准东高碱煤沾污腐蚀机理与锅炉炉膛选型建议

基于对高碱煤沾污腐蚀化学反应过程与机理的详细分析,从控制反应物浓度、生成物浓度和反应温度入手,对减轻燃用准东高碱煤锅炉受热面管壁沾污腐蚀的运行措施和炉膛设计措施逐一进行了分析,给出了燃用高碱煤锅炉实际运行和设计过程中的具体措施,为减轻燃用准东高碱煤锅炉受热面严重沾污腐蚀难题提供了理论与技术指导。     

高碱度水处理与锅炉节能

文章针对高碱度水源小型蒸汽锅炉运行中因锅水碱度过高,造成排污热损失较大问题进行了阐述和分析,并提出对应措施.     

燃用高碱煤大容量高效锅炉的关键技术研究

本文在已投运的大容量燃用高碱煤锅炉的基础上,对大量的运行数据进行分析后,提出了高碱煤锅炉炉膛选型、燃烧器设计和控制工质侧偏差的的关键技术,并结合实际运行出现的问题,提出了优化措施。     

电站汽轮机循环水泵高低速改造可行性分析

对电站汽轮机循环水泵进行高低速改造,是提高机组运行经济性的一项重要措施。通过循环水泵流量-扬程特性和循环水系统阻力特性的匹配性分析,可以分析计算循环水泵在不同运行方式下的运行工作点,为循环水泵高低速改造可行性提供直接依据。以某300MW机组循环水泵高低速改造可行性分析为例,介绍了分析过程和分析结论,形成了循环水泵高低速改造可行性分析方法,对循环水泵高低速改造工作具有重要指导意义。     

核电汽轮机轴承温度高治理

针对岭澳核电站百万千瓦核电汽轮机轴承及其它机组的同类型轴承温度高的共性问题,首先建立轴承温度和轴承标高变化对轴承温度影响的计算程序,将其计算结果与制造厂的计算数据进行比对,用来验证是否存在设计问题和分析评价轴承实际运行温度是否过高,进而结合计算结果、轴承的结构特点、检修数据和运行参数,分析阐述了百万千瓦核电汽轮机部分轴承温度高的原因,提出了相应的处理措施,并在检修中实施后取得了良好效果,为处理同类型问题提供了有借鉴意义的新方法.     

消除电网干扰的高阻抗电弧炉

高阻抗电弧炉是一种新型炼钢装备,具有二次电压高、二次电流较小、电效率高、功率因数高、电耗低,电极消耗低等优点。近年来,随着高阻抗电弧炉长弧操作的应用,消除电网干扰的研究工作显得越来越重要了。基于高阻抗电弧炉的供电原理,阐述了消除供电电网干扰的一些主要措施,同时将高阻抗电弧炉与普通低阻抗电弧炉的运行数据进行了比较,从而体现出其运行优势。     

300 MW CFB锅炉掺烧小龙潭高灰煤试验分析

介绍了小龙潭高灰煤在300 MW CFB锅炉上进行的掺烧试验,对锅炉运行的影响,并进行了较为深入的原因分析,并就掺烧对锅炉运行的影响进行原因分析.制定相应的技术措施,很好的解决了掺烧过程中的一些故障,有利于小龙潭高灰煤的正常连续掺烧.掺烧小龙潭高灰煤还可以减少优质煤的消耗量,符合国家节能减排政策.     

液力耦合器高油温的成因分析及解决方案

针对某核电站电动给水泵液力耦合器在调试运行中出现润滑油和工作油油温过高的问题,进行了现场勘查、检查和分析。发现造成油温过高的原因是液力耦合器运行工况偏离设计工况,高温的工作油部分溢流到润滑油箱所致,通过调整泵组启动运行工况,缩短启动时间、调整耦合器环流阀及工作油压等措施,使该问题得以顺利解决。     

高阻抗电弧炉的电弧稳定性

近年来,随着高阻抗电弧炉长弧操作的运行和泡沫渣的实践,关于电弧稳定性的研究工作显得越来越重要了.影响电弧稳定的最重要因素是运行电抗,因此定量地讨论了运行电抗有关问题.介绍了提高电弧稳定性的主要措施.最后,给出了电弧稳定性判据.     

