Protective Effects of Anthocyanins in Obesity‐Associated Inflammation and Changes in Gut Microbiome

Obesity is a complex disease and a major public health epidemic. Chronic, low‐grade inflammation is a common underlying feature of obesity and associated metabolic diseases; adipose tissue is a major contributor to this systemic inflammation. Evidence shows that obesity‐associated inflammation may originate from gut dysfunction, including changes in intestinal bacteria or microbiome profiles. Increasingly, food and plant bioactive compounds with antioxidant and anti‐inflammatory properties are proposed to ameliorate obesity‐associated inflammation. Among these, the health‐promoting effects of anthocyanin‐rich foods are of interest here. Specifically, this review summarizes the reported benefits of anthocyanins in obesity‐associated inflammation and underlying molecular mechanisms, including the role of gut microbiome and cell signaling pathways regulated by anthocyanins both in vivo and in vitro.     

益生菌对高血压影响的研究进展

肠道菌群在代谢综合征、心血管疾病和结直肠癌等疾病中的研究已经成为焦点,但是肠道微生物与这些疾 病的因果关系以及相应的致病机制尚不清楚。通过分析肠道菌群结构、组成以及代谢活动的变化对高血压的影响, 能够揭示肠道以及肠道微生物的活动与高血压之间的相关性。益生菌是对机体健康产生有益作用的活的微生物,可 以调节肠道微生态的平衡以及肠道微生物的代谢活动,从而对高血压的调节产生影响,进而为以肠道微生物为靶点 干预治疗高血压疾病提供理论参考,同时也为疾病的干预治疗提供新的途径和方法。     

口腔益生菌的研究现状

口腔是一个复杂而完整的微生态系统。生活方式、外源性致病菌等外源因子可扰乱口腔微生物组与其宿主之间的共生关系引发龋齿、牙周炎、牙龈炎、口臭等口腔疾病。益生菌是一类活的并对人类机体局部或全身性健康都具有有益作用的微生物。传统上,益生菌被广泛用于功能性食品、医药保健、饲料等各个领域,最常见的用途是治疗或预防胃肠道感染和疾病,改善肠道健康。近十年,各种研究表明益生菌可通过抑制致病菌生长,改善口腔微生物菌群,调节口腔免疫力等方式对各种口腔疾病产生积极的防治效果。作为一种新兴的机体健康维护概念,维护口腔健康的益生菌及其作用机制日益受到国内外学者的密切关注,综述了口腔益生菌在常见口腔疾病中的潜在作用机制,阐述了利用口腔益生菌在防治口腔疾病时所面临的重要问题,同时在口腔益生菌未来的发展趋势和开发方向等方面剖析如何更好地利用口腔益生菌驱动健康食品产业发展,以期为口腔益生菌的深入研究及其在食品工业中的开发应用提供相应参考。     

婴幼儿肠道菌群定殖及对健康的影响研究进展

新生儿的肠道菌群主要来源于母体和新生儿之间的菌群交换。婴儿肠道菌群的定殖和发育对婴幼儿期乃至成年以后的健康有着重要的影响。剖腹产、抗生素的使用以及人工喂养是影响母婴微生物交换的主要因素,同时也将增加婴儿患免疫以及代谢疾病的风险。     

阿克曼粘细菌研究进展

阿克曼粘细菌(Akkermansia muciniphila)是专性生长于哺乳动物肠道黏液层的一种肠道厌氧菌。近年来,多项研究证实,肠道内该菌的丰度与宿主的营养代谢性疾病密切相关。本文从阿克曼粘细菌的生物学特性、定植环境、与代谢性疾病的关系等方面进行综述,并对未来围绕该菌亟待开展的三方面工作进行了展望。     

肠源性短链脂肪酸生成机制及其饮食调控

短链脂肪酸(short chain fatty acids, SCFAs)作为肠道微生物的重要代谢产物,将宿主饮食与肠道微生物之间复杂的相互作用关系有机地联系在一起。SCFAs是近年来微生物代谢产物与人体健康科研领域研究热点,SCFAs不仅作为肠道上皮细胞的重要能源物质,也是游离脂肪酸受体的天然配体,因此发挥着多种健康作用,如调节脂质代谢、免疫、炎症反应和食欲等。阐述了肠源性SCFAs前体物质的主要食物来源,详细探讨了参与SCFAs生成的肠道微生物及代谢途径,并提出了肠源性SCFAs的饮食调控策略。从化学结构上看,SCFAs是一类碳原子数小于7的挥发性有机酸,肠源性SCFAs主要包括乙酸、丙酸、丁酸,它们主要是由SCFAs前体物质在肠道菌群的酵解作用下转化生成。SCFAs前体物质的食物来源多种多样,不易消化的碳水化合物是SCFAs的主要食物前体,包含抗性淀粉、非淀粉多糖、低聚糖等。肠道中的多种微生物能够通过不同代谢途径独立或者协同利用SCFAs前体物质产生SCFAs。补充富含SCFAs前体物质的食物,不仅能够影响肠源性SCFAs的含量,还可选择性地促进肠道中有益菌的生长,从质和量上维护肠道微生态稳态、直接或者间接地调节机体多种生理功能,促进人体健康功能。希望可为预防和治疗相关代谢和免疫疾病提供新的思路。     

