measuring instruments

Conclusions In order to utilize more completely the potentialities of measuring instruments that have a broad range of application, it is advisable to cite the error distribution function in the documentation for these instruments, thus making it possible to estimate the results of specific measurements in accord with the measuring criterion needed.Translated from Izmeritel'naya Tekhnika, No. 2, pp. 19–20, February, 1972.     

Classification of electrical measuring equipment

Conclusions The above problems for classifying electrical measuring equipments with respect to various characteristics of transformation and of converters which form part of electrical measuring instruments, reveal the extent of diversity in the design of modern measuring instruments. It should also be noted that all the above reasoning refers only to so-called measuring transducers which affect directly the properties and characteristics of instruments. In addition to the measuring converters, modern instruments also comprise supplementary converters, for instance, in the supply circuit, which function as rectifiers, stabilizers of the supply voltage, etc., thus still further complicating the design of the instrument.Hence, it is simply impossible to classify the electrical measuring instruments by their design, or by any single characteristic which determines the design of the instrument and its properties.In designing electrical measuring instruments, it is necessary to examine (or compile) a technical specification by means of all five classification features.The problem of selecting the type of input (receiving) and output conversion follows directly from the intended use of the instrument.Sometimes the instrument's application also determines the type of the input and output transducers.Having determined the type of conversion at the input and output of the Instrument, it is necessary to select the system of the measuring input transducer. Sometimes this problem has only a single possible solution, in other instances it is necessary to choose a system for the input receiving transducer from several possible systems.Now it becomes possible to select the type of modulation and the method of conversion by weighing up such technical and economic considerations as accuracy, frequency range, speed of operation, complexity of the design, possible cost, etc.Deceased.     

Analysis of the results of checking gauges and instruments

Conclusions Rational values of the permissible errors can be established only by analyzing the probable checking scrap. The latter is determined by technical and economic considerations which include: a) the permissibility of a certain small percentage of unsatisfactory instruments remaining in circulation, b) the permissibility of condemning a certain percentage of serviceable instruments, c) the cost of a checking method which reduces to the required small dimensions or eliminates scrap.No general relation between the permissible errors in the tested and reference measures or instruments is possible.A rational and reliable selection of permissible errors and methods of checking is only possible when sufficient data is available on the error distribution laws in the manufactured measures and instruments. The provision of such data should be one of the primary objects in testing standard instruments.Everything stated above refers to large scale testing of mass produced measures and measuring instruments when the aggregate of both the tested and reference measures and measuring instruments is sufficiently large. Above methods of calculations, however, are applicable to small groups of reference measures and instruments. In that case, however, it is necessary to use the discrete distribution of probable error densities which corresponds to the given number of instruments and their errors. Such a case could occur in evaluating checking results in any laboratory with a small number of reference measures or instruments. Such an evaluation is, of course, only possible if the errors of the available measures are determined with sufficient accuracy by more accurate methods than those normally used in checking these measures.     

Physicomechanical properties of torsion suspensions for electrical measuring instruments

Conclusions At present the Soviet instrument designers have an extensive available range of torsion suspensions for measuring instruments made according to GOST 9444-60 of four materials with any required values of restoring torque, in the range of 0.01 to 20 mg-wt·cm/90° and a length of 100 mm.These torsion suspensions have physical and mechanical properties which meet various requirements raised by modern electrical instrument-making techniques.On the basis of experiments conducted by us we can recommend for high precision, vibration- and shockproof instruments with a large angle of twist, operating in tropical conditions or corrosive media, torsion suspensions types PtAg20 and Co40NiCrMoV, which are extremely strong, elastic and corrosionproof.However, suspensions types PtAg20 cannot be used if a small thermal emf is required between it and copper, and those of type Co40NiCrMoV cannot be used when a high electrical conductivity is required.In electrostatic instruments where suspensions are heated up considerably by the capacitative current it is advisable to use beryllium torsion suspensions.These suspensions cannot be used, however, in precision instruments, since they have a high elastic fatigue after twisting.Torsion suspensions made of BrSnZn4-3 can be widely used in high precision instruments of the most varied types, provided they are not required to be very strong mechanically and highly resistant to oxidation and corrosion.     

基于"层次计量架构"的通用计量软件研究

针对日益复杂的程控仪器设备计量的自动化控制问题,提出了一种基于“层次计量架构”思想的软件开发构想,并定义了约束条件。由于程控仪器越来越专业化、集成化,使专业计量工程师要花费很大精力用于程控软件的研发。即使是本专业的人员对自己不熟悉的仪器设备,对此往往有很大隔阂。对“层次计量架构”关于专用程控仪器设备的程控软件的通用性和扩展性问题进行了分析,为快速开发出对特定计量任务的程控软件提出了一种新的构想。采用这种思想设计并实现了通用微波功率计量软件系统,并考虑了系统的扩展性和移植性的问题。