高参数汽轮机高调门内流动失稳故障的一种经济性解决方法

目前,规模化随机波动不确定性新能源电源的并网进一步增大了电网的峰谷差,使得越来越多的高参数大功率火电机组不得不参与调峰。然而,部分负荷进汽方式极大影响着调峰机组的安全高效运行。本文针对高参数汽轮机高调门局部进汽时由于设计缺陷引发汽流流动失稳故障,基于理论分析和试验测试提出了一种基于高调门局部进汽策略设计的经济性解决方法,避免了直接停机更换高调门阀体部件或者直接切换至全周进汽方式运行等现场常用的根本性解决措施所带来的各种损失。最后,通过对几台机组进行实际改造的效果验证了该方法的有效性和实用性。这对提高大功率火电机组深度变负荷运行时的安全高效性具有极大的工程实践价值。     

降低柴油机排放污染物的措施

介绍了几项降低柴油机排放的实用措施及其原理、应用中应该注意的事项、相互影响的关系，并通过部分试验数据对相关措施进行了验证。     

不等壁厚锅筒加工过程防变形工艺措施探讨

介绍焊接变形的分类和控制焊接变形的工艺措施,结合某锅炉制造过程,证明该锅筒防变形工艺措施是有效的和正确的.     

Actual interaction effects between policy measures for energy efficiency—A qualitative matrix method and quantitative simulation results for households

Starting from the conditions for a successful implementation of saving options, a general framework was developed to investigate possible interaction effects in sets of energy policy measures. Interaction regards the influence of one measure on the energy saving effect of another measure. The method delivers a matrix for all combinations of measures, with each cell containing qualitative information on the strength and type of interaction: overlapping, reinforcing, or independent of each other. Results are presented for the set of policy measures on household energy efficiency in the Netherlands for 1990–2003. The second part regards a quantitative analysis of the interaction effects between three major measures: a regulatory energy tax, investment subsidies and regulation of gas use for space heating. Using a detailed bottom-up model, household energy use in the period 1990–2000 was simulated with and without these measures. The results indicate that combinations of two or three policy measures yield 13–30% less effect than the sum of the effects of the separate measures.     

Energy policies for increased industrial energy efficiency: Evaluation of a local energy programme for manufacturing SMEs

The most extensive action targeting the adoption of energy efficiency measures in small- and medium-sized manufacturing industries in Sweden over the past 15 years was project Highland. This paper presents an evaluation of the first part of this local industrial energy programme, which shows an adoption rate of more than 40% when both measures that have already been implemented and measures that are planned to be implemented are included. A comparison between this programme and another major ongoing programme for the Swedish energy-intensive industry indicates that the approach used in project Highland aimed at small- and medium-sized industries is an effective way to increase energy efficiency in the Swedish industry. The major barriers to energy efficiency among the firms were related to the low priority of the energy efficiency issue.     

Value of electric heat boilers and heat pumps for wind power integration

The paper analyses the economic value of using electric heat boilers and heat pumps as wind power integration measures relieving the link between the heat and power production in combined heat and power plants. Both measures have different technical and economic characteristics, making a comparison of the value of these measures relevant. A stochastic, fundamental bottom‐up model, taking the stochastic nature of wind power production explicitly into account when making dispatch decisions, is used to analyse the technical and economical performance of these measures in a North European power system covering Denmark, Finland, Germany, Norway and Sweden. Introduction of heat pumps or electric boilers is beneficial for the integration of wind power, because the curtailment of wind power production is reduced, the price of regulating power is reduced and the number of hours with very low power prices is reduced, making the wind power production more valuable. The system benefits of heat pumps and electric boilers are connected to replacing heat production on fuel oil heat boilers and combined heat and power (CHP) plants using various fuels with heat production using electricity and thereby saving fuel. The benefits of the measures depend highly on the underlying structure of heat production. The integration measures are economical, especially in systems where the marginal heat production costs before the introduction of the heat measures are high, e.g. heat production on heat boilers using fuel oil. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Uncertainty quantification of CO2 emission reduction for maritime shipping

