不同材料去除模式下激光加热辅助切削氮化硅陶瓷表面粗糙度研究

激光加热辅助切削因其工艺空间大、经济性高、可得到高质量表面成为工程陶瓷等脆硬材料的高效加工方式。通过改变激光功率和切削深度两组单因素试验,研究了激光加热辅助切削氮化硅陶瓷（Si3N4）不同加工状态下表面粗糙度值的变化规律。结果表明:材料被塑性去除时,Ra和Rq值均小于被脆性去除和产生热损伤时得到的值。未产生热损伤时,Ra和Rq值随工件软化程度增大而减小。在塑性去除模式下,轮廓高度幅值曲线更加趋于对称和正态分布,表面轮廓更加精细。     

不锈钢激光焊温度场的建模与仿真

利用有限元软件ANSYS对304不锈钢激光焊温度场的分布进行了动态模拟.分析了材料热物理参数的温度相关性、熔化潜热、对流及辐射对激光焊接温度场的影响,建立了激光焊接组合体移动热源模型.针对激光焊接过程中高度非线性、光斑面积非常小的特点,采用了过渡单元建模及逐步加载和求解的措施.为了保证节点选取的精确程度,在加载过程中采用了余量控制法.仿真结果表明,模拟得到的焊缝形状与实际焊缝形状基本吻合;等温线呈椭圆形,在移动热源的前方等温线密集,温度梯度较大,热源后方的等温线较稀疏,温度梯度小;激光焊接时熔池表面附近的金属蒸气最高温度可达13 332℃.     

AZ91D 镁合金表面激光熔覆 Al-Cu 合金的温度场模拟与验证

目的确定AZ91D镁合金表面激光熔覆Al-Cu合金的最佳工艺参数。方法利用有限元软件ANSYS建立移动高斯热源作用下的温度场三维模型,对不同参数下激光熔覆过程中的温度场进行动态模拟,确定工艺参数。结果熔池中心的温度随着激光功率的增大而增大,随着热源移动速度和光斑直径的增大而减小。温度过高时,熔覆层下塌且内部出现裂纹;温度过低时,熔覆层上有大量的金属颗粒且内部含有夹杂物。结论当功率为240 W、扫描速度为2.5 mm/s、光斑直径为0.6 mm时,熔池中心的温度约为1100℃,熔覆层与基体接触面的温度约为700℃。在此参数下得到了表面成形光滑且与基体结合紧密的致密熔覆层。     

基于ANSYS的活塞环激光热处理温度场计算及其实验研究

应用有限元分析软件ANSYS计算了圆柱状模型活塞环环槽激光热处理的温度场,从环槽的边缘处开始,将截面上径向坐标每次减少0.1 mm,依次确定同一径向坐标处深度方向最大温升大于相变温度(AC1)的点,并用曲线将其连接起来近似硬化层的形状,在此基础上讨论了激光功率、扫描速度与形成硬化层深度的关系.将激光束偏转一定的角度照射到活塞环的环槽面上,转动工件来实现整个环面的热处理.根据硬化层和基体耐腐蚀性不同的特点腐蚀后显现出截面上硬化层的形状,测量沿硬化层宽度和深度方向的硬度值测定硬化层的尺寸.     

40Cr钢平板表面激光堆焊三维温度场数值模拟

基于ANSYS数值模拟平台,建立了三维瞬态激光堆焊40Cr钢温度场有限元模型,利用APDL参数设计语言实现热源的移动,对40Cr钢表面激光相变硬化处理过程的温度场进行模拟,得出熔池温度随时间的变化规律,并对比了不同功率和不同扫描速度对温度场的影响。结果表明:随热源的移动,温度场呈现彗星状云图,且激光光斑前缘温度梯度大,后部温度梯度小;不同功率对比结果表明,在相同的激光扫描速度6 mm/s时,表面温度最大值随激光功率增大而升高,在900 W时达到4238℃;不同速度对比结果表明,在相同功率800 W时,表面温度最大值随激光速度增大而减小,在6 mm/s时达到3738℃。     

