Nondestructive Spectroscopic and Imaging Techniques for Quality Evaluation and Assessment of Fish and Fish Products

Nowadays, people have increasingly realized the importance of acquiring high quality and nutritional values of fish and fish products in their daily diet. Quality evaluation and assessment are always expected and conducted by using rapid and nondestructive methods in order to satisfy both producers and consumers. During the past two decades, spectroscopic and imaging techniques have been developed to nondestructively estimate and measure quality attributes of fish and fish products. Among these noninvasive methods, visible/near-infrared (VIS/NIR) spectroscopy, computer/machine vision, and hyperspectral imaging have been regarded as powerful and effective analytical tools for fish quality analysis and control. VIS/NIR spectroscopy has been widely applied to determine intrinsic quality characteristics of fish samples, such as moisture, protein, fat, and salt. Computer/machine vision on the other hand mainly focuses on the estimation of external features like color, weight, size, and surface defects. Recently, by incorporating both spectroscopy and imaging techniques in one system, hyperspectral imaging cannot only measure the contents of different quality attributes simultaneously, but also obtain the spatial distribution of such attributes when the quality of fish samples are evaluated and measured. This paper systematically reviews the research advances of these three nondestructive optical techniques in the application of fish quality evaluation and determination and discuss future trends in the developments of nondestructive technologies for further quality characterization in fish and fish products.     

纳米卟啉在鱼新鲜度检测方面的应用

鱼类因其高蛋白、高水分活度的特点,极易发生腐败变质。变质后不仅使风味变差,还可能引起食物中毒而危及生命安全。因此,新鲜度则成为检测鱼质量的一个重要指标。本文主要综述了卟啉及其衍生物的结构性质、纳米卟啉的制备和性质及纳米卟啉在鱼新鲜度检测方面的应用。鱼新鲜度的检测方法包括化学指标检测法、感官评价法、物理检测法、微生物检测法等传统检测方法和仿生技术法、光谱法、生物阻抗法、电导法、生物技术法等新型检测方法。利用纳米卟啉来检测鱼新鲜度具有灵敏度高、成本低廉、检测过程方便快速等优点,在鱼新鲜度快速无损检测中将发挥巨大的作用。而纳米卟啉材料因其特殊的物理、化学性质,成为更具应用价值的气敏材料。     

Recent Applications of Spectroscopic and Hyperspectral Imaging Techniques with Chemometric Analysis for Rapid Inspection of Microbial Spoilage in Muscle Foods

Muscle food is one of the most perishable food products because of its vulnerability to microbial spoilage, which can result in critical food safety problems. Traditional techniques for detection and evaluation of microbial spoilage in muscle foods are tedious, laborious, destructive, and time‐consuming. In recent years, spectroscopic and imaging technologies have shown great potentials for the assessment of food quality and safety due to their nondestructive, noninvasive, cost‐effective, and rapid responsive nature. This review focuses on the applications of several valuable spectroscopic techniques including visible and near‐infrared spectroscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, fluorescence spectroscopy, Raman spectroscopy, and hyperspectral imaging for the rapid and nondestructive detection of microbial spoilage in common muscle foods such as meat, poultry, fish, and related products. Combined with chemometric analysis, such as spectral preprocessing and modeling methods, these potential technologies have been successfully developed for the determination of total viable count, aerobic plate count, Enterobacteriaceae, Pseudomonas, Escherichia coli, and lactic acid bacteria loads in muscle foods. Moreover, the advantages and disadvantages of these techniques are discussed and some perspectives about future trends are also presented.     

