Invited review: Sensory analysis of dairy foods

Sensory quality is the ultimate measure of product quality and success. Sensory analysis comprises a variety of powerful and sensitive tools to measure human responses to foods and other products. Selection of the appropriate test, test conditions, and data analysis result in reproducible, powerful, and relevant results. Appropriate application of these tests enables specific product and consumer insights and interpretation of volatile compound analyses to flavor perception. Trained-panel results differ from dairy judging and grading and one objective of this review is to clearly address and demonstrate the differences. Information on available sensory tests, when and how to use them, and the powerful results that can be obtained is presented.     

葡萄酒香气物质的研究方法进展

香气是葡萄酒的首要感官质量指标,同时也是评价酒质优劣的关键性指标。葡萄酒香气组成非常复杂,受很多因素的影响,但是香气物质的种类和含量对葡萄酒的风味起着决定性作用。在葡萄酒香气物质的研究方法中,仪器分析法可以准确检测和分析葡萄酒中的香气物质组成。感官分析法可以记录葡萄酒对人的主观刺激,包括感官上的感受及精神层面的愉悦。简单介绍了葡萄酒中的香气及呈香物质,重点综述了仪器分析法和感官分析法以及它们在葡萄酒香气物质研究中的应用现状,并对其局限性做出了一定的探讨,最后对国内研究中仪器分析与感官分析的联合应用做出了展望。     

理化分析在酸奶生产工艺中的应用

利用现代理化分析,如测定酸度、持水力等,结合传统感官分析,评价产品的品质,通过正交法优选出产品的最佳发酵工艺参数和配方,为工业化生产提供依据.结果表明,当蔗糖添加量为6%,菌神添加量为0.03 g/L,发酵温度为44℃.发酵时间为6 h时,可生产出气味纯正,酸甜可口的酸奶.     

基于电子舌的鸡肉香精风味改进研究

研究使用食品原料在达到相同风味效果的情况下取代化学的香味物质,运用电子舌采集鸡汤与添加不同物质的鸡肉香精的口感轮廓,得到传感器的响应值,并通过主成分分析(PCA)、统计质量控制分析(SQC)和判别因子分析(DFA)等多元统计方法进行数据分析,建议采用基本配方+小麦蛋白+大蒜粉的配方,建议不添加硫胺素.研究表明电子舌技术可以较好的应用于香精的风味改进.     

小米对浓香型白酒酿造及风格特征的影响

为研究小米在浓香型白酒酿造中的应用,采用传统浓香型白酒酿造工艺以及气相色谱定量分析,通过比较小米和五粮原料白酒中风味成分和香气活性值(odor activity value,OAV),结合感官品评,研究小米白酒的风格特征.结果表明,在相同工艺条件下,使用小米酿造浓香型白酒,发酵顶温高于五粮原料酿造.小米白酒中风味成分总...     

Characterisation of Slovenian honeys on the basis of sensory and physicochemical analysis with a chemometric approach

The purpose of this study was sensory and physicochemical characterisation of Slovenian honeys with a chemometric approach. Honey samples were obtained from the beekeepers in different natural geographical macroregions of Slovenia. The sensory characteristics of the seven main types of Slovenian honeys are described, together with the physicochemical analyses. The average results of electrical conductivity (0.19–1.61 mS cm^?1), pH (4.01–5.51), free acidity (13.3–30.9 meq kg^?1), proline content (317–558 mg kg^?1), protein content (1.70–3.53 g kg^?1), optical rotation (–19.6 to 12.6), phenolic content (44.9–232.5 mg GAE kg^?1) and antioxidant activity [69.6–456.4 μm Fe(II)] show wide variability among analysed honey types. Statistically significant differences were obtained among different honey types, generally lower values of the analysed parameters were determined in the light honeys, as the acacia, linden and multifloral honeys, while the higher values are characteristic for darker honeys, as the chestnut, fir, spruce and forest honeys. Linear discriminant analysis was performed to classify the honey samples according to their botanical origin and proved that physicochemical parameters analysed can provide enough information for the classification and distinction of acacia, linden, multifloral and chestnut honeys, and the group of honeydew honeys (fir, spruce and forest honeys).     

Consumer perceptions of bananas treated with ethylene or allowed to ripen naturally

Consumers evaluated the eating quality and appearance of commercially available (ethylene treated) bananas and bananas which were allowed to ripen naturally (without ethylene). Quantitative measures of sweetness, liking when eaten, ripe taste, softness, flesh yellowness, liking of skin colour and skin yellowness were collected for bananas at three different stages of ripeness as judged by skin colour. Whole and peeled bananas were provided separately. Multivariate analysis of the combined data revealed that consumers discriminate between fruit using liking of skin colour and softness. Consumers like the taste of ripe fruit, but like the appearance of unripe fruit. Consumers were also able to detect that at a certain stage of skin colour ripeness, ethylene treatment results in bananas with flesh ripeness out of phase with skin colour ripeness.     

Correlating instrumental measurements of texture and flavour release with human perception

Attempts to correlate sensory perception with analytical measurement of the physical or chemical properties of a food are widespread in both industry and academia. Reasons for this are discussed, along with some of the techniques employed. The inter‐relationship between instrumental analysis and sensory evaluation in the development and quality control of food products is emphasized. Three examples are drawn from the field of flavour research, where a combination of instrumental and sensory techniques was used for different purposes. Instrumental measures may be used to predict sensory quality within a known design space, provided this has first been validated with appropriate sensory methodology. It is true, however, that a significant correlation between analytical and sensory data does not necessarily imply that a causal relationship exists between the two.     

