Impact of 100% Fruit Juice Consumption on Diet and Weight Status of Children: An Evidence-based Review

Consumption of 100% fruit juice remains controversial for its potential adverse impact on weight and displacement of essential foods in the diets of children. A systematic review of the literature published from 1995–2013 was conducted using the PubMed database to evaluate associations between intake of 100% fruit juice and weight/adiposity and nutrient intake/adequacy among children of 1 to 18 years of age. Weight status outcome measures included body mass index (BMI), BMI z-score, ponderal index, obesity, weight gain, adiposity measures, and body composition. Nutrient outcome measures included intake and adequacy of shortfall nutrients. Data extraction and analysis was conducted according to the Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics Evidence Analysis Process. Twenty-two studies on weight status provided evidence that did not support an association between 100% fruit juice consumption and weight/adiposity in children after controlling for energy intake. Limited evidence from eight studies suggests that children consuming 100% fruit juice have higher intake and adequacy of dietary fiber, vitamin C, magnesium, and potassium. Differences in methodology and study designs preclude causal determination of 100% fruit juice as sole influencer of weight status or nutrient intake/adequacy of shortfall nutrients. In context of a healthy dietary pattern, evidence suggests that consumption of 100% fruit juice may provide beneficial nutrients without contributing to pediatric obesity.     

Critical evaluation of the extrapolation of data relative to antioxidant function from the laboratory and their implications on food production and human health: a review

The use of the word ‘antioxidant’ has become widespread in food science, nutrition and consumer language, having become associated with potential health benefits linked to consuming sources of antioxidants in our food supply. However, there is significant doubt about direct antioxidant effects on human health. This may partly relate to methodology used for assessing functionality and activity (both in food matrices and in human health) as well as how data is extrapolated with respect to health based on laboratory analyses. In this review, the purpose and impact of antioxidants in food systems and on human health will be discussed, along with highlighting the best current methodology for analysing antioxidant effects. Consideration will also be made with respect to recommendations of how antioxidant activity should be reported, with a focus on being both scientifically accurate as well as minimising the risk of unwarranted extrapolations of benefits which might mislead end consumers.