Texture and Structure Measurements and Analyses for Evaluation of Fish and Fillet Freshness Quality: A Review

Recently, food safety and quality have become critical issues of great concern throughout the world. Fish is one of the most vulnerable and perishable aquatic products. The evaluation of fish and fillet freshness is therefore very significant in research and development for providing premium and supreme quality for human health and acceptance by consumers, as well as for international trade. The texture and structure of fish muscle are important freshness quality attributes that depend on several parameters such as hardness, cohesiveness, springiness, chewiness, resilience, and adhesiveness, as well as the internal cross‐linking of connective tissue and the detachment of fibers. This review aims to present recent advances of texture and structure measurements and analyses, including sensory evaluation and instrumental methods, for indicating and evaluating fish freshness quality. Factors affecting these measurements are detailed and correlations between texture and structure are discussed. Moreover, the limitations and challenges of fish texture and structure measurements are described and some viewpoints about current work and future trends are also presented.     

Evaluation of the bacteriological quality of seafood.

Bacteria largely determine the quality of fresh and lightly preserved fish products. This paper surveys traditional and rapid methods for estimation of bacterial levels in seafood. The use of traditional agar techniques is discussed with reference to development of substrates and procedures suited for fish and fish products. This includes estimation of the bacteria specifically involved in the spoilage process. During the last decade, several microbiological rapid methods or principles (DEFT, microcolonies, Limulus lysate, ATP, conductance, microcalorimetry, reduction of trimethylamine oxide (TMAO)) have been suggested for estimating the bacteriological quality of seafoods. A brief survey of these methods and the results obtained is given. Preliminary results on development of poly- and monoclonal antibodies against Shewanella putrefaciens are mentioned. Future research may involve the development of DNA-probes against genes coding for specific spoilage reactions.     

鱼体新鲜度快速检测技术的研究进展

鱼类及其制品因营养价值高,近年来消费量急剧上升。但是,由于鱼体中含有大量的水分,鱼类组织的脆弱性以及酶和微生物的作用,使得鱼类及其制品易于腐败,造成鱼体品质迅速下降。因此,能快速有效地检测鱼体新鲜度对现代食品工业具有重要意义。本文综述了鱼体新鲜度快速检测技术的原理和应用,包括生物传感器技术(电化学生物传感器、酶生物传感器),感官仿生技术(电子鼻、电子舌、比色传感器阵列、计算机视觉技术)和光谱技术(可见/近红外光谱、高光谱、荧光光谱),总结了其优缺点,并对今后鱼体新鲜度快速检测技术的研究重点和发展趋势做出展望。     

Water holding properties of Atlantic salmon

With global seafood production increasing to feed the rising population, there is a need to produce fish and fishery products of high quality and freshness. Water holding properties, including drip loss (DL) and water holding capacity (WHC), are important parameters in determining fish quality as they affect functional properties of muscles such as juiciness and texture. This review focuses on the water holding properties of Atlantic salmon and evaluates the methods used to measure them. The pre- and postmortem factors and how processing and preservation methods influence water holding properties and their correlations to other quality parameters are reviewed. In addition, the possibility of using modelling is explained. Several methods are available to measure WHC. The most prevalent method is the centrifugation method, but other non-invasive and cost-effective approaches are increasingly preferred. The advantages and disadvantages of these methods and future trends are evaluated. Due to the diversity of methods, results from previous research are relative and cannot be directly compared unless the same method is used with the same conditions.     

Nondestructive and Rapid Assessment of Intact Tomato Freshness and Lycopene Content Based on a Miniaturized Raman Spectroscopic System and Colorimetry

Tomatoes and tomato-related products are associated with many health benefits and disease risk reduction. This work was to explore the use of a miniaturized Raman spectroscopic system for rapid and nondestructive quality assessment of intact tomatoes. Combined with colorimetry and spectrophotometry methods, surface color and lycopene content of intact tomatoes were measured as references. The ratio of two chromaticity indices a*/b* of tomato surface increased when their freshness declined; the correlation coefficient (r) of the second-order polynomial curve-fitting was 0.908. The freshness discriminant model developed on Raman spectra gave a correctness of 85.6 %. The quantitative models performed poorly for predicting lycopene content based on Raman spectra. From the results obtained, it can be concluded that the established miniaturized Raman spectroscopic system was feasible for assessing the freshness of intact tomatoes. However, it is difficult to predict the lycopene content accurately.     

