隐蔽型真菌毒素的形成及降解方法的研究进展

真菌毒素广泛分布于霉变的或受霉菌污染的粮食、谷物、饲料中,对人类和家畜健康造成严重威胁。植物和微生物可以降解真菌毒素为弱毒性的毒素,但是这种降解并不彻底,隐蔽型的真菌毒素依然存在于植物体内或环境中。本文主要从真菌毒素的分布及危害、植物生长和储存过程中降解真菌毒素的不完全性、微生物转化或降解真菌毒素形成“隐蔽型真菌毒素”、隐蔽型真菌毒素降解过程这四个方面进行论述,希望为今后真菌毒素的完全降解研究提供参考。     

QuEChERS结合高效液相色谱-串联质谱法测定粮谷中16种真菌毒素

建立了QuEChERS结合高效液相色谱-串联质谱仪(HPLC-MS/MS)同时测定粮谷中16种真菌毒素残留量的方法,样品经乙腈-水-乙酸(84∶15∶1,v/v)溶液超声提取,提取液采用C18、MgSO4净化,净化液过0.22μm微孔滤膜,用HPLC-MS/MS分析检测。Acquity UPLC BEH C18柱为分析柱,甲醇/乙腈(4+6)-0.1%甲酸水溶液为流动相进行梯度洗脱,采用电喷雾正负离子(ESI+、ESI-)模式同时电离,多反应监测(MRM)模式检测,外标法定量。结果表明,16种真菌在相应的浓度范围内线性关系良好(相关系数r2>0.995),方法定量限为0.3~3.5μg/kg,在低、中、高3个不同浓度的添加水平下,平均回收率为90.6%~106.5%,相对标准偏差≤8.8%(n=6),满足日常检测要求。该方法前处理简单,测定快速、准确,灵敏度高,适用于粮谷中16种真菌毒素残留的定性和定量分析。     

真菌毒素在赤霉病小麦研磨及其湿法加工中的分布研究

小麦赤霉病不仅会导致粮食减产,更会引起多种真菌毒素的高污染风险。将染病小麦进行实验室制粉并湿法分离统粉中的粗淀粉、谷朊粉,采用酶联免疫吸附测定法(Enzyme-Linked Immuno Sorbent Assay,ELISA)测定各系统的呕吐毒素(Deoxynivalenol,DON)、黄曲霉毒素B1(Aflatoxin B1,AFB1)、玉米赤霉烯酮(Zearalenone,ZEN)以及赭曲霉毒素A(Ochratoxin A,OTA)的含量,以探究赤霉病小麦在制粉及其湿法加工中四种常见真菌毒素的分布变化规律。结果显示:研磨制粉及湿法加工对真菌毒素的分布影响显著。制粉加工后,皮磨和心磨系统粉的DON、AFB1、ZEN和OTA含量比原粮显著降低,降低率分别为1.38~16.24%、20.47~71.77%及26.71~69.51%;湿法加工产物中,DON消减为相应统粉的4.88~12.11%,AFB1与OTA浓缩富集,富集率分别可达统粉的2.55、3.65倍,粗淀粉中ZEN消减为统粉的12.70~15.83%,谷朊粉则富集为统粉的4.11倍。研究表明,在工业生产中,可根据赤霉病小麦的感染类型及程度,适当选用研磨或湿法加工等合适的方法加工处理。     

Risk Assessment of Mycotoxins and Predictive Mycology in Sri Lankan Spices: Chilli and Pepper

