光合细菌的分离、培养及应用

本文研究从啤酒二次水中分离、培养光合细菌,得到的菌体应用到低浓度污水净化中,试验结果证实:光合细菌在低溶解氧且光照下,可以有效净化水质。     

光合细菌产氢研究(二)——用苹果酸和丁酸筛选产氢光合细菌

一、前言为使光合细菌产氢能在工业上应用,必须提高产氢速度,为此需要分离出产氢速度高的光合细菌。有关单位已进行这方面工作,但分离方法尚没有系统研究。本试验主要研究筛选过程中氮源对分离细菌产氢速度的影响。结论是:在N_2中光照下增殖培养;在含NH_4~+     

一株高产类胡萝卜素光合细菌Zl的研究

自高原湖泊阳宗海中分离得到一株类胡萝卜素高产光合细菌，命名为Zl。在优化的培养基中添加10ppmFe^3 及180ppmMg^2 ，于30℃，光照为1000lux，厌氧的最适条件下培养4天后，类胡萝卜素的产量可达50．2mg／g。对该色素制品进行一系列性质研究后表明，该色素溶液对光照、温度、酸碱的耐受性较好；对真核生物有良好的紫外线防护作用，在培养基中其含量为1mg／L时，保护率已超过60％。对这些性质的研究为开发和利用光合细菌天然色素提供一定依据。     

光合细菌及其在对虾养殖业中的应用

本文从光合细菌的生态特性，作用机理，规模化生产等方面，阐述了光合细菌在对虾养殖和虾病预防中作用，展示了光合细菌生物技术在对虾养殖业中开发和应用前景。     

茅台镇酱香型白酒酿造大曲及环境中可培养细菌多样性及功能分析

通过传统微生物分离筛选与分子鉴定方法,对茅台镇酱香型白酒连续7轮次的大曲和酿造环境样品的可培养细菌进行研究,从样品中共分离得1 370株细菌,归属于5个门、28个属和59种细菌。所分离菌株中Bacillus solani、B.gottheilii、B.paralicheniformis、Brevibacillus agri、Pseudomonas xanthomarina、Lelliottia nimipressuralis、Aureimonas sp.、 Sphingobacterium daejeonense、Oceanobacillus indicireducens、Cronobacter sakazakii、Mixta gaviniae、Paraburkholderiafungorum、Viridibabacillus arvi和Atlantibacter hermannii在酱香型白酒酿造中鲜有检出并报道。细菌的分布频率和优势度分析表明,Bacillus、Lysinibacillus、Staphylococcus和Micrococcus为大曲中的核心可培养细菌,Bacillus、Staphylococcus、Micrococcus和Alcaligenes为环境中的核心可培养细菌,Bacillus、Staphylococcus和Micrococcus为大曲和环境样品中共有的可培养核心细菌。各轮次大曲与环境样品中的细菌菌群多样性结构存在差异,但其主要功能细菌菌群结构及其演替基本保持一致。大曲和环境样品中的优势细菌均可代谢丰富酶系的功能,且具有较强的金属离子吸附降解功能。本研究可为茅台镇酱香白酒酿造及其他地域酱香型白酒酿造微生物的研究提供基础。     

光合细菌在色素提取中的应用

综述了光合细菌在色素中的提取应用情况，报道了国内外在此方面的最新进展并对其含有的主要色素的理化性质进行了总结，对光合细菌在天然色素提取方面的应用前景进行了展望。     

泸酒老窖己酸菌分离特性及产酸条件的研究

<正> 六十年代我所曾从泸州老窖泥中分离出产己酸的细菌,并已应用于名酒发酵。以后国内又报道过从不同地区的酒窖泥中分离出多株产己酸的细菌,并从提高己酸产量入手,应用于白酒生产,但迄今未见对所分离的己酸菌进行系统分类鉴定的基础微生物方面的报道。近年来我们又从泸州老窖泥中分离产己酸的细菌,并对分离菌株进行了形态、生理、生化特性的鉴定,同时对菌株产酸条件也进行了研究。现将部份实验结果整理报道于后。     

强化光合细菌培养的传质途径

本文把化工领域中强化传质的基本原理和方法应用於光合细菌培养的生化过程，用实验方法证实了填料在光合细菌细胞培养中的表面效应。为光合细菌大型化生产和光合细菌技术实用化提供了可能的有效途径。     

