矿石预选抛废技术与智能光电选矿机选型要点

随着国家对矿产资源开采的不断深入,富矿石、易选矿石逐渐枯竭,入选的贫矿石和难选矿石比例不断上升,导致生产处理成本增加。人工智能、智能光电选矿技术,可以甄别和分拣矿石,实现提前抛废,对矿石进行预富集,提高矿石的入选品位,提升矿石综合利用率,成为解决经济增长中矿产资源短缺重要手段,确保矿产资源安全和矿业经济稳定发展的研究方向。     

硬岩铀矿无废协同开采模式及技术研究

针对我国硬岩铀矿开采中效率低、损失大以及堆浸铀尾渣、含放射性废石处置难等问题,结合“协同开采”理念,提出了硬岩铀矿无废协同开采模式。该模式通过调整回采工程布置,优化充填与尾废处置 工艺流程,采取相应的工程技术措施,使采矿与堆浸、采矿与充填、充填与堆排在时间和空间上实现协同,达到安全高效开采铀矿资源和无废处置铀矿冶尾废的目的。以粤北某铀矿为例,分析了现有上向分层干式充 填法和堆浸、尾废处置工艺的特点,开展了堆浸铀尾渣充排试验,改进了采矿方法,设计了采—充—排协同工艺方案,并对其工程应用效果进行了评价。研究表明：灰砂比为1∶10和1∶14、质量浓度为76%的充填体, 能够满足该矿机械化上向分层充填法和地表同步固化堆排的要求;采用无废协同开采模式后,采场生产能力和回采率可分别提升至135 t/d和88.86%,含放射性废石达到地表零排放,堆浸铀尾渣通过井下胶结充填和地 表固化堆排得到了有效处置,矿山经济效益和环境质量得以明显提升。     

Acid Mine Drainage at the Abandoned Kettara Mine (Morocco): 2. Mine Waste Geochemical Behavior

Weathering and humidity cell tests were used to predict the potential for acid mine drainage (AMD) and to estimate the mineral reaction rates and depletion of fine and coarse tailings from the abandoned Kettara mine, Morocco. The geochemistry of the fine and coarse mine wastes was similar and, as expected by static tests, the wastes produced significant amounts of AMD. The sulfate production rate of both fine and coarse tailings was very high (2,000–8,000 and 2,400–560 mg SO₄/kg/week, respectively) during the first weeks of kinetics tests. After 9 weeks, sulfate release became low, ranging between 600 and 78 mg SO₄/kg/week for fine tailings and 500–120 mg SO₄/kg/week for coarse tailings. Effluent water samples had low pH (2.9–4.2) and elevated concentrations of acidity, sulfate, iron, copper, and zinc. Most or all of the dissolved K, Na, Al, Mg, and Si in the AMD result from the acidic dissolution of silicates (chlorite, talc, muscovite, and albite). Fine tailings produce much higher concentrations of acidity and sulfate than coarse tailings. However, due to greater transport of oxygen and water within the coarse waste, coarse tailings could be of greater environmental significance than fine tailings. The coarse waste continued to release acid after 378 days of leaching, whereas the fine tailings naturally passivates. These laboratory results agree with field observations; the upper profile of the coarse waste rock dam is highly oxidized (75 cm) whereas oxidation in the fine tailings does not extend more than 5–15 cm beneath the surface. A comparison between weathering and humidity cell tests indicated that the general trend of dissolution of metals was essentially similar for both methods. However, sulfate depletion rates were higher for the weathering cell tests. These tests indicate that the Kettara tailings piles and dam will continue to release acid for a long time unless remedial action is taken.     