This research contributes to a better understanding of the mycotoxin problem associated with two important spices in world trade;, chilli and pepper by a multidisciplinary approach including analytical chemistry, risk assessment, food chemistry and predictive mycology. More specifically, this work provides important insights in mycotoxin contamination of these spices and associated risks in Sri Lanka. Firstly, a simple extraction method based on the QuEChERS approach was developed and successfully validated for the simultaneous determination of multiple mycotoxins using an advanced chromatographic technique, LC-MS/MS. The method was applied on complex spices for quantitative screening of seventeen mycotoxins. In addition to the classical aflatoxins and ochratoxin A, the spices were also found to be contaminated with several other toxicologically significant mycotoxins. Chilli samples (87%) were more frequently contaminated with mycotoxins than peppers (65%). Subsequently, the mycotoxins screening results and the collected consumption data were integrated in a quantitative risk assessment study. The results showed that AFB1 exposure via chilli consumption is of a public health concern in Sri Lanka, pepper is of lesser extent a risk due to the lower consumption. The toxigenic mould characterization in black peppers showed that Aspergillus flavus and/or Aspergillus parasiticus were the predominant moulds (73%) found, with considerable contamination (60%) of Penicillium spp. and A. niger. Furthermore, predictive mould growth models on peppercorns were developed at three temperatures and seven water activity levels for both A. flavus and A. parasiticus isolates. Based on the research, suitable storage conditions for black peppercorns were suggested and the way forward in managing the risk towards mycotoxins posed by the consumption of these two spices in Sri Lanka.     

中国及欧盟粮油食品真菌毒素限量及减控措施对比

粮油食品质量安全关系到国计民生。目前,真菌毒素已成为威胁粮油食品质量安全的主要风险。欧盟的限量标准以严格著称。近几年,我国农产品出口欧盟最大阻碍之一为真菌毒素超标。本文对中国和欧盟真菌毒素限量标准的真菌毒素种类、食品分类及限量进行梳理,发现欧盟有限量标准的真菌毒素种类多于我国,并且欧盟在制定限量的过程中,考虑的因素比较全面,包括了食品品类、加工工艺以及食用人群等,限量有严有松,在保障食品安全的同时,也充分考虑了生产企业等的利益,通过对这些差异的分析,本文为我国现有的粮油食品质量安全标准的制修订提供了建议。在真菌毒素防控措施方面,本文充分对比了相关标准的相同点及差异点,并提出了进一步提高中小型粮油企业自检等建议,为推动中欧标准体系协同提供参考。     

New combined treatment of hypermelanosis: analytical studies on efficacy and stability improvement

The aim of this work was to evaluate the synergy between different lightening agents when associated; depigmenting activity was tested in vitro by monitoring the appearance of dopachrome, an intermediate in the melanogenesis process. The results obtained were compared with the depigmenting activity of each single compound, keeping the same global concentration of inhibitor. Our studies showed that the combination of hydroquinone and kojic acid had a synergistic effect, and that the maximum inhibiting action was achieved with an equimolecular mixture. This result could serve in the cosmetics field to prepare skin-lightening formulations that are less irritant. We also investigated the feasibility of complexing hydroquinone with cyclodextrin and evaluated the effectiveness of the complex obtained in the treatment of hyperpigmentation.     

Filamentous Fungi and Mycotoxins in Cheese: A Review

Important fungi growing on cheese include Penicillium, Aspergillus, Cladosporium, Geotrichum, Mucor, and Trichoderma. For some cheeses, such as Camembert, Roquefort, molds are intentionally added. However, some contaminating or technological fungal species have the potential to produce undesirable metabolites such as mycotoxins. The most hazardous mycotoxins found in cheese, ochratoxin A and aflatoxin M1, are produced by unwanted fungal species either via direct cheese contamination or indirect milk contamination (animal feed contamination), respectively. To date, no human food poisoning cases have been associated with contaminated cheese consumption. However, although some studies state that cheese is an unfavorable matrix for mycotoxin production; these metabolites are actually detected in cheeses at various concentrations. In this context, questions can be raised concerning mycotoxin production in cheese, the biotic and abiotic factors influencing their production, mycotoxin relative toxicity as well as the methods used for detection and quantification. This review emphasizes future challenges that need to be addressed by the scientific community, fungal culture manufacturers, and artisanal and industrial cheese producers.     