鱼产品掺假鉴别技术研究进展

由于水产品种类多、消费量大,近缘关系之间的物种品质和价格差距悬殊,导致水产品掺假以及错贴标签等欺诈现象层出不穷,损害了消费者的利益甚至健康。传统的感官识别方法具有一定的局限性,因此需要建立快速、准确的水产品鉴别方法。本文总结了常见的几类易掺假的鱼肉及鱼产品,并综述了水产品掺假鉴别技术。掺假鉴别技术主要分为无损检测技术、蛋白质分析技术和核酸分析技术三大类,包括光谱、质谱、酶联免疫吸附测定和聚合酶链式反应等。本文概括了水产品掺假鉴别技术的应用与特点,深入探讨了其发展趋势,期望为水产品掺假鉴别提供技术参考。     

Recent Advances in Methods and Techniques for Freshness Quality Determination and Evaluation of Fish and Fish Fillets: A Review

The freshness quality of fish plays an important role in human health and the acceptance of consumers as well as in international fishery trade. Recently, with food safety becoming a critical issue of great concern in the world, determination and evaluation of fish freshness is much more significant in research and development. This review renovates and concentrates recent advances of evaluating methods for fish freshness as affected by preharvest and postharvest factors and highlights the determination methods for fish freshness including sensory evaluation, microbial inspection, chemical measurements of moisture content, volatile compounds, protein changes, lipid oxidation, and adenosine triphosphate (ATP) decomposition (K value), physical measurements, and foreign material contamination detection. Moreover, the advantages and disadvantages of these methods and techniques are compared and discussed and some viewpoints about the current work and future trends are also presented.     

Critical assessment of formulation,processing and storage conditions on the quality of alveolar baked products determined by different analytical techniques: A review

BackgroundSensorial, nutritional and microbiological deteriorations of alveolar bakeries are mostly hazardous for producers that are threatened by the loss of consumers’ confidence and market shares. These alterations induce loss of the freshness, which is the first feature of purchasing. Hence, monitoring the quality of baked products has been determined by using different analytical techniques (e.g., rheology, chromatography, sensory analyses, etc.). To date, these tools are used as reference ones, but, they come under criticism due to their destructive and sophisticated aspects. Therefore, many newest techniques have been investigated in order to provide reliable data in a short time and a cheap way without the need of samples preparation.Scope and approachThis review will discuss firstly the techno-functional properties of the lipid component in the formulation of alveolar products and attempts of its reduction and/or substitution. Then, the optimization of bakeries processing will be presented. The macroscopic and molecular techniques commonly used for monitoring quality, freshness and alteration of the alveolar products are finally reviewed.Key findings and conclusionsThe potentialities of vegetable oils combined with fibers to reduce the saturated fatty acids content in recipe are highlighted. This review provides also a comprehensive approach for the optimization of alveolar goods processing in order to maintain the nutritional quality of the final product. Regarding quality and freshness control, this review emphasizes the complementarity between traditional methods and innovative ones, including spectroscopic techniques in combination with chemometric tools for understanding the molecular and macroscopic structure of alveolar baked products.     

Multisensor for fish quality determination

The European fish industry is still reluctant to implement methods other than sensory to monitor freshness and quality of fish products, although general concensus exists about the importance of various quality attributes and the need for methods to monitor quality. The objective of the project FAIR CT98-4076 (MUSTEC) was to evaluate several physico-chemical techniques and to integrate their outputs into a more robust estimate of the freshness quality of fish. The techniques used for this multisensor approach were based on visible light spectroscopy, electrical properties, image analysis, colour, electronic noses and texture. Combining the outputs of the instrumental techniques and calibrating them with sensory scores of Quality Index Method (QIM) for attributes like appearance, smell and texture, gives an Artificial Quality Index (AQI) that can be as accurate and precise as the QIM sensory score. The outcome provides a basis for the construction and industrial exploitation of multi-sensor-devices for defining the quality of fish.     