贵州地区酿酒小曲细菌多样性比较分析

为揭示贵州地区酿酒小曲细菌多样性,该研究采用高通量测序技术结合可培养分离方法对6种传统小曲中的细菌多样性进行了分析,并基于属水平,通过热图聚类分析及主成分分析（PCA）对不同小曲样品细菌群落结构的相似性进行分析。结果表明,散曲细菌多样性及丰富度高于块状小曲,且块状小曲C最低;小曲A、B和D及E和F之间细菌群落结构相似;贵州地区酿酒小曲中优势细菌属为芽孢杆菌（Bacillus）、肠杆菌（Enterobacter）、乳酸杆菌（Lactobacillus）、不动杆菌（Acinetobacter）和片球菌（Pediococcus）。通过传统可培养分离方法从5种传统块状小曲中共分离得到84株细菌,根据形态观察,A、B、C、E和F 5种块状小曲样品中分离得到的细菌分别为5种、8种、2种、9种和6种,为贵州小曲中功能细菌的研究应用奠定了良好基础。     

陈化烟叶细菌区系的高效分离及增殖技术研究

对陈化烟叶的细菌区系进行高效分离及扩增,获得最适助分离剂和分离条件,选取在玉溪陈化,等级为WDC3F的K326烟叶为试验材料,使用4种不同的助分离剂对陈化烟叶细菌区系进行了分离,同时对分离的细菌区系进行了培养增殖,利用可培养和免培养法对培养前后的细菌区系多样性进行了评价和分析。结果表明,以1‰ SDS为助分离剂对陈化烟叶细菌区系进行分离,分离率相对于传统方法提高了489.58%。培养温度为15℃时,使用烟叶浸液培养基不仅可使烟叶表面细菌总量增殖约100倍,而且可以较好地保留区系的多样性。免培养分析表明,培养增殖前后的细菌区系结构存在一定差异,但其细菌群落代谢功能并没有显著差异,这表明扩增后的细菌区系仍然具备了原细菌区系的生理功能。本研究探索并建立了陈化烟叶细菌区系的高效分离方法,为陈化烟叶微生物资源的开发提供了理论基础。     

Mass balance assessment for mercury in Lake Champlain

A mass balance model for mercury in Lake Champlain was developed in an effort to understand the sources, inventories, concentrations, and effects of mercury (Hg) contamination in the lake ecosystem. To construct the mass balance model, air, water, and sediment were sampled as a part of this project and other research/monitoring projects in the Lake Champlain Basin. This project produced a STELLA-based computer model and quantitative apportionments of the principal input and output pathways of Hg for each of 13 segments in the lake. The model Hg concentrations in the lake were consistent with measured concentrations. Specifically, the modeling identified surface water inflows as the largest direct contributor of Hg into the lake. Direct wet deposition to the lake was the second largest source of Hg followed by direct dry deposition. Volatilization and sedimentation losses were identified as the two major removal mechanisms. This study significantly improves previous estimates of the relative importance of Hg input pathways and of wet and dry deposition fluxes of Hg into Lake Champlain. It also provides new estimates of volatilization fluxes across different lake segments and sedimentation loss in the lake.     

Hydroxylated PCBs and other chlorinated phenolic compounds in lake trout (Salvelinus namaycush) blood plasma from the Great Lakes region

Recently, there has been an increase in studies focusing on an emerging class of organic contaminants, hydroxylated PCBs (OH-PCBs) and chlorinated phenolic compounds (CPCs) in the environment, particularly in northern regions of Europe and Canada. Since information for fish from the Great Lakes are scarce, we determined the blood plasma concentrations of OH-PCB congeners, pentachlorophenol (PCP), 2,3,4,5-tetrachlorophenol (TCP), and 4-hydroxyheptachlorostyrene (4-OH-HpCS) for lake trout (Savelinus namaycush) collected from two of the Great Lakes, Lake Ontario and Lake Superior, and two regional lakes, Lake Champlain and Lake Opeongo. PCP was the dominant CPC in lake trout (105-658 pg/g of plasma). Detectable concentrations of 2,3,4,5-TCP and 4-OH-HpCS were found in all lake trout (2.6-101 and 0.4-27 pg/g, respectively). Highest concentrations were found in trout from Lake Ontario and Lake Superior. Sixteen OH-PCBs were quantified, with 4-OH-CB187 having the highest concentration in all samples (10-173 pg/g of plasma). Unexpectedly, highly chlorinated OH-PCBs such as 4'-OH-CB199 (mean 21.4 and 74.4 pg/g), 4,4'-diOH-CB202 (18.3 and 27.7 pg/g), and 4'-OH-CB208 (24.5 and 34.7 pg/g) were found in lake trout from Lake Ontario and Lake Superior, respectively. Future studies to delineate the sources and impacts of CPCs in the Great Lakes catchment are needed.     