低温等离子体在食品中杀灭微生物与降解真菌毒素研究进展

低温等离子体作为一种新型的食品加工处理方法,在提高产品安全性、延长食品保质期方面具有广阔的应用前景。低温等离子体的作用机制决定其可以在低温状态下快速杀灭微生物、降解各类真菌毒素且不会留下任何已知的化学残留物。因此,该文重点概述低温等离子体的作用机理与方式,对微生物和真菌毒素的杀灭与降解效果及作用机制,并总结其在新鲜农产品、液体食品、粮食和肉类等多个产业中杀菌及降解真菌毒素方面的研究进展,以期为现有研究工作提供方法与思路。     

粮油食品中真菌毒素的LC-MS法检测

粮油食品中常见的真菌毒素有:黄曲霉毒素、赭(棕)曲霉毒素、展青霉毒素、玉米赤霉烯酮、串珠镰刀菌毒素及脱氧雪腐镰刀菌烯醇等,因含量较低,用常规方法检测不出来。用LC-MS检测,灵敏度高、前处理比较简单,结果准确可靠,在检测食品中真菌毒素上前景广阔。     

磁性固相萃取技术在食品真菌毒素分析中的应用

真菌毒素常见于食品和各种粮食作物中,具有致癌性、诱变性、致畸性等危害,严重威胁人类和动物的健康.由于真菌毒素在食品基质中存在种类多、浓度低、极性范围广等特点,因此建立快速高效的食品样品前处理方法对真菌毒素的痕量分析十分重要.磁性固相萃取(magnetic solid-phase extraction,MSPE)是一种基...     

Mycotoxins and cyanogenic glycosides in staple foods of three indigenous people of the Colombian Amazon

A study was conducted to determine the incidence and levels of mycotoxins in the main staple foods of three indigenous people of the Colombian Amazon. A total of 20 corn, 24 rice and 59 cassava samples were analysed by a multi-analyte liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry method covering the major classes of mycotoxins. In addition, cassava samples were also analysed for cyanogenic glycosides. The indigenous Amazon communities tested are exposed to potentially carcinogenic mycotoxins (particularly aflatoxins), as well as other mycotoxins, mainly through the intake of locally grown corn. Citrinin content in this corn was unusually high and has not been reported elsewhere. Two cassava samples contained high levels of cyanogenic glycosides. It is strongly recommended not to grow corn in the Amazon but instead purchase it from vendors capable of guaranteeing mycotoxin levels below the maximum allowable concentration in Colombia.     

天然植物成分防控农产品中真菌毒素的研究进展

真菌毒素是真菌生长过程中产生的次生代谢产物,其对农产品的污染直接威胁人类和动物的生命健康。真菌毒素的预防和脱除是实现食品和饲料工业高质量发展亟待解决的关键问题之一。目前研究者采用了多种策略来防控真菌毒素污染避免健康问题和经济损失,包括抑制真菌生长及真菌毒素生成、去除和降解污染农产品中的真菌毒素、降低真菌毒素生物活性等。利用天然植物成分（Natural plant compounds,NPC）防控真菌毒素污染表现出稳定性强、安全性好和抑制效率高等优势,业已成为研究新趋势。本文综述了近年来NPC防控农产品中真菌毒素污染的不同策略,讨论了相应的作用机制,分析了现阶段采用NPC防控真菌毒素的优势和不足,并展望了在食品工业的应用前景,为开发新的真菌毒素防控试剂提供科学参考。     

同位素内标-高效液相色谱-串联质谱法同时测定小麦和玉米中19种真菌毒素

建立高效液相色谱-串联质谱法测定小麦和玉米中19种真菌毒素的检测方法。样品经乙腈∶水∶甲酸(80∶18∶2)溶液提取、离心、浓缩后,以C18色谱柱分离,甲醇-甲酸水溶液为流动相梯度洗脱,采用电喷雾正负离子(ESI+、ESI-)同时电离,多反应监测模式检测,同位素内标法定量。19种真菌毒素在一定含量范围内均具有良好的线性关系(R²≥0.992),定量限范围为0.12～30μg/kg,在低、中、高3个添加浓度水平下的回收率范围为61%～117%,相对标准偏差小于15%(n=6),满足日常检测方法性能要求。本方法操作简便、灵敏度高、重现性好,适用于小麦、玉米等粮食中多种真菌毒素的同时测定。     