罐头米饭的感官品质评价模型研究

本论文以16种不同的大米为原料,制成罐头米饭,通过检测大米的理化指标以及对罐头米饭进行感官评价和力学测定,提出了罐头米饭的感官品质评价模型.实验结果表明,大米的胶稠度、蛋白质含量两项指标与罐头米饭的大部分感官指标评价结果呈非常显著的相关性;仪器测定的粘着性与弹性两个指标与多项感官指标评价结果呈正相关.     

可可粉末香精的感官分析及其在食品中的应用

研究了可可粉末香精作为可可粉的代替物在食品中的应用,通过感官分析从整体喜好度、香气、巧克力风味、苦味、口感五个方面对样品进行评价,并通过SPSS软件对所得数据进行方差分析.实验得出可可粉末香精能替代可可粉,同时在感官分析中没有明显差异.试验得出可可粉末香精在不同食品中可可粉的代替量,在水中溶解0.02％可可粉末香精可替代0.25％可可粉：在奶粉和牛奶中0.04％的可可粉末香精可替代0.25％的可可粉;在冰淇淋中0.05％的可可粉末香精可替代0.5％的可可粉;在饼干夹心中0.15％的可可粉末香精可代替2.5％的可可粉末.通过实验可以看出可可粉末香精在不影响产品感官品质的同时能大大降低可可粉的用量,降低产品的成本.     

Implementation of physicochemical and sensory analysis in conjunction with multivariate analysis towards assessing olive oil authentication/adulteration

The authenticity of products labeled as olive oils, and in particular as virgin olive oils, stands for a very important issue both in terms of its health and commercial aspects. In view of the continuously increasing interest in virgin olive oil therapeutic properties, the traditional methods of characterization and physical and sensory analysis were further enriched with more advanced and sophisticated methods such as HPLC-MS, HPLC-GC/C/IRMS, RPLC-GC, DEPT, and CSIA among others. The results of both traditional and "novel" methods were treated both by means of classical multivariate analysis (cluster, principal component, correspondence, canonical, and discriminant) and artificial intelligence methods showing that nowadays the adulteration of virgin olive oil with seed oil is detectable at very low percentages, sometimes even at less than 1%. Furthermore, the detection of geographical origin of olive oil is equally feasible and much more accurate in countries like Italy and Spain where databases of physical/chemical properties exist. However, this geographical origin classification can also be accomplished in the absence of such databases provided that an adequate number of oil samples are used and the parameters studied have "discriminating power."     

Isosweetness concentrations of sucrose and high‐intensity sweeteners and antioxidant activity in white chocolate with functional properties

Healthier food products are an emerging trend in consumer demand. In this context, this study aimed at producing a prebiotic white chocolate with addition of an antioxidant source [goji berry (GB)] and replacement of sucrose by high‐intensity sweeteners (sucralose and rebaudioside A). The ideal sucrose level in white chocolate was determined as 40.46% (w/w). Different concentrations of dried GB (3%, 6% and 9%, w/w) in white chocolate did not affect consumers' preference. The isosweetness concentrations of the sweeteners were 0.05% for sucralose and from 0.10% to 0.16% (w/w) for rebaudioside A in prebiotic white chocolates. However, among the prebiotic chocolates containing GB, sucralose was the best sucrose substitute. The prebiotic white chocolates with GB showed antioxidant activity up to three times higher than the samples without the dried fruit, determined by ferric reducing antioxidant power and oxygen radical absorbance capacity methods. GB contributed to enhancing the nutritional value of white chocolate.     

藤茶感官特征定量描述分析与风味轮构建

采用感官定量描述分析法研究藤茶的感官风味特征,并绘制藤茶风味轮.研究结果表明,经培训的评茶小组确定了藤茶的5个外形描述词、5个汤色描述词、7个香气描述词、10个滋味描述词及其定义,之后通过方差分析(P<0.05)结合主成分分析(贡献率>80％),确定所列的27个藤茶感官描述词均可较好评价藤茶样品的感官品质,结合聚类分析...     

浓香型白酒风味物质与感官评定相关性研究

研究浓香型白酒风味物质与感官评定的相关性。采用气相色谱仪对浓香型白酒风味物质中的24种色谱骨架成分进行分析检测,得到不同等级白酒风味物质的种类和含量;通过建立科学、准确的浓香型基础酒感官评定标准,得到不同等级基础酒的感官评分;通过建立多元回归模型,分析基础酒中24种色谱骨架成分与感官评分之间相关性,得到浓香型基础酒中风味物质与感官评分回归方程;对该模型进行检验,得到的感官评定预测值与感官评定实际值的标准偏差为0.415,基础酒等级正确率为100%,可见该模型在感官评分预测上具有较高的准确性,该模型的建立为浓香型基础酒感官评价提供了较为科学的检验方法,同时也对浓香型成品酒感官评价具有一定的指导意义。     

Correlations of sensory parameters with physicochemical characteristics of Argentinean honeys by multivariate statistical techniques

Honey acceptability is mainly determined by its colour, crystallisation degree and aroma. In the present work, the sensory characteristics and physicochemical parameters of Argentinean honeys from different ecoregions were analysed. Moisture content, Pfund colour, diastase activity, hydroxymethylfurfural content, electrical conductivity, sugar profile and volatile compounds were analytically determined in honey samples, while sensory characteristics (crystal size, fluency score, sweetness, persistence, granularity, crystallisation, colour intensity and aroma) were evaluated by a trained panel. Significant correlations were found between honey crystallisation degree and hydroxymethylfurfural content and diastase activity (P ≤ 0.05). It could be confirmed that honey crystallisation interferes with the visual perception of colour. Floral, fresh fruit, ripe fruit, balsamic and wood aromas could be successfully linked to honey volatile profile (P ≤ 0.05). These results demonstrate that the parameters that could best guarantee the consumers’ preference can be successfully associated with the chemical composition of honey by multivariate statistical analysis.