广州市黄埔区河道健康评价工作实践分析

河湖健康评价是河湖管理的重要内容,是编制"一河(湖)一策"方案的重要基础.广东省全面推行河长制工作领导小组办公室以水利部河长办印发的《河湖健康评价指南(试行)》为基础,编制了具有区域特色的《广东省2021年河湖健康评价技术指引》,指导省内各地开展河湖健康评价工作.本文针对广州市黄埔区河湖健康评价工作实践中遇到的问题,提...     

Spectromicroscopy mapping of colloidal/particulate organic matter in Lake Brienz, Switzerland

Transmission electron microscopy (TEM), soft X-ray scanning transmission X-ray microscopy (STXM), and mu-FTIR spectromicroscopy were used to map colloidal/ particulate material in an ultra-oligotrophic lake, Lake Brienz, Switzerland, with a special focus on organic functionality. Within the statistical margin of error and the uncertainties arising from the representativeness of the results, the research reveals that organic material was associated with potassium-rich inorganic colloids present in surface and deep water (depths of 1 and 100 m, respectively), which indicates a vertical transfer of aggregates by sedimentation. Pure organic colloids could only be detected in surface waters. In addition, correlation map analysis of synchrotron-based mu-FTIR and carbon K-edge STXM spectromicroscopic data using spectra from the Lütschine and Aare Rivers as target spectra revealed spectral similarities with organic components from both tributary rivers in deeper regions (100 m) of the lake. The results prove that STXM and mu-FTIR can characterize colloidal and particulate organic material in low organic carbon systems.     

Bioaccumulation and trophic magnification of short- and medium-chain chlorinated paraffins in food webs from Lake Ontario and Lake Michigan

Chlorinated paraffins (CPs) are complex mixtures of chlorinated alkanes used in a myriad of industrial applications as flame retardant plasticizers and additives. In this study, the distribution and bioaccumulation/biomagnification of short-chain CPs (C10-C13, SCCPs) and medium-chain CPs (C14-C17, MCCPs) were investigated in samples collected between 1999 and 2004 from Lake Ontario and northern Lake Michigan. Total (sigma) SCCPs and sigmaMCCPs concentrations in water from Lake Ontario were 1190 pg/L and 0.9 pg/L (data from 2004 only), respectively. CPs were also detected in invertebrates and fish from both lakes. SCCP predominated in organisms from Lake Michigan with the highest mean concentrations found in lake trout [Salvelinus namaycush, 123 +/- 35 ng/g wet weight (ww)]. In Lake Ontario, MCCPs predominated in most species with the highest levels detected in slimy sculpin (Cottus cognatus, 108 ng/g ww) and rainbow smelt (Osmerus mordax, 109 ng/g ww). Bioaccumulation and biomagnification of CPs was evaluated on an isomer basis (i.e., C10H17Cl5, C10H16Cl6, etc). Log bioaccumulation factors for lake trout (lipid based) ranged from 4.1 to 7.0 for SCCPs and 6.3 to 6.8 for MCCPs. SCCPs and MCCPs were found to biomagnify between prey and predators from both lakes with highest values observed for Diporeia-sculpin (Lake Ontario, C15Cl9 = 43; Lake Michigan, C10Cl5 = 26). Trophic magnification factors for the invertebrates-forage fish-lake trout food webs ranged from 0.41 to 2.4 for SCCPs and from 0.06 to 0.36 for MCCPs. Given the prominence of CPs, particularly in lake waters and in lower food web organisms, further investigation is needed to evaluate the magnitude of their distribution and accumulation/magnification in the Great Lakes environment.     

Distribution of haloacetic acids in the water columns of the Laurentian Great Lakes and Lake Malawi

Haloacetic acids (HAAs) are persistent and mildly phytotoxic compounds that have been detected in many aquatic environments, including the waters of the Great Lakes. Sources of HAAs, especially of trifluoroacetic acid (TFA), are not well understood. In this study we assessed the influence of urbanization on the concentrations and profiles of HAAs in the Laurentian Great Lakes and in Lake Malawi, an African Great Lake. Vertical depth profiles for these compounds were taken for each of the Great Lakes with additional profiles taken 2 years later for Lakes Erie and Ontario. The results showed that while TFA was relatively constant throughout the water column, the chloroacetic acids (CAAs) varied with depth. There was a trend of increasing TFA proceeding from Lake Superior to Lake Ontario (18-150 ng/L). Total CAA concentrations were relatively constant throughout the lakes (approximately 500 ng/L) with dichloroacetic acid being the most abundant. No bromoacetic acids were detected. In the Detroit River, a connecting channel between Lakes Huron and Erie, the TFA values were similar to those in Lake Huron, but the CAAs levels were higher than in the upstream lakes and dependent on location, indicating inputs from urban areas along the river. These results were compared to those from Lake Malawi, which has a high population density within the watershed but no heavy industry. CAAs were nondetectable, and TFA concentrations were just at the detection limit (1 ng/L). Total HAA in the water column of Lakes Superior and Huron was compared to annual precipitation inputs at a site situated near both lakes. For Lake Huron, precipitation was a minor contributor to the total HAA inventory of the lake, but for Lake Superior precipitation could be the major contributor to the mass of HAA in this lake. Generally, high HAA levels paralleled the degree of industrial activity in the adjacent waters.     