益生菌对雌激素代谢及相关疾病的影响

近年来,因雌激素代谢紊乱引起的女性健康问题受到国内外学者的广泛关注。有研究发现肠道微生物及其多样性对女性雌激素代谢及其代谢产物有重要影响,而经过益生菌干预后可改善肠道菌群结构,促进有益菌生长,进而改善机体雌激素代谢。此外,益生菌能够调节有机体内血液循环及内分泌循环系统,从而改善因雌激素代谢紊乱而诱发的一系列疾病。本文对国内外益生菌与雌激素相关疾病的研究现状进行综述,并列举了益生菌对改善雌激素代谢紊乱在临床治疗中的应用,为雌激素代谢紊乱及相关疾病的防治提供一定参考。     

皮肤微生物与益生菌在皮肤疾病诊疗中的应用

皮肤是人体最大的器官,定殖着复杂的微生物群落。大部分微生物是对人体无害的,甚至有些是有益的。皮肤微生物在皮表所接触的外环境影响下,形成了其独特且复杂的菌群结构,同时也受到人体固有免疫和获得性免疫系统的影响,与人体免疫系统共同进化。伴随着分子生物学的发展,皮肤上复杂与庞大的常驻菌群被逐渐认知。对皮肤微生物的深入了解不仅帮助人们了解微生物与皮肤屏障的相互作用机制,也为微生物引起的皮肤疾病的治疗提供有效的策略。本文综述了近年来国内外有关皮肤微生物的研究成果,以及在皮肤疾病和微生物紊乱导致的相关疾病中,益生菌在诊疗过程中的应用。     

补充益生菌对肥胖机体免疫调节作用的研究进展

肥胖不仅会诱发慢性代谢性疾病，还会导致免疫功能的损伤，降低生活质量。益生菌是对宿主健康起促进作用的活菌，具有免疫调节作用。本文综述了补充益生菌对肥胖机体适应性免疫与固有免疫的作用，讨论了菌株特异性、益生菌补充剂量、补充方式、宿主状态等对免疫调节效果的影响，旨在进一步加深补充益生菌对肥胖机体免疫调节作用的认识，为合理应用益生菌提供参考。     

Diet Effects in Gut Microbiome and Obesity

The 100 trillion microbes in human gut coevolve with the host and exert significant influences on human health. The gut microbial composition presents dynamic changes correlated with various factors including host genotypes, age, and external environment. Effective manipulation of the gut microbiota through diets (both long‐term and short‐term diet patterns), probiotics and/or prebiotics, and antibiotics has been proved being potential to prevent from metabolic disorders such as obesity in many studies. The dietary regulation exerts influences on microbial metabolism and host immune functions through several pathways, of which may include selectively bacterial fermentation of nutrients, lower intestinal barrier function, overexpression of genes associated with disorders, and disruptions to both innate and adaptive immunity. Discoveries in the interrelationship between diet, intestinal microbiome, and body immune system provide us novel perceptions to the specific action mechanisms and will promote the development of therapeutic approaches for obesity.     

Dietary Amino Acids and the Gut‐Microbiome‐Immune Axis: Physiological Metabolism and Therapeutic Prospects

Dietary amino acids (AAs) are not only absorbed and metabolized by enterocytes but also available to the microbiota in the gut in mammals. In addition to serving as the materials for protein synthesis, AAs can act as precursors for numerous metabolic end products in reactions involving the intestinal mucosa and microbiota. After penetrating the epithelial barrier, microbial metabolites can enter and accumulate in the host circulatory system, where they are sensed by immune cells and then elicit a wide range of biological functions via different receptors and mechanisms. Some intestinal bacteria can also synthesize certain AAs, implying that the exchange of AAs between hosts and microorganisms is bidirectional. Changes in AA composition and abundance can affect AA‐metabolizing bacterial communities and modulate macrophages and dendritic cells via toll‐like receptors (TLRs), autoinducer‐2 (AI‐2), and NOD‐like receptors (NLRs), and also regulate the gut‐microbiome‐immune axis via aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR), serotonin/5‐hydroxytryptamine (5‐HT), and other signaling pathways, all of which play critical roles in regulating the intestinal mucosal immunity and microbiota directly or indirectly, contributing to intestinal homeostasis. Therefore, the current findings of the effects of certain functional AAs on the gut‐microbiome‐immune axis are reviewed, illustrating signaling pathways of tryptophan (Trp), glutamine (Gln), methionine (Met), and branched‐chain AAs (BCAAs) in the intestinal barrier and regarding immunity via crosstalk with their receptors or ligands. These findings have shed light on the clinical applications of dietary AAs in improving gut microbiota and mucosal immunity, therefore benefiting the gut as well as local and systemic health.     