QuEChERS-高效液相色谱串联质谱法测定粮谷中20种真菌毒素

建立了QuEChERS(快速、简单、便宜、有效、可靠、安全)-高效液相色谱串联质谱测定粮谷中20种真菌毒素的检测方法。样品经乙腈-水-甲酸(80∶18∶2)混合溶液提取后,使用无水硫酸镁(MgSO₄)、N-丙基乙二胺(PSA)、十八烷基键合硅胶吸附剂(C18)净化以后,取一定体积上清液在40℃水浴条件下氮吹浓缩至干,使用甲醇-水-甲酸(30∶70∶0.1)混合溶液复溶,真菌毒素目标物经C₁₈色谱柱进行洗脱分离,采用多反应监测模式(MRM)检测,外标法进行结果定量。20种真菌毒素在一定范围内均呈现良好的线性关系(R²>0.99),在低、中、高3个浓度水平的平均回收率为61%～118%,相对标准偏差(RSD)为1%～9%(n=6),检出限为0.17～6.67μg/kg,定量限为0.5～20μg/kg,满足GB/T 27404—2008中对实验室质量控制和食品理化检测的要求。     

Yeast cell based feed additives: studies on aflatoxin B1 and zearalenone

Thirty commercially available yeast cell wall products and two reference bentonites were tested for their ability to bind aflatoxin B₁ (AFB1) and zearalenone (ZON) in buffer solutions at pH 3 and pH 6.5 as well as in real gastric juice. For most products, the binding efficacy of AFB1 correlated with the ash content, which was between 2.6 and 89%, and constituted the inorganic non-volatile components, such as mineral clays, of the samples. Samples with smectite as the main ash component showed the highest binding efficacy; yet, a correlation with the content of mannanooligosaccharides (MOS) and β-glucans from yeast cell walls was not observed. Products containing >30% ash showed AFB1 adsorption values >90% at least in one of the investigated media whereas most products with <10% ash did not exceed adsorption rates of 20%. In the case of ZON, adsorption efficiency ranged between 10 and 60%. It tended to be lowest for products with MOS and β-glucan contents <10% and greatest for products with MOS and β-glucan contents >50%. However, there was no general correlation between the adsorption of ZON and the concentration of MOS and β-glucans. Different products of one brand sold in different countries were observed to bind AFB1 to different degrees, which was explained by the difference in ash contents and mineral composition. In the case of ZON, differences in adsorption between products of the same brand were less pronounced.     

The Use and Effects of Lactic Acid Bacteria in Malting and Brewing with Their Relationships to Antifungal Activity,Mycotoxins and Gushing: A Review

Several metabolic properties of lactic acid bacteria (LAB) serve special functions, which directly or indirectly have impact on processes such as improved quality and safety and flavour development in the malting and brewing industry. LAB are widely distributed in nature and in spontaneous fermentations, often they are found to be the dominating microflora resulting in both the inhibition of spoilage bacteria and organisms. This review describes the applications of LAB in malting and brewing. Mycotoxins are naturally occurring toxic secondary metabolites of fungi that may be present in cereals. Several of these mycotoxins have been associated with human and animal diseases and are known to survive the brewing process. LAB have been shown to restrict the growth of the most important toxigenic fungi thereby reducing the formation of these harmful toxins. The occurrence of mycotoxins in cereals is discussed and their effect in beer is reviewed. The main features of this review are: (I) LAB starter cultures in malting and brewing (II) production of acid malt; (III) biological acidification of mash and wort in brewing; (IV) bacteriocins produced by LAB in brewing; (V) LAB and anti‐fungal activity; (VI) mycotoxins in cereals.     