6061铝合金表面激光熔覆温度场的模拟与验证

根据激光熔覆的特点,建立了移动激光高斯热源作用下三维激光熔覆温度场的计算模型,利用有限元软件ANSYS对温度场分布进行了动态模拟.结果表明,激光熔覆温度场模拟等温线呈椭圆形,在移动热源的前方等温线密集,温度梯度较大,热源后方的等温线稀疏,温度梯度较小.采用高功率连续波Nd:YAG激光在6061铝合金表面激光熔覆SiC陶瓷粉末,形成SiCp/Al金属基复合材料改性层,熔覆层除含有Al,SiC之外,还含有少量的Al4C3,Al4SiC4相,通过熔覆层组织形貌观察及相结构分析验证了模拟结果的准确性和可靠性,为陶瓷-金属基复合材料激光熔覆工艺参数的优化提供了理论依据.     

ZM5材料切削温度场仿真及试验

针对航空5号铸造镁合金(zM5)材料在切削过程中的安全问题,基于DEFORM软件,建立了铣削动态仿真的有限元模型.研究了切削过程中温度场的分布规律,重点讨论了工件及切屑的温度,并将仿真结果与实验结果进行了比较,为选择切削参数,确保加工安全提供了依据.     

选择性激光烧结金属粉末瞬态温度场模拟

局部输入的集中移动热源造成了选择性激光烧结过程中温度场分布不均衡且不稳定,因此研究其温度场对掌握烧结过程中温度动态分布规律具有重要意义。在考虑了热传导、热辐射和热对流,材料的非线性热物性参数和相变潜热的作用下,建立了水雾化Fe多道烧结的三维有限元模型,采用ANSYS参数化设计语言(APDL)实现移动的高斯热源的加载。模拟结果表明:激光烧结过程中,在光斑中心前端存在着较大的温度梯度;光斑中心的温度高于金属粉末的熔点,烧结过程存在液相;粉床内部温度场在深度方向呈漏斗状阶梯分布,随烧结深度的增加,粉床内部的温度和温度梯度迅速衰减;同一烧结道各点的最高温度相对稳定,但随着烧结道的增加,各点最高温度都有小幅度增加的趋势,这是温度累加的结果。     

基于Abaqus的正交切削仿真的有限元分析

介绍了正交切削仿真中的应力场和温度场的分布,利用非线性分析软件ABAQUS,通过Johnson-cook热-力耦合的方法模拟微细切削铝合金A2024-T351的温度场和应力场。经过分析得出在对工件进行微细切削时存在尺度效应的背吃刀量区间为0.5R~R(R为刀具切削刃钝圆半径),并得到了工件在微细切削中的温度场和应力场分布,仿真结果对微细加工过程中的切削参数的选择及研究方法提供了参考。     

45钢表面激光重熔温度场数值模拟

根据传热学理论和数值模拟方法研究温度场的分布规律,在考虑了热物性参数、换热系数、相变潜热随温度变化的因素,应用ANSYS有限元软件的参数化设计语言建立了45钢表面激光重熔连续移动三维瞬态温度场有限元模型。结果表明:提高激光功率对增大相变硬化区效果不大,反而形成较大的熔池而使重熔表面粗糙。与激光功率相比,激光扫描速度对试样温度场的影响较小。经过激光重熔后,形成重熔区、相变硬化区和基体三个区域。实验结果较好地验证了模拟结果,表明所建立的温度场计算模型是正确和可靠的。通过该计算模型,可以掌握金属表面激光重熔过程加热和冷却规律,为制备高性能表面改性层选择合适的工艺参数提供依据。     

Effects of Post-weld Heat Treatment on Microstructure,Mechanical Properties and the Role of Weld Reinforcement in 2219 Aluminum Alloy TIG-Welded Joints

In as-welded state, each region of 2219 aluminum alloy TIG-welded joint shows diff erent microstructure and microhardness due to the diff erent welding heat cycles and the resulting evolution of second phases. After the post-weld heat treatment, both the amount and the size of the eutectic structure or θ phases decreased. Correspondingly, both the Cu content in α-Al matrix and the microhardness increased to a similar level in each region of the joint, and the tensile strength of the entire joint was greatly improved. Post-weld heat treatment played the role of solid solution strengthening and aging strengthening. After the post-weld heat treatment, the weld performance became similar to other regions, but weld reinforcements lost their reinforcing eff ect on the weld and their existence was more of an adverse eff ect. The joint without weld reinforcements after the post-weld heat treatment had the optimal tensile properties, and the specimens randomly crack in the weld zone.     