几类不同食物对肠道菌群调节作用的研究进展

肠道菌群是机体的重要组成部分,肠道菌群能在一定程度上影响宿主的营养代谢和健康。肠道菌群的组成与功能受宿主生理状态、遗传、饮食习惯、年龄和环境等多重因素的影响。其中,膳食是影响肠道菌群结构和功能最为重要且较为迅速的因素。作为日常生活中常见的食物资源,杂粮、杂豆和果蔬等食物含有的膳食纤维和多酚等物质已经被证明具有调节肠道菌群的作用。肠道菌群能够发酵膳食纤维,代谢后释放维生素以及短链脂肪酸等代谢产物,并选择性地促进一些肠道有益菌的增殖,进而在一定程度上促进宿主健康。此外,大部分酚类物质也在肠道中被肠道菌群代谢分解后进一步提高酚类物质的生物利用率,从而改善宿主生理状态。本文围绕日常生活中常见的食物资源如杂粮杂豆以及水果蔬菜等对肠道菌群的调节作用进行综述,展望以肠道菌群为靶点的代谢性疾病预防与治疗或膳食干预的前景。     

The human gut microbiome,diet, and health: “Post hoc non ergo propter hoc”

The gastro-intestinal microbiome has become the subject of intensive research, which is beginning to elucidate its roles in human health. It is becoming increasingly recognised that gut microbiota plays a part in regulating human immune homeostasis and metabolism, which gives rise to novel opportunities for preventative and treatment strategies. The key challenge in this field is the ability to define causality in the relationship between nutrition, microbiota and host health. In this commentary we argue for an increased focus on cause-and-effect relationships within studies that relate to the human microbiome in health and predispositions to disease. With the right experimental models, data accessibility infrastructure and advanced machine learning tools, causal relationships among components of complex host-microbiome systems can be elucidated.     

原花青素生理功能及其与肠道微生物相互作用的研究进展

近年来,以原花青素(proanthocyanidins,PACs)为代表的一大类天然来源的多酚化合物,被证实兼有抗氧化、抗菌抗炎、抗肿瘤和防控心血管疾病及代谢综合征等生理功能,在人类健康防控中发挥重要作用。生物利用度不佳是阻碍PACs广泛应用的关键问题,亟待解决。虽然PACs与微生物相互作用的研究尚不多见,但已有研究指出肠道微生物表现出促进PACs分解代谢、提高其生物活性、改善生物利用度等积极作用,且PACs可促进肠道有益菌生长、抑制肠道有害菌而发挥出良好的肠道菌群的调节作用。二者间的双向调节作用也在各类常见代谢疾病中表现出潜在应用价值,研究前景良好。本文旨在比较PACs与花青素的异同点、归纳PACs的生理功能、综述其与肠道微生物尤其是乳酸菌、双歧杆菌等的相互作用,以期为人体健康潜在影响物质的研究提供理论参考。     

益生菌缓解肥胖形成相关机制及研究进展

肥胖及相关代谢综合征已成为世界范围内的公共健康问题。研究表明,肠道菌群与肥胖的形成密切相关,肠道菌群失调导致脂代谢紊乱、肠道通透性及氧化应激等改变。益生菌(主要包括乳酸菌和双歧杆菌)是一类能对宿主生理功能产生有益作用的微生物,能在肠道中存活并定殖,改善肠道菌群紊乱,进一步缓解肥胖的形成。本文主要围绕益生菌对肥胖的干预作用及相关机制进行综述,以为肥胖相关的研究提供参考。     

Short communication: Signs of host genetic regulation in the microbiome composition in 2 dairy breeds: Holstein and Brown Swiss