Implementation of quality control methods (physico-chemical, microbiological and sensory) in conjunction with multivariate analysis towards fish authenticity

Nowadays authenticity of foods and fish in particular has become of crucial importance because of high number of adulteration cases. Authenticity control has gained ground thanks to the development of several rapid physico‐chemical and microbiological methods aiming at distinguishing one species from another based on solid scientific evidence. It has been proven that despite the precision and accuracy of robust analytical and protein and DNA‐based techniques, detection of authenticity could not be claimed without resorting to multivariate analysis. This review summarizes both the most advanced and state of the art used techniques for detecting fish and seafood authenticity (both in terms of species and geographical origin). Another issue reported in this review is the preservation of fish and seafood through the implementation of old and novel techniques (ice, modified atmosphere packaging). Several informative tables were included in this paper referring to the employed quality control and sensory analysis methods and multivariate analysis for fish and seafood.     

高光谱成像在鱼肉品质无损检测中的研究进展

高光谱成像（hyperspectral imaging,HSI）技术作为一种无损、快速、准确的绿色分析技术在水产品品质检测方面得到了广泛应用。集图像与光谱技术优势于一体,HSI技术可同时检测实验样品的物理和几何特征（颜色、大小、形状和质地等）,还可以提供内部组成成分的化学和分子信息（水分、脂肪、蛋白及其他氢键物质）。本文主要综述了HSI技术在鱼肉品质快速检测方面的最新研究进展,主要涉及到鱼肉的化学组成、物理属性、微生物污染以及新鲜度等四大方面。同时对HSI技术在鱼肉检测中的应用研究进行了展望,以期开发适用于不同检测要求的在线HSI设备。     

Fish Quality Index Method: Principles,weaknesses, validation,and alternatives—A review

Fish is a high nutritional value matrix of which production and consumption have been increasing in the last years. Advancements in the efficient evaluation of freshness are essential to optimize the quality assessment, to improve consumer safety, and to reduce raw material losses. Therefore, it is necessary to use rapid, nondestructive, and objective methodologies to evaluate the quality of this matrix. Quality Index Method (QIM) is a tool applied to indicate fish freshness through a sensory evaluation performed by a group of assessors. However, the use of QIM as an official method for quality assessment is limited by the protocol, sampling size, specificities of the species, storage conditions, and assessor's experience, which make this method subjective. Also, QIM may present divergences regarding the development of microorganisms and chemical analysis. In this way, novel quality evaluation methods such as electronic noses, electronic tongues, machine vision system, and colorimetric sensors have been proposed, and novel technologies such as proteomics and mitochondrial analysis have been developed. In this review, the weaknesses of QIM were exposed, and novel methodologies for quality evaluation were presented. The consolidation of these novel methodologies and their use as methods of quality assessment are an alternative to sensory methods, and their understanding enables a more effective fish quality control.     

无损检测技术在鱼类及其产品监测中的应用

鱼类及其产品的质量安全深受消费者关注,然而鱼肉在加工运输贮藏阶段易发生品质上的变化,因而对鱼类及其产品的质量安全监控显得十分重要。无损检测技术依据鱼类及其产品的光谱学特性、声学特性及电磁学特性,可以高效无损地实时监控鱼类及其产品的质量安全。现阶段,国外发达国家已将无损检测技术应用到工业化检测并取得了较好的结果。     

Emerging techniques for determining the quality and safety of tea products: A review