金属矿山场地人工土壤特征研究

根据金属矿山的露天采场、浸矿场、废石场、排土场、尾矿库等场地的地表物质特征,将金属矿山场地人工土壤分为基岩型土壤、废石型土壤、尾砂型土壤、尾泥型土壤、岩土型土壤、土岩型土壤、风化土壤和表土共八种类型,对每种类型人工土壤的地表物质特征、颗粒特征、污染特征和土地复垦特征进行系统分析,供从事矿山场地修复、土地复垦、生态恢复等专业的研究人员和管理人员参考。     

硫化镍矿废石和尾矿中重金属排放特征与防治对策

硫化镍矿由于镍品位低、提取工艺复杂,形成大量的废石和尾矿。废石目前普遍在废石场堆存,尾矿粒度较细,一般排入尾矿库。废石和尾矿中含有的重金属元素,在堆放过程中由于淋滤作用,不仅可能污染地表水,而且可以通过水力联系发生污染转移。选取我国典型硫化镍矿采选企业有代表性的废石和尾矿样品进行重金属组分分析和浸出毒性实验分析,目标重金属包括五种毒性较高的重金属镉、铬、铅、砷、汞及矿石主金属镍、钴、铜,确定每种重金属的污染负荷率,分析得出废石和尾矿中重点防控的重金属为砷、镉、铬,主金属镍和铜也应重点防控。针对现有企业废石和尾矿处置过程中存在的问题,提出有针对性的防治措施,可为镍采选企业废石和尾矿的重金属污染监管提供依据。     

白银公司露天矿废石可浸性试验研究

针对白银公司露天矿废石资源现状,从溶浸采矿角度出发,描述了废石的矿石类型和岩性,进行了废石块度分级,并利用物相分析和化学成分分析方法,分析了废石矿相和化学成分组成。在硫酸浓度分别为5g/L和10g／L的条件下,分别对3种粒径的废石进行了单循环和双循环浸出试验,试验结果表明该废石具有良好的渗透性,浸出液中Cu^2＋浓度均远大于1g／L,超过了工业萃取电积所需的浓度,说明该废石具有良好的可浸性,试验研究还探明了硫酸浓度、废石粒径和循环次数对废石浸出率和浸出速率的影响规律,为选取工业参数提供参考。     

矿山废石全尾砂充填研究现状与发展趋势

矿产资源开发过程中产生的废石、尾砂和冶炼渣,等占我国工业固体废料排放量的85％左右.大量矿山固体废料堆放地表,易造成严重污染,诱发泥石流、尾矿溃坝事故.固体废料充填工艺是解决矿山废尾排放的最有效途径.本文介绍了低浓度分级尾砂充填、全尾砂高浓度充填、膏体似膏体充填、块石胶结充填工艺的研究与应用现状,并分析了矿山废石全尾砂充填技术的研究与发展方向.     

福建某金矿选矿尾渣的无害化处置工艺

为切实推进福建某金矿山的可持续发展，本研究在充分结合上游选矿工艺流程及指标的基础上，对选矿尾渣（炭浸尾浆及堆浸渣）处置进行了详细的实验研究。结果表明：对于炭浸尾浆中的含氰废液，采用碱氯化（漂白粉）法破氰工艺，可有效去除其中氰化物，CN-浓度从250 mg/L下降至0.217 mg/L，去除率达99.90%。实验指标成功应用于生产实践，效果同样显著。开发的选矿尾渣无害化处置工艺，即固体废渣（炭浸废渣和堆浸渣）混排用于生态修复，炭浸废水破氰达标后视生产实际回用或外排，极大地节约了矿区尾矿库库容，减少了排土场的占用。生产实践可为同类型金矿山选矿尾渣的末端处置提供基础依据。     

Engineering Closure of an Open Pit Gold Operation in a Semi-Arid Climate

Along with material characteristics and geometry, the climate in which a mine is located can have a dramatic effect on the appropriate options for rehabilitation. The paper outlines the setting, mining, milling and waste disposal at Kidston Gold Mine's open pit operations in the semi-arid climate of North Queensland, Australia, before focusing on the engineering aspects of the rehabilitation of Kidston. The mine took a holistic and proactive approach to rehabilitation, and was prepared to demonstrate a number of innovative approaches, which are described in the paper. Engineering issues that had to be addressed included the geotechnical stability and deformation of waste rock dumps, including a 240 m high in-pit dump: the construction and performance monitoring of a “store and release” cover over potentially acid forming mineralised waste rock; erosion from the side slopes of the waste rock dumps; the in-pit co-disposal of waste rock and thickened tailings; the geotechnical stability of the tailings dam wall; the potential for erosion of bare tailings; the water balance of the tailings dam; direct revegetation of the tailings; and the pit hydrology. The rehabilitation of the mine represents an important benchmark in mine site rehabilitation best practice, from which lessons applicable worldwide can be shared.     

