Effect of chronic consumption of pistachios (Pistacia vera L.) on glucose metabolism in pre-diabetics and type 2 diabetics: A systematic review

Pistachio is a nut with high polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA), monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFA), polyphenols and carotenoids content, and the synergism between these compounds appears to affect glucose metabolism. In this systematic review we analyzed studies in which the effect of chronic consumption of pistachio on markers of glucose metabolism was evaluated in pre-diabetic and type 2 diabetics. We used the PubMed, Scopus, Cochrane and Lilacs databases. The research terms used were pistachio, pre-diabetes, type 2 diabetes mellitus, insulin resistance, blood glucose, hyperglycemia and glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c). Four articles were selected, of which three tested the intake of 50 to 57 g of pistachio/day and one 20% of the daily caloric intake, for a period of 1 to 4 months. Studies reported a decrease in fasting blood glucose, insulinemia, HOMA-IR, and fructosamine, but no change in HbA1c. Lower concentrations of miR-192 and miR-375 were also found, which correlated positively with HOMA-IR. The synergism between PUFA, MUFA, polyphenols and carotenoids present in pistachios can modulate specific miRNA, increasing insulin sensitivity through the PI3K-AKT signaling pathway. This modulation can be used as a tool to monitor the response to interventions, favoring the prevention and treatment of complications related to diabetes.     

n-3多不饱和脂肪酸对疾病的预防与治疗作用

n-3多不饱和脂肪酸主要源于亚麻籽、胡桃仁、大豆以及海洋生物。增加n-3多不饱和脂肪酸摄取量可以促进视网膜、大脑和神经系统发育。n-3多不饱和脂肪酸通过各种途径降低人体心血管疾病和炎症的发生,降低糖尿病患者血清低密度脂蛋白胆固醇(LDL-C)和甘油三酯(TG)水平。膳食中增加n-3多不饱和脂肪酸的含量可以对心血管疾病、糖尿病、炎症等患者有辅助治疗效果;n-3多不饱和脂肪酸可以作用于神经细胞,对注意力不集中、抑郁症、精神分裂症有一定的疗效。n-3多不饱和脂肪酸可抑制体外培养的乳腺、前列腺和结肠癌细胞增生,促进细胞凋亡。     

膳食中n-3多不饱和脂肪酸对2型糖尿病患者血糖和胰岛素敏感性的影响

2型糖尿病是世界上最常见的慢性疾病之一。膳食中的n-3多不饱和脂肪酸可能会减少亚洲人的2型糖尿病风险, 中国2型糖尿病患者血浆磷脂n-3不饱和脂肪酸与胰岛素敏感性呈正相关。而欧美的前瞻性研究均发现, 鱼类的摄入和n-3多不饱和脂肪酸的摄入会增加2型糖尿病的发病风险, 在西方白种人群中进行的n-3多不饱和脂肪酸干预的随机对照试验也并未发现n-3多不饱和脂肪酸能够改善患者胰岛素抵抗水平或血糖水平, n-3多不饱和脂肪酸甚至可轻微地降低患者胰岛素的敏感性。本文综述了目前n-3多不饱和脂肪酸摄入量与2型糖尿病风险之间的关系。     

蓝莓花青素对2型糖尿病小鼠糖脂代谢的调节作用

目的:探讨蓝莓花青素(Blueberry anthocyanins,BA)对2型糖尿病小鼠糖代谢、脂代谢的调节作用.方法:采用高脂高糖饮食联合腹腔注射链佐霉素(Streptozocin,STZ)建立2型糖尿病小鼠模型,设置正常组、模型组、阳性药物组(250 mg/kg)、蓝莓花青素组(300、200、100 mg/kg...     

明日叶查尔酮对2型糖尿病大鼠胰岛素受体表达的影响

目的：探讨明日叶查尔酮（Ashitabe chalcone,AC）对2型糖尿病（2-DM）大鼠肝细胞及红细胞胰岛素受体表达的影响。方法：将采用小剂量链脲佐菌素（STZ）加高脂饲料饲养方法建立的Wistar大鼠2型糖尿病模型随机分为4组：高、中、低剂量组,分别经口灌胃给予明日叶查尔酮30、10、5mg／（kg·bw）;糖尿病对照组给予等量生理盐水灌胃,各组均喂以高脂饲料;正常对照组为正常大鼠喂以普通饲料。检测肝脏和红细胞胰岛素受体表达及空腹血糖、血清胰岛素等指标。结果：与正常对照组比较,糖尿病对照组空腹血糖和血清胰岛素水平显著性升高,肝细胞胰岛素受体表达和红细胞胰岛素受体结合位点r1和r2则均降低（P〈0．01）;高剂量组的血糖水平和血清胰岛素水平均较糖尿病对照组降低,肝细胞胰岛素受体表达和红细胞胰岛素受体结合位点r1和r2则升高（P〈0．01）,差异均有统计学意义。结论：明日叶查尔酮可上调2型糖尿病大鼠肝组织和红细胞胰岛素受体表达水平,降低血糖和血清胰岛素水平。     