This study aimed to evaluate whether the host genotype exerts any genetic control on the microbiome composition of the rumen in cattle. Microbial DNA was extracted from 18 samples of ruminal content from 2 breeds (Holstein and Brown Swiss). Reads were processed using mothur (https://www.mothur.org/) in 16S and 18S rRNA gene-based analyses. Then, reads were classified at the genus clade, resulting in 3,579 operational taxonomic units (OTU) aligned against the 16S database and 184 OTU aligned against the 18S database. After filtering on relative abundance (>0.1%) and penetrance (95%), 25 OTU were selected for the analyses (17 bacteria, 1 archaea, and 7 ciliates). Association with the genetic background of the host animal based on the principal components of a genomic relationship matrix based on single nucleotide polymorphism markers was analyzed using Bayesian methods. Fifty percent of the bacteria and archaea genera were associated with the host genetic background, including Butyrivibrio, Prevotella, Paraprevotella, and Methanobrevibacter as main genera. Forty-three percent of the ciliates analyzed were also associated with the genetic background of the host. In total, 48% of microbes were associated with the host genetic background. The results in this study support the hypothesis and provide some evidence that there exists a host genetic component in cattle that can partially regulate the composition of the microbiome.     

Interaction between gut immunity and polysaccharides

The human gut is colonized with a vast and diverse microbial ecosystem, and these bacteria play fundamental roles in the well being of our bodies. Gut-associated lymphoid tissues, the largest mucosal immune system, should never be overlooked for their profound effect in maintaining the host immunity. Therefore, we discussed the relationship between gut immunity and host health, primarily from two aspects: the homeostasis of gut microbiota, and the function of gut-associated lymphoid tissues. Polysaccharides, widely concerned as bioactive macromolecules in recent centuries, have been proved to benefit the intestinal health. Dietary polysaccharides can improve the ratio of probiotics, regulate the intestinal microenvironment like decreasing the gut pH, and stimulate the macrophages or lymphocytes in gut tissues to fight against diseases like cancer. Based on various experimental and clinical evidence, the impacts of dietary polysaccharides on intestinal health are summarized, in order to reveal the possible immunomodulatory mechanisms of polysaccharides.     

Insulin resistance as key factor for linking modulation of gut microbiome to health claims and dietary recommendations to tackle obesity

BackgroundCurrent dietary and public health recommendations addressing obesity do not as yet include recommendations pertaining to the gut microbiome. As a corollary, no microbiome-related health claims made on foods have as yet been proposed.ScopeThe MyNewGut project aims, amongst others, to provide guidance for the establishment of dietary and public health recommendations related to the role microbiome in the onset and development of obesity. Moreover, the project's forthcomings should allow the compilation of a guidance document for microbiome-related health claims.Key findingsOf all the physiological effects resulting from changes in the microbiome, insulin resistance is the most direct diet-modifiable parameter related to obesity. Improving insulin resistance is considered to be the key health benefit conferred by the targeted modulation of the gut microbiome, through the development and application of foods containing microbiome-targeted fibers and micro-organisms.ConclusionsIn order to facilitate guidance for the development of public health and dietary recommendations, as well as for health claim substantiation related to the gut microbiome, foods containing microbiome-targeting dietary fibers and microorganisms will be developed and studies with these foods should provide for the total body of clinical evidence specifically addressing the central theme of ‘insulin resistance’ in obesity, still leaving ample room for the inclusion of other parameters of interest. The latter is pivotal since an impact of other parameters on obesity should be addressed as well, particularly in view of the multifaceted modes of action of the microbiome.     

菊粉调节能量代谢紊乱机制的研究进展

随着人们膳食结构的转变,高脂、高能量膳食诱发的以能量代谢紊乱为共同特征的肥胖、糖尿病等相关慢性代谢疾病已经成为困扰全球的公共卫生问题。菊粉对预防能量代谢紊乱及其相关代谢性疾病的发生和发展有重要作用。本文从改善肠道菌群失调、调节肠道微生物的发酵产物、降低宿主炎症状态以及影响相关酶和基因的表达4 个方面综述了菊粉调节宿主能量代谢紊乱的机制,以期为菊粉的进一步研究与应用提供参考。     

Interaction between Tea Polyphenols and Intestinal Microbiota in Host Metabolic Diseases from the Perspective of the Gut–Brain Axis

Tea polyphenols (TP) have shown multiple biological activities and the ability to modulate the composition and function of intestinal microbiota. Certain human metabolic diseases are engendered by the disruption of the circadian rhythm. Circadian rhythm oscillations exist in both intestinal microbiota and hypothalamus. The brain–gut‐microbiome axis enables intestinal microorganisms to communicate with the brain. The close reciprocity between intestinal microbiota and circadian rhythm supplies a new opportunity for TP to regulate circadian‐rhythm‐related diseases relying on intestinal microbiota. Therefore, based on the potential bidirectional association of the brain and gut microbes, this review mainly discussed the interaction between TP and intestinal microbiota from the perspective of the gut–brain axis (GBA) to improve the theory of metabolic diseases prevention.