Valorisation of acid mine drainage treatment sludge as remediation component to control acid generation from mine wastes,part 1: Material characterization and laboratory kinetic testing

In operating mines, acid mine drainage (AMD) is often treated using lime treatment. This process generates a significant amount of sludge that contains metal hydroxide precipitates, gypsum, and unreacted lime. The sludge may have interesting geotechnical and geochemical properties to be used as a part of covers (oxygen barriers) to prevent AMD generation from waste rocks and tailings. The main results of a project aiming to evaluate the use of sludge from the Doyon mine site (Canada) as a material in mine site rehabilitation are presented. The first part of the project involved detailed characterization of sludge, waste rock, and tailings samples. Then, laboratory column leaching tests were performed to evaluate the performance of the mixtures to control AMD produced by tailings and waste rocks. It was found that a sludge–waste rock mixture placed over waste rock reduces the metal loads in the column effluent, which remained acidic, as well as a mixture of sludge and tailings deposited over tailings can reduce metal content in effluents from tailings.     

Prediction of soil erosion from waste dumps of opencast mines and evaluation of their impacts on the environment

The volume of mine waste rock generated, including tailings from mineral processing activities, is one of the main pollution concerns in the mining industry in general. In the State of Goa (India), the waste rock management is becoming increasingly difficult due to acute space shortage consequent to expanding mining activities. These waste rocks contain acid producing sulphides and high concentrations of heavy metals. In the Goa region, the agricultural fields, nallahs, river beds and creeks are prone to heavy siltation/sediment deposition, which results from soil erosion due to the heavy rainfall this region receives. In view of this erosion and consequent degradation of surrounding environment, this article seeks to estimate the amounts of soil erosion from mine waste rock dumps using the RUSLE model and evaluates the impacts of erosion on the local environment. Based on data interpretation and RUSLE analysis, the trends in soil loss were established under various geo-environmental conditions, such as different slope angles and lengths. This provides a sound basis to plan and implement sound environmental management practices for mine waste rock in the mines of Goa, India.     

矿山二次资源综合利用潜力巨大

矿山二次资源是矿业二次资源的重要组成部分,其利用途径、方式、产品方案等存在多种可能性.目前我国矿产资源综合利用率仍然很低.通过对采矿废石、煤矸石及选矿尾矿等的具体分析,可以肯定二次资源综合利用潜力是巨大的.     

司家营铁矿项目建设及采选系统介绍

介绍了河北钢铁集团矿业有限公司司家营铁矿自然概况、资源分布及项目规划建设情况,重点介绍了司家营铁矿一期工程采矿工艺、选矿工艺,供水、供电等公辅设施,以及废石填海造地、尾矿库易址采煤沉陷坑等情况。     

基于响应面法的废石-细尾砂充填性能优化试验

为获得满足矿山采矿强度要求的废石-细尾砂充填最佳配比,首先根据混合骨料的堆积密实度和料浆浓度初探试验,初步获得配比范围;在此基础上利用响应面法建立了以废石-细尾砂充填体的3、7、28 d抗压强度为响应值的回归模型,揭示了骨料配比、浓度和灰砂比三因素对充填体强度的影响规律,并通过回归模型优选出充填最佳配比,进行半工业试验验证。结果表明,当充填体养护至3、7 d时,浓度和灰砂比两因素的交互作用影响显著;当充填体养护至28 d时,骨料配比与浓度的交互作用影响显著。当骨料配比1∶3、浓度82%、灰砂比1∶4时,废石-细尾砂充填性能完全满足矿山的充填需求,为废石-细尾砂混合骨料膏体充填性能优化提供了理论基础。     

原地爆破浸出采铀与环境

原地爆破浸出采铀方法,具有投资少,废料少,效益好等优点,已成为铀矿床开采的一种新方法,与常规采矿方法相比,废渣量减少75％－80％左右,从而大大减少了废水、废气、废渣对环境造成的影响,对原地爆破浸出采铀可能造成的环境影响进入并探讨其处理方法是十分必要的。     