The First Phase of the SRIF Industrialized Base in ＂West Area＂ Has Been Put into Operation

After nearly two years＇ tense construction, the first phase of industrialized base of Shenyang Research Institute of Foundry （SRIF）, located at the Tiexi Casting and Forging Industrial Park in the west of Tiexi District, has now been completed and formally put into operation.     

Thermodynamics Study on the Decomposition of Chromite with KOH

Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, China, has proposed a method for oxidative leaching of chromite with potassium hydroxide. Understanding the mechanism of chromite decomposition, especially in the potassium hydroxide fusion, is important for the optimization of the operating parameters of the oxidative leaching process. A traditional thermodynamic method is proposed and the thermal decomposition and the reaction decomposition during the oxidative leaching of chromite with KOH and oxygen is discussed, which suggests that chromite is mainly destroyed by reactions with KOH and oxygen. Meanwhile, equilibrium of the main reactions of the above process was calculated at different temperatures and oxygen partial pressures. The stable zones of productions, namely, K2CrO4 and Fe2O3, increase with the decrease of temperature, which indicates that higher temperature is not beneficial to thermodynamic reactions. In addition, a comparison of the general alkali methods is carried out, and it is concluded that the KOH leaching process is thermodynamically superior to the conventional chromate production process.     

Influence of Heat Treatment on Damping Behaviour of the Magnesium Wrought Alloy AZ61

The effect of isochronal heat treatments for 1h on variation of damping, hardness and microstructural change of the magnesium wrought alloy AZ61 was investigated. Damping and hardness behaviour could be attributed to the evolution of precipitation process. The influence of precipitation on damping behaviour was explained in the framework of the dislocation string model of Granato and Lücke.     

Effect of Rare Earth Doping on Impedance,Modulus and Conductivity Properties of Multiferroic Composites:0.5(BiLa_xFe_(1-x)O_3)–0.5(PbTiO_3)

The Lanthanum-doped bismuth ferrite–lead titanate compositions of 0.5(Bi LaxFe1-xO3)–0.5(Pb Ti O3)(x = 0.05,0.10,0.15,0.20)(BLxF1-x-PT) were prepared by mixed oxide method.Structural characterization was performed by X-ray diffraction and shows a tetragonal structure at room temperature.The lattice parameter c/a ratio decreases with increasing of La(x = 0.05–0.20) concentration of the composites.The effect of charge carrier/ion hopping mechanism,conductivity,relaxation process and impedance parameters was studied using an impedance analyzer in a wide frequency range(102–106Hz) at different temperatures.The nature of Nyquist plot confirms the presence of bulk effects only,and non-Debye type of relaxation processes occurs in the composites.The electrical modulus exhibits an important role of the hopping mechanism in the electrical transport process of the materials.The ac conductivity and dc conductivity of the materials were studied,and the activation energy found to be 0.81,0.77,0.76 and 0.74 e V for all compositions of x = 0.05–0.20 at different temperatures(200–300 °C).     

Quantitative Analysis of the Crystallographic Orientation Relationship Between the Martensite and Austenite in Quenching–Partitioning–Tempering Steels

The orientation relationships(ORs)between the martensite and the retained austenite in low-and medium-carbon steels after quenching–partitioning–tempering process were studied in this work.The ORs in the studied steels are identified by selected-area electron diffraction(SAED)as either K–S or N–W ORs.Meanwhile,the ORs were also studied based on numerical fitting of electron backscatter diffraction data method suggested by Miyamoto.The simulated K–S and N–W ORs in the low-index directions generally do not well coincide with the experimental pole figure,which may be attributed to both the orientation spread from the ideal variant orientations and high symmetry of the low-index directions.However,the simulated results coincide well with experimental pole figures in the high-index directions{123}_(bcc).A modified method with simplicity based on Miyamoto’s work was proposed.The results indicate that the ORs determined by modified method are similar to those determined by Miyamoto’method,that is,the OR is near K–S OR for the low-carbon Q–P–T steel,and with the increase of carbon content,the OR is closer to N–W OR in medium-carbon Q–P–T steel.     