Effect of the vegetarian diet on non‐communicable diseases

A vegetarian diet generally includes plenty of vegetables and fruits, which are rich in phytochemicals, antioxidants, fiber, magnesium, vitamins C and E, Fe³⁺, folic acid and n‐6 polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA), and is low in cholesterol, total fat and saturated fatty acid, sodium, Fe²⁺, zinc, vitamin A, B₁₂ and D, and especially n‐3 PUFA. Mortality from all‐cause, ischemic heart disease, and circulatory and cerebrovascular diseases was significantly lower in vegetarians than in omnivorous populations. Compared with omnivores, the incidence of cancer and type 2 diabetes was also significantly lower in vegetarians. However, vegetarians have a number of increased risk factors for non‐communicable diseases such as increased plasma homocysteine, mean platelet volume and platelet aggregability compared with omnivores, which are associated with low intake of vitamin B₁₂ and n‐3 PUFA. Based on the present data, it would seem appropriate for vegetarians to carefully design their diet, specifically focusing on increasing their intake of vitamin B₁₂ and n‐3 PUFA to further reduce already low mortality and morbidity from non‐communicable diseases. © 2013 Society of Chemical Industry     

鹰嘴豆中具有降血糖效果的功能成分分析

鹰嘴豆不仅营养成分丰富,而且具有多种药用价值。本文综述了鹰嘴豆中多不饱和脂肪酸、抗性淀粉、生物类黄酮及膳食纤维在调节糖尿病患者血糖方面所发挥出的功能价值,期望鹰嘴豆及其制品在糖尿病及其并发症的控制方面起到积极的作用。     

Comparative study of effects of diet therapy including eiconol or linseed oil on several parameters of lipid metabolism in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus

It was investigated the influence of a diet supplemented with polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) omega-3 on dynamic of basal glycaemia, lipid profile and composition of fatty acids of erythrocytes in type 2 diabetic patients. Traditional 9 diet was supplemented with fish ("Eiconol", 8 grams per day) or vegetable (linseed oil, 17.5 grams per day) PUFA omega-3. The results investigations indicated that a omega-3 PUFA-enriched diet has a beneficial effects on lipid metabolism. But dietary administration of PUFA omega-3 may be used differently for correction of dislipoproteinemia in diabetic patients.     

The effect of linseed oil on the fatty acid composition of blood plasma low- and very low-density lipoproteins and cholesterol in diabetics]

Twenty patients with compensated diabetes mellitus of 10-15-year duration took polyunsaturated fatty acids omega-3 (30 g of flax oil a day) in addition to their routine food. This led to an insignificant lowering in total cholesterol and elevation of cholesterol in high density lipoproteins. A significant rise in the level of omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids in lipoproteins occurred in 6 patients only. Minor effect of the diet oil may be due to low delta-6-desaturic activity in the majority of the examinees. The findings point to necessity to use other sources of omega-3 acids in diet therapy of diabetics, fish oil, in particular.     

食源性生物活性肽对2型糖尿病的干预作用及其机制研究进展

2型糖尿病属于非胰岛素依赖性糖尿病,全世界每年有数百万人患2型糖尿病或成为潜在患者。食源性活性肽不仅具有基本的营养优势,而且更易被机体吸收,有研究证实生物活性肽可以抑制与2型糖尿病相关的代谢酶活力,促进肠促胰岛素分泌,改善胰岛素抵抗,因此可以作为有效管理该疾病的功能性食品或药物。本文综述了食源性生物活性肽的特性和来源,以及目前其关于调节血糖作用机制的研究进展,归纳了食源性代谢酶调节剂的相关研究,以期为食源性生物活性肽的进一步研究提供参考。     

膳食中多不饱和脂肪酸营养与生理功能的研究进展

概述了多不饱和脂肪酸的种类、来源、营养和生理功能的相关研究，包括n-6系列多不饱和脂肪酸、n-3系列多不饱和脂肪酸。阐述了膳食合理比例的n-6/n-3多不饱和脂肪酸是保持身体健康的关键。     

Designer eggs: from improvement of egg composition to functional food

Diet plays an important role in maintaining health. Among the different products delivering essential nutrients to the body, an egg has arguably a special place, being a rich and balanced source of essential amino and fatty acids as well some minerals and vitamins. This paper focuses on the benefits to the consumer of improving the nutritional quality of eggs by enhancing levels of anti-oxidants and n-3 fatty acids such as docosahexaenoic acid (DHA). The advantages of simultaneous enrichment of eggs with vitamin E, carotenoids, selenium and DHA include better stability of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) during egg storage and cooking, high availability of such nutrients as vitamin E and carotenoids, absence of off-taste and an improved anti-oxidant and n-3 status of people consuming these eggs. Having reviewed the relevant scientific literature it is concluded that “designer eggs” can be considered as a new type of functional food.     