Do invasive mussels restrict offshore phosphorus transport in Lake Huron?

Dreissenid mussels were first documented in the Laurentian Great Lakes in the late 1980s. Zebra mussels (Dreissena polymorpha) spread quickly into shallow, hard-substrate areas; quagga mussels (Dreissena rostriformis bugensis) spread more slowly and are currently colonizing deep, offshore areas. These mussels occur at high densities, filter large water volumes while feeding on suspended materials, and deposit particulate waste on the lake bottom. This filtering activity has been hypothesized to sequester tributary phosphorus in nearshore regions reducing offshore primary productivity. We used a mass balance model to estimate the phosphorus sedimentation rate in Saginaw Bay, a shallow embayment of Lake Huron, before and after the mussel invasion. Our results indicate that the proportion of tributary phosphorus retained in Saginaw Bay increased from approximately 46-70% when dreissenids appeared, reducing phosphorus export to the main body of Lake Huron. The combined effects of increased phosphorus retention and decreased phosphorus loading have caused an approximate 60% decrease in phosphorus export from Saginaw Bay to Lake Huron. Our results support the hypothesis that the ongoing decline of preyfish and secondary producers including diporeia (Diporeia spp.) in Lake Huron is a bottom-up phenomenon associated with decreased phosphorus availability in the offshore to support primary production.     

Biomagnification of DDT through the benthic and pelagic food webs of Lake Malawi, East Africa: importance of trophic level and carbon source

Lake Malawi, an East African Rift Valley lake, is internationally renowned for having the highest diversity of fish species in the world, and these cichlids are highly specialized in their dietary habits. In this lake, tissue stable carbon (delta13C) and nitrogen (delta15N) isotopes can be used over several trophic levels to distinguish those consumers relying upon carbon fixed by either benthic or pelagic primary producers. As such, it was possible to contrast the biomagnification of persistent organochlorines through the benthic and pelagic food webs. In 1996 and 1997, food-web organisms were collected from Lake Malawi and analyzed for organochlorines, delta13C and delta15N to determine the factors that affectthe biomagnification of contaminants in a tropical lake. The pesticide DDT was the most predominant pollutant in the biota from Lake Malawi and was found at the highest concentrations in the largest and fattiest fish species. As observed in temperate systems, log-transformed sigmaDDT concentrations in food-web organisms were significantly predicted by delta15N or log lipid (r2 = 0.32 and 0.40, respectively). In addition, the slope of the regression of log sigmaDDT versus delta15N was significantly higher in the pelagic than the benthic food web. These results indicate that pelagic organisms are at greater risk of accumulating these pollutants than biota relying upon benthic primary production.     

The 7-decade degradation of a large freshwater lake in central Yangtze River, China

Freshwater lakes store water for human use and agricultural irrigation and provide habitats for aquatic fauna and flora. However, a number of these lakes have been degraded by human activities at a rapid rate. Here, we used historical land cover information and remotely sensed data to explore a 7-decade (between 1930s and 1998) shrinkage and fragmentation of Dongting Lake, the second largest freshwater lake in China, located in the drainage basin of Central Yangtze River. The water surface area of Dongting Lake decreased by 49.2%, from 4955 km2 in the 1930s to 2518 km2 in 1998, with an average decrease rate of 38.1 km2/yr in the past 7 decades. The lake was also fragmented, as indicated by a decreasing mean patch size from 4.2 km2 in the 1930s to 1.7 km2 in 1998. The degradation of the lake is largely attributed to a rapidly growing human population in the lake region that led to extensive impoldering. The degradation of the lake has resulted in negative ecological consequences, such as frequent flooding, a decline of biodiversity, and extinction of some endemic species. Our results also suggest that lake restoration projects implemented in this region since the end of the 1990s will help to decrease the lake degradation.     

内陆湖盐矿床人工补水工艺探索

文章阐述了湖盐矿床在开采过程中,受各种因素影响,盐湖晶间卤水水位下降,阻碍了盐业生产的正常进行;为了保持盐湖水体平衡,开发盐湖贫矿,延长盐湖服务年限,实施了人工补水作业,对人工补水量进行了测算,对补水工艺及工艺改进设计进行了论述,取得了一定效果,供湖盐区生产企业参考、借鉴。