Spectroscopic techniques, electrochemical methods, nanozymes, computer vision, and modified chromatographic techniques are the emerging techniques for determining the quality and safety parameters (e.g., physical, chemical, microbiological, and classified parameters, as well as inorganic and organic contaminants) of tea products (such as fresh tea leaves, commercial tea, tea beverage, tea powder, and tea bakery products) effectively. By simplifying the sample preparation, speeding up the detection process, reducing the interference of other substances contained in the sample, and improving the sensitivity and accuracy of the current standard techniques, the abovementioned emerging techniques achieve rapid, cost‐effective, and nondestructive or slightly destructive determination of tea products, with some of them providing real‐time detection results. Applying these emerging techniques in the whole industry of tea product processing, right from the picking of fresh tea leaves, fermentation of tea leaves, to the sensory evaluation of commercial tea, as well as developing portable devices for real‐time and on‐site determination of classified and safety parameters (e.g., the geographical origin, grade, and content of contaminants) will not only eliminate the strong dependence on professionals but also help mechanize the production of tea products, which deserves further research. Conducting a review on the application of spectroscopic techniques, electrochemical methods, nanozymes, computer vision, and modifications of chromatographic techniques for quality and safety determination of tea products may serve as guide for other types of foods and beverages, offering potential techniques for their detection and evaluation, which would promote the development of the food industry.     

Comparison of Visible–Near Infrared and Short Wave Infrared hyperspectral imaging for the evaluation of rainbow trout freshness

The freshness of rainbow trout is one of the most important quality parameters to attract customers. Common methods to detect fish freshness are usually subjective to the skill of a quality evaluator and are time consuming and destructive. Therefore, an automatic, nondestructive, accurate and quick method is needed. Hyperspectral imaging has demonstrated its efficiency in the meat and fish industries for quality control purposes. This method is nondestructive, fast and automatic. In this study, two setups for hyperspectral imaging named “Visible–Near Infrared” (Vis–NIR) and “Short Wave Infrared” (SWIR) are used to determine fish freshness. Eighty fresh rainbow trouts were divided into four batches which were separately preserved in ice for 1, 3, 5 and 7 days, respectively. Principle Component Analysis (PCA) and Partial Least Squares-Discriminate Analysis (PLS-DA) were used as unsupervised and supervised techniques for the evaluation of rainbow trout freshness. Results obtained by PCA technique indicated that four classes of samples can be detected using the Vis–NIR mean spectrum by applying a second derivative (D2) preprocessing method. The R_CV² and R_Pre with D2 preprocessing were 0.97 and 0.98 for Vis–NIR and 0.84 and 0.67 for SWIR, respectively. The corresponding values of RMSE_CV and RMSE_Pre were 0.16 and 0.14 in Vis–NIR and 0.44 and 0.76 in SWIR, respectively. Classification model achieved an overall correct classification of 100% and 75% for Vis–NIR and SWIR, respectively. The obtained results using both PCA and PLS-DA methods indicated that the Vis–NIR imaging system performs better than SWIR. Among all applied preprocessing techniques, the second derivative preprocessing achieved the best performance.     

基于HACCP的海产品供应链冷链物流 质量安全控制

目的针对海产品供应链冷链物流质量安全控制难点,应用HACCP体系,以鱼贝类海产品为例,制定HACCP危害分析表和实施计划表。方法从养殖及捕捞、清洗整理、海产品冷却、冷冻储存及运输、加工、搬运和装卸等各个环节进行全过程控制。从生物性污染、化学性污染和物理性污染3个方面确定出鱼贝类供应链冷链物流中的关键控制点和关键限值,主要监控致病菌、重金属、化学药物残留等因素。结果从监控对象、方法、频率、人员方面建立具体监控措施、纠偏措施及验证方法,并制定鱼贝类海产品较详细的危害分析表和实施计划表。结论本研究为其他水产品的供应链冷链物流HACCP质量控制体系的建立提供案例,确保海产品冷链物流中的质量安全,为阳江市海产品企业在冷链物流中的质量安全体系控制提供参考。     

固相微萃取-气质联用分析方法评价 水产品鲜度研究进展

鲜度是影响水产品品质的重要因素。鲜度评价对水产品加工、储运及安全都具有重要意义。固相微萃取-气质联用方法是一种快速方便检测食品挥发性物质的方法。此方法已经被应用于一些水产品如鳕鱼、鲅鱼、金枪鱼、鲈鱼等挥发性物质检测及鲜度评价中。该方法具有客观、快速、方便的特点。本文就目前该分析方法在水产品鲜度评价中的原理、应用及前景作一简要综述。