Differential gene expression in dairy cows under negative energy balance and ketosis: A systematic review and meta-analysis

Development of ketosis in high-producing dairy cows contributes to several animal health issues and highlights the need for a better understanding of the genetic basis of metabolic diseases. To evaluate the pattern of differential gene expression in the liver of cows under negative energy balance (NEB), and under subclinical and clinical ketosis, a meta-analysis of gene expression and genome-wide association studies results was performed. An initial systematic review identified 118 articles based on the key words “cow,” “liver,” “negative energy balance,” “ketosis,” “expression,” “qPCR,” “microarray,” “proteomic,” “RNA-Seq,” and “GWAS.” After further screening for only peer-reviewed and pertinent articles for gene expression during NEB and clinical and subclinical ketosis (considering plasma levels of β-hydroxybutyrate), 20 articles were included in the analysis. From the systematic review, 430 significant SNPs identified by genome-wide association studies (GWAS) were assigned to genes reported in gene expression studies by considering chromosome and base pair positions in the ARS-UCD 1.2 bovine assembly. Venn diagrams were created to integrate the data obtained in the systematic review, and Gene Ontology enrichment analysis was carried out using official gene names. A QTL enrichment analysis was also performed to identify potential positional candidate loci. Twenty-four significant SNPs were located within the coordinates of differentially expressed genes located on chromosomes 2, 3, 6, 9, 11, 14, 27, and 29. Three significant metabolic pathways were associated with NEB and subclinical and clinical ketosis. In addition, 2 important genes, PPARA (peroxisome proliferator activated receptor alpha) and ACACA (acetyl-coenzyme A carboxylase α), were identified, which were differentially expressed in the 3 metabolic conditions. The PPARA gene is involved in the regulation of lipid metabolism and fatty liver disease and the ACACA gene encodes an enzyme that catalyzes the carboxylation of acetyl-coenzyme A to malonyl-coenzyme A, which is a rate-limiting step in fatty acid synthesis. Gene network analysis revealed co-expression interactions among 34 genes associated with functions involving fatty acid transport and fatty acid metabolism. For the annotated QTL, 9 QTL were identified for ketosis. The genes FN1 (fibronectin 1) and PTK2 (protein tyrosine kinase 2), which are mainly involved in cell adhesion and formation of extracellular matrix constituents, were enriched for QTL previously associated with the trait “ketosis” on chromosome 2 and for the trait “milk iron content” on chromosome 14, respectively. This integration of gene expression and GWAS data provides an additional understanding of the genetic background of NEB and subclinical and clinical ketosis in dairy cattle. Thus, it is a useful approach to identify biological mechanisms underlying these metabolic conditions in dairy cattle.     

苦瓜皂苷与南瓜多糖或苦荞黄酮联合作用改善2型糖尿病大鼠糖脂代谢的研究

本文主要运用主成分分析法(PCA)研究苦瓜皂苷、南瓜多糖和苦荞黄酮单一或联合作用对糖尿病糖脂代谢的改善作用。通过建立2型糖尿病大鼠模型,对其灌胃提取物后的表征、体重、饮水量和摄食量进行比较,表明三种提取物或提取物联合组对建立的2型糖尿病模型组的病症均有明显的改善作用。进一步运用PCA分析法筛选糖脂代谢指标,并结合单维统计方法,得出皂苷和多糖联合作用对谷丙转氨酶、脂联素和肌酐的改善作用显著优于任一单一组分(P0.05),对游离脂肪酸、肿瘤坏死因子的改善优于皂苷组(P0.05),同时对谷草转氨酶的改善作用优于多糖组(P0.05);而皂苷和黄酮联合作用可使谷丙转氨酶的改善效果优于单一成分(P0.05),肌酐改善优于皂苷组(P0.05),脂联素和胰岛素改善优于黄酮组(P0.05)。由此可知,通过本研究可证实活性成分的联合作用对2型糖尿病大鼠糖脂代谢具有更加突出的改善效果。     

Magnesium, the metabolic syndrome, insulin resistance, and type 2 diabetes mellitus

Magnesium is an essential mineral and has been established as a cofactor for over 300 metabolic reactions in the body. Some research has indicated that lower intakes of magnesium and lower serum magnesium concentrations may lead to and are associated with the metabolic syndrome, insulin resistance, and/or type 2 diabetes mellitus. The goal of this review is to examine the research conducted on: 1) magnesium status, metabolic syndrome, insulin resistance, and type 2 diabetes mellitus, and 2) the effects of magnesium intake and/or supplementation on metabolic syndrome, insulin resistance, and type 2 diabetes mellitus. To make this review as current as possible, the majority of research articles reviewed were from 2000 to the present.     