Using Finite Element and Contour Method to Evaluate Residual Stress in Thick Ti-6Al-4V Alloy Welded by Electron Beam Welding

This work was to reveal the residual stress profile in electron beam welded Ti-6Al-4V alloy plates(50 mm thick) by using finite element and contour measurement methods.A three-dimensional finite element model of 50-mmthick titanium component was proposed,in which a column–cone combined heat source model was used to simulate the temperature field and a thermo-elastic–plastic model to analyze residual stress in a weld joint based on ABAQUS software.Considering the uncertainty of welding simulation,the computation was calibrated by experimental data of contour measurement method.Both test and simulated results show that residual stresses on the surface and inside the weld zone are significantly different and present a narrow and large gradient feature in the weld joint.The peak tensile stress exceeds the yield strength of base materials inside weld,which are distinctly different from residual stress of the thin Ti-6Al-4V alloy plates presented in references before.     

Microstructures and Tensile Properties of Ultrafine-Grained Ni–(1–3.5) wt% SiC_(NP) Composites Prepared by a Powder Metallurgy Route

Silicon carbide nanoparticle-reinforced nickel-based composites(Ni–Si CNP),with a Si CNPcontent ranged from1 to 3.5 wt%,were prepared using mechanical alloying and spark plasma sintering.In addition,unreinforced pure nickel samples were also prepared for comparative purposes.To characterize the microstructural properties of both the unreinforced pure nickel and the Ni–Si CNPcomposites transmission electron microscopy(TEM) was used,while their mechanical behavior was investigated using the Vickers pyramid method for hardness measurements and a universal tensile testing machine for tensile tests.TEM results showed an array of dislocation lines decorated in the sintered pure nickel sample,whereas,for the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,the presence of nano-dispersed Si CNPand twinning crystals was observed.These homogeneously distributed Si CNPwere found located either within the matrix,between twins or on grain boundaries.For the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,coerced coarsening of the Si CNPassembly occurred with increasing Si CNPcontent.Furthermore,the grain sizes of the Ni–Si CNPcomposites were much finer than that of the unreinforced pure nickel,which was considered to be due to the composite ball milling process.In all cases,the Ni–Si CNPcomposites showed higher strengths and hardness values than the unreinforced pure nickel,likely due to a combination of dispersion strengthening(Orowan effects) and particle strengthening(Hall–Petch effects).For the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,the strength increased initially and then decreased as a function of Si CNPcontent,whereas their elongation percentages decreased linearly.Compared to all materials tested,the Ni–Si CNPcomposite containing 1.5% Si C was found more superior considering both their strength and plastic properties.     

Directional Growth of Tin Crystals Controlled by Combined Solute Concentration Gradient Field and Static Magnetic Field

A new method was introduced to achieve directional growth of Sn crystals. Microstructures in liquid(Pb)/liquid(Sn) diffusion couples were investigated under various static magnetic fields. Results show that the β-Sn crystals mainly reveal an irregular dendritic morphology without or with a relatively low static magnetic field(B0.3 T). When the magnetic field is increased to 0.5 T, the β-Sn dendrites close to the final stage of growth begin to show some directional character. With a further increase in the magnetic field to a higher level(0.8–5 T), the β-Sn dendrites have an enhanced directional growth character, but the dendrites show a certain deflection. As the magnetic field is increased to 12 T, the directional growth of the β-Sn dendrites in the center of the couple is severely destroyed. The mechanism of the directional growth of the β-Sn crystals and the deflection of the β-Sn crystals with the application of static magnetic field was tentatively discussed.     

电化学噪声数据处理方法概述

综述了常见的电化学噪声数据处理方法,介绍了直流趋势剔除、统计分析、快速傅立叶变换(FFT)法计算功率谱密度(PSD)以及小波变换处理电化学噪声信号的基本过程,并阐释了各种数学处理及所得参数的物理意义。