Commonly used UV filter toxicity on biological functions: review of last decade studies

Sunscreens provide broad‐spectrum UV skin protection and contain more often UV filter combinations. Their efficacy reducing skin photo carcinogenesis and photo ageing is widely documented. However, there are many concerns about UV filter safety. Organic UV filters were the first targeted by scientist concerns, as they were showed to trigger skin allergic reactions. Inorganic UV filters were then at the heart of scientist debate especially because of their nanometric size. Over the last years, many studies have been published tending to highlight that organic as well as inorganic UV filters could lead to variable side effects after sunscreen application. However, these studies are still very controversial due to different experimental conditions and models. This review reveals that complementary studies using standardized methods are mandatory before ascertaining that UV filters threaten human health.     

多功能柱净化-超高效液相色谱串联质谱法同时测定水产品中11种真菌毒素

建立了同步测定水产品中黄曲霉毒素B1(AFB1)、黄曲霉毒素B2(AFB2)、黄曲霉毒素G1(AFG1)、黄曲霉毒素G2(AFG2)、黄曲霉毒素M1(AFM1)、赭曲霉毒素A(OTA)、玉米赤霉烯酮(ZEN)、脱氧雪腐镰刀菌烯醇(DON)、3-乙酰基脱氧雪腐镰刀菌烯醇(3-Ac DON)、15-乙酰基脱氧雪腐镰刀菌烯醇(15-Ac DON)、镰刀菌烯酮(Fus-X)等11种真菌毒素的超高效液相色谱-串联质谱分析方法。试样样品以乙腈/水溶液(84+16)提取,Myco Spin 400多功能柱净化,Waters ACQUITY UPLCTM BEH C18柱分离,多反应监测(MRM)模式进行定量与定性分析,外标法定量。结果表明,11种目标物在各自的线性响应范围内线性关系良好,相关系数(r)≥0.9918,定量限(LOQ)为0.1~20.0μg/kg,加标平均回收率(n=3)为62.8%~115.3%,相对标准偏差(RSD)为2.6%~19.0%。该方法前处理简单、净化效果好、灵敏度高、重现性好,适合于水产品中痕量真菌毒素的多残留快速检测。     

消减食品加工过程中的真菌毒素：来自欧洲和东南亚的经验分享（网络首发、推荐阅读）

在世界范围内,由真菌毒素造成的经济损失估计达数十亿美元,给人类和动物带来安全风险。粮食中真菌毒素的预防可以通过食品加工过程中进行真菌毒素的消减处理。在过去几十年里,虽然发表的科技论文中报道了大量真菌毒素防控措施,但实际生产往往需要更容易实施的、简单易行的建议和指导方针。欧洲和东南亚在真菌毒素处理到数据分析、风险评估到污染防控、差异分析到流通途径等方面可以做到相互协作,互相补充。欧洲和东南亚政府及相关行业必须在综合考虑地域、农业系统和不同国家消费者偏好的背景下,寻求平衡食品安全和地区贸易二者关系,协同管控食品供应链。以谷物为例,加工过程包括初级加工（谷物清理和碾磨操作）和二次加工（如烘焙过程中的发酵和烘烤）,欧洲尤其关注烘焙食品安全性及全麦面包生产工艺对呕吐毒素的影响。结合农业、咖啡工业和科学研究人员的专业知识及亚洲咖啡生产者的具体情况,重点关注东南亚地区咖啡中赭曲霉毒素A污染问题。在农场环境中减少真菌毒素的措施给咖啡农民带来了较大的挑战,包括在规范种植农场模式下咖啡生产者和消费者之间社会经济效益和个人行为模式的相关影响因素。随着世界变得更加全球化,食品和饲料供应链也变得日趋复杂,因此,需要制定更全面的策略来确保食品供给及品质安全。