Dietary fat and gut microbiota: mechanisms involved in obesity control

ABSTRACT

Obesity is a serious global health problem that is directly related to various morbidities manifestation. Intestinal dysbiosis has been implicated on obesity pathogenesis. Diet composition can alter gut microbiota, regardless of energy intake. Dietary fatty acids quality may affect gut microbiota composition, which in turn may affect host metabolic health. The mechanisms by which the different type of FFA modulate gut microbiota is yet poor elucidate and there is a lack of studies regard to this. Fatty acids may act in cell membrane, interfere with energy production, inhibit enzymatic activities, impair nutrient absorption and generate toxic compounds to cells, leading to growth inhibition or even bacterial death. The beneficial effect of the consumption of n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) and conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) on microbiota, unlike n-6 PUFA and saturated fatty acids has been suggested. n-3 PUFA consumption promotes desirable changes on obese intestinal microbiota making it similar to that of normal weight individuals. More studies are needed to better understand the effect of CLA on microbiota and host health. Long term human controlled clinical trials must be conducted to allow us to understand the complex interaction between dietary fat, intestinal microbiota and obesity.     

鱼油补充对中老年人群炎性衰老及相关疾病有益作用的研究进展

鱼油富含n-3多不饱和脂肪酸（n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids, n-3 PUFA）,特别是人体必需脂肪酸二十二碳六烯酸（docosahexaenoic acid, DHA）和二十碳五烯酸（eicosapentaenoic acid, EPA）。DHA和EPA在体内可以衍生出具有抗炎作用的二十碳体,如前列腺素（prostaglandins, PGs）、血栓素（thromboxanes, TX）、消退素（resolvins, Rv）、白三烯（leukotrienes, LTs）和其他氧化衍生物等。且鱼油补充有助于人体炎性衰老相关因子（血清 IL-6、IL-1、TNF-α及 CRP）水平的降低,并对炎性衰老相关疾病具有积极预防效果。本文系统介绍了DHA、EPA二十碳体的衍生及与二十碳四烯酸（arachidonic acid, AA）衍生的关系。同时基于鱼油补充与人体炎性衰老相关因子的关系,总结了膳食鱼油在改善中老年人群心血管疾病、类风湿关节炎、认知障碍及2型糖尿病的作用。已有数据显示,鱼油在降低炎性衰老因子,血脂异常改善和类风湿性关节炎症状减轻方面具有积极的临床效果。但是,在认知功能障碍和2型糖尿病改善方面,尚缺乏充分的治疗或者预防作用相关证据。     

杜仲籽油对2型糖尿病KKAy小鼠糖脂代谢及肠道菌群的影响

目的 探讨杜仲籽油对2型糖尿病KKAy小鼠糖脂代谢及肠道菌群的影响.方法 24只KKAy小鼠随机分为3组(模型组、阳性药组、杜仲籽油组),8只C57BL/6J小鼠为正常组.实验7周后测定小鼠体重、空腹血糖和空腹胰岛素、糖耐受量、血脂四项和肝功能两项,进行肝脏油红O染色和小鼠肠道菌群检测.结果 与模型组相比,杜仲籽油组降...     

Dietary Protein Derived from Dried Bonito Fish Improves Type‐2 Diabetes Mellitus‐Induced Bone Frailty in Goto‐Kakizaki Rats

Type‐2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) induces bone frailty. Protein and polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) contained in fish can be effective in enhancing bone quality, but the bone developing effect of fish protein containing less PUFA has not been evaluated in young animals with T2DM. We prepared a bonito fish (BF) and defatted BF (DBF) and hypothesized that protein contained in BF and DBF would be effective for mitigating the effects of T2DM‐induced bone frailty. We mainly evaluated the effect of dietary BF and DBF on bone and apparent calcium absorption in young Goto‐Kakizaki (GK) rats with T2DM. GK rats were divided into 3 groups based on diets (casein, BF, and DBF) and fed with each diet for 6 wk. Wistar rats were fed with the casein diet as a non‐T2DM control. Bone mass, bone strength, apparent calcium absorption, and serum biochemical parameters were determined. The dry weight and strength of the femurs were lower in the GK rats than in the Wistar rats fed with the casein diet. Dietary intake of the BF and DBF diets enhanced the maximum load and dry weight of the femurs and suppressed the serum alkaline phosphatase activity although the apparent calcium absorption was lower in the GK rats fed with the BF and DBF diets than in those fed with the casein diet. These parameters were not different between the rats fed with the BF and DBF diets. Our data suggest that protein contained in the BF and DBF diets improved T2DM‐induced bone frailty.