溶浸采矿回收金矿资源的研究与应用

溶浸采矿是从贫矿、残矿、废石堆、尾矿中提取金的一种行之有效的方法。本文以试验研究为例,介绍该法的制粒—氰化预处理—堆浸提金新工艺。试验研究以含泥及粉矿产率高的低品位金矿物为对象。试验结果表明,制粒—氰化预处理—堆浸可改善含粘土质矿的渗透性、提高金的浸出率、加强浸出速度、缩短浸出周期、降低成本及改善环境条件。     

溶浸采矿法回收某尾砂中铜金属的可行性研究

本文简述了用溶浸采矿法回收尾砂中铜金属的室内试验研究，它的成功将为尾砂的开发、资源的再利用、回收低品位的铜金属提供了一条新的途径和方法。     

孟家堡子铁矿岩移控制方法研究

孟家堡子铁矿露天开采完成后,位于+70 m水平以下的矿体采用无底柱分段崩落法开采,随着井下采矿的进行,覆岩已经冒透至露天坑底,形成了大规模的地表塌陷坑,岩移活动对地表办公区及竖井构成了严重威胁。目前矿山存留的废石无法满足地表塌陷坑充填需求,致使塌陷坑边壁岩移发展无法得到有效控制。根据临界散体柱支撑原理,试验研究了尾砂替代废石充填地表塌陷坑的岩移控制新方法,分析了不同尾砂浓度及散体粒径分布下的尾砂渗透特征,得到了受散体下落高度影响的尾砂混入高度预测表达式。研究表明：70%~80%浓度下的尾砂混入高度范围为130.76~42.36 m,该浓度范围内的尾砂混入高度小于塌陷坑内散体覆盖层的最小厚度,即采用该浓度范围内的尾砂充填地表塌陷坑是安全可行的,最终确定的现场合理尾砂充填浓度为75%~80%。为确保充填作业安全顺利进行,将塌陷坑划分为斜面充填区与饱满充填区,提出了沿塌陷坑轴向与径向三向协同充填方法,为矿山安全、绿色、高效开采提供了有力保障。     

会宝岭铁矿全尾砂废石复合充填体沉降试验

全尾砂废石复合充填体沉降是一个复杂的非牛顿流体与固体混合物的连续介质力学加载过程,难以通过经验估算或理论推导获得其沉降规律。为研究会宝岭铁矿全尾砂-废石复合充填体沉降问题,通过相似模型试验的方法,对不同比例（高度）全尾砂、废石组成的复合充填进行室内试验模拟。结果分析表明：复合充填体中废石所占比例与其总沉降量呈递减函数关系;复合充填体总沉降量与时间的拟合关系为递减对数关系,且拟合曲线在15 d时斜率明显减小,故在15 d后复合充填体沉降量趋于稳定,可进行顶板胶结作业;比较不同废石比例的复合充填体沉降稳定所需时间,1/2废石比例的复合充填体沉降稳定最快。     

冻融作用下水灰比对类岩石材料物理力学特性影响研究

高寒地区矿山边坡岩体会经历冻融循环作用,引起岩体结构损伤和强度弱化,对矿山边坡的稳定性构成危害。水泥砂浆作为模拟裂隙边坡岩体常用的类岩石材料,其配合比对该类岩石材料抗冻性影响较大。为探究冻融作用下水灰比对类岩石材料物理力学特性的影响机制,制作了7种不同水灰比的类岩石——水泥砂浆标准试样,进行了不同次数的冻融循环试验及0~50次冻融后的单轴压缩试验。结果表明：①冻融前,随着水灰比的增大,试样初始孔隙率增大、密度降低,进而导致其波速下降;冻融过程中,波速随着冻融次数的增加而减小,且水灰比越大,波速损失率越高。②随着水灰比增大,类岩石材料的单轴抗压强度、弹性模量均出现了先增大后减小的现象;当水灰比为0.325~0.35时,类岩石试样的单轴抗压强度最高且抗冻性能最好。③随着冻融循环次数增加,应力应变曲线趋于扁平化,试样由脆性逐渐向延性转化,且水灰比越大,试样孔隙压密阶段变形越大。研究成果可为寒区矿山边坡及相关岩体工程类裂隙岩体冻融试验中的配比设计提供借鉴。