The International Maritime Organization (IMO) has recently proposed several operational and technical measures to improve shipping efficiency and reduce the greenhouse gases (GHG) emissions. The abatement potentials estimated for these measures have been further used by many organizations to project future GHG emission reductions and plot Marginal Abatement Cost Curves (MACC). However, the abatement potentials estimated for many of these measures can be highly uncertain as many of these measures are new, with limited sea trial information. Furthermore, the abatements obtained are highly dependent on ocean conditions, trading routes and sailing patterns. When the estimated abatement potentials are used for projections, these ‘input’ uncertainties are often not clearly displayed or accounted for, which can lead to overly optimistic or pessimistic outlooks. In this paper, we propose a methodology to systematically quantify and account for these input uncertainties on the overall abatement potential forecasts. We further propose improvements to MACCs to better reflect the uncertainties in marginal abatement costs and total emissions. This approach provides a fuller and more accurate picture of abatement forecasts and potential reductions achievable, and will be useful to policy makers and decision makers in the shipping industry to better assess the cost effective measures for CO₂ emission reduction.     

Assessment of mitigation options for Slovakia''s energy sector

The paper presents a brief overview of measures that have been implemented in the Slovak Republic that have the effect of reducing greenhouse gas emissions, and of analyses of the potential impact of various other mitigation options in the energy sector. The results indicate that the country could achieve considerable emissions reduction in 2005 relative to the 1990 level, depending on the measures applied. Scenarios of future emissions assuming different degree of implementation of mitigation options are presented for the various sectors. Based on the analyses and modelling, the most effective measures are identified as follows: (i) increase in boilers' effectiveness; fuel switch (as a consequence of emission limit implementation); deregulation of heat price while keeping fuel and electricity price regulated; maintain level of electricity production from nuclear power plants; and continuous casting and combined cycle implementation in VSZ Kosice enterprises. In closing, the paper discusses the barriers to implementation of mitigation measures.     

联合循环汽轮机高压汽缸的设计

根据联合循环汽轮机快速启停的要求 ,文章从汽缸法兰、壁厚、内外缸定位、辅助装置以及有限元强度分析等方面介绍了汽缸设计的特点和措施 ,并在汽轮机投入商业运行中证实这些技术措施是有效的。     

Red light for Green Paper: The EU policy on energy efficiency

The EU Green Paper on energy efficiency calls for action to decrease energy use and thus achieve increased competitiveness, fulfil the environmental targets and increase security of supply. In this comment, we examine the role the EU Commission suggest that energy efficiency, and policies supporting energy efficiency, takes. The policies and the suggestions are qualitatively elaborated upon in the light of the goal of a common European electricity market. We suggest that the rationales for the energy efficiency measures are weak, and that the suggested goals of increased competitiveness, environmental targets, and security of supply are best reached with the direct measures especially designed for each goal. Some of the energy efficiency measures may counter-act other direct policies. Further, The Green Paper measures may prove detrimental to the European Electricity market insofar as the policies suggested could lead to a policy fatigue among the electricity consumers.     

Structural load mitigation control for wind turbines: A new performance measure

Structural loads of wind turbines are becoming critical because of the growing size of wind turbines in combination with the required dynamic output demands. Wind turbine tower and blades are therefore affected by structural loads. To mitigate the loads while maintaining other desired conditions such as the optimization of power generated or the regulation of rotor speed, advanced control schemes have been developed during the last decade. However, conflict and trade‐off between structural load reduction capacity of the controllers and other goals arise; when trying to reduce the structural loads, the power production or regulation performance may be also reduced. Suitable measures are needed when designing controllers to evaluate the control performance with respect to the conflicting control goals. Existing measures for structural loads only consider the loads without referring to the relationship between loads and other control performance aspects. In this contribution, the conflicts are clearly defined and expressed to evaluate the effectiveness of control methods by introducing novel measures. New measures considering structural loads, power production, and regulation to prove the control performance and to formulate criteria for controller design are proposed. The proposed measures allow graphical illustration and numerical criteria describing conflicting control goals and the relationship between goals. Two control approaches for wind turbines, PI and observer‐based state feedback, are defined and used to illustrate and to compare the newly introduced measures. The results are obtained by simulation using Fatigue, Aerodynamics, Structures, and Turbulence (FAST) tool, developed by the National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL), USA.