鲜切果蔬贮藏保鲜技术的研究进展

鲜切果蔬因具有营养丰富和新鲜度高的优点,日益受到国内外消费者的喜爱。鲜切果蔬经清理、去皮、切分等处理后,组织结构受到损害,容易出现组织褐变、质地下降和微生物侵染等问题,货架期随之缩短。简述了影响鲜切果蔬品质的原因,并重点介绍了近年来国内外鲜切果蔬保鲜技术的新进展,其中包括物理、化学、生物及综合保鲜技术。     

快速检测技术在果蔬安全控制中的研究进展

近年来人们对果蔬及其产品的需求逐渐增加,随着生产、加工、销售规模的不断扩大,其产生的食品安全问题成为了人们普遍关注的焦点之一。本文阐述了果蔬在生产、流通等各环节中主要安全风险的来源,包括有机磷和氨基甲酸酯类农药残留、硝酸盐及亚硝酸盐等无机化合物超标、果蔬中有害微生物污染、病原菌毒素积累等,并对果蔬安全检测中快速检测技术(快检技术)的研究进展进行了综述,包括酶抑制法、酶联免疫法、传感器法、拉曼光谱检测法、试纸法、聚合酶链式反应法等。快检技术推进了果蔬安全检测的规范化和标准化,成为执法监管的重要依托,促进了果蔬产业安全持续的发展。     

影响果蔬质量与安全的因素分析及应对策略

近几年, 果蔬质量与安全问题越来越引起社会各界的广泛关注, 而影响果蔬质量与安全的因素有很多。本文主要针对果蔬的生产、加工、贮藏和销售过程, 分析了制约果蔬质量与安全的主要因素, 提出了解决果蔬质量与安全问题的相应策略, 并为改善果蔬质量与安全现状提出了相应的建议。     

茉莉酸甲酯在采后果蔬品质控制中的应用

茉莉酸甲酯(Me JA)是环戊酮衍生物之一,茉莉酸甲酯作为植物体内一类信号物质,在植物的生长发育、应激反应和次生代谢过程中发挥类似激素的作用,对植物的生长发育和防御系统都具有一定影响。本论文通过对茉莉酸甲酯对采后果蔬品质控制中的应用进行综述。茉莉酸甲酯(Me JA)通过诱导果蔬产生并提高细胞壁水解酶(如几丁质酶、β-1,3-葡聚糖酶)和抗性物质合成酶(如苯丙氨酸解氨酶、过氧化物酶和多酚氧化酶)的活性,从而增强果蔬对机械损伤和病原侵染的抗性。同时,茉莉酸甲酯还能能够诱导植物防御基因的表达,诱导果蔬产生一系列具有防御功能的次生代谢物质(如花青素等)来改善果蔬保鲜品质。     

臭氧在鲜切果蔬保鲜中的应用

对臭氧在鲜切果蔬保鲜中的应用进行了综述。详细介绍了臭氧保鲜的机理、臭氧保鲜的影响因素、臭氧与其他保鲜技术在鲜切果蔬保鲜中的协同作用,并分析了臭氧在鲜切果蔬保鲜应用中存在的问题及今后的发展方向。     

Ultrasound decontamination of minimally processed fruits and vegetables

The effectiveness of power ultrasound for the microbial decontamination of minimally processed fruits and vegetables was studied. Reductions in Salmonella typhimurium attached to iceberg lettuce obtained by cleaning with water, chlorinated water, ultrasound with water and ultrasound with chlorinated water were 0.7, 1.7, 1.5 and 2.7 logs, respectively, for small-scale (2 L) trials. The cleaning action of cavitation appears to remove cells attached to the surface of fresh produce, rendering the pathogens more susceptible to the sanitizer. For large-scale (40 L) trials, the addition of chlorine to water in the tank gave a systematic difference in Escherichia coli decontamination efficiency. However, the frequency of ultrasound treatment (25, 32–40, 62–70 kHz) had no significant effect on decontamination efficiency ( P  > 0.69). With the potentially high capital expenditure together with the expensive process of optimization and water treatment, it is unlikely that the fresh produce industry would be willing to take up this technology. Furthermore, the additional one log reduction achieved by applying ultrasound to a chlorinated water wash does not completely eliminate the risk of pathogens on fresh produce.     

Recent advances in pressure modification-based preservation technologies applied to fresh fruits and vegetables

Fresh fruits and vegetables are important parts of the human diet. The consumer demand for fruits and vegetables is increasing due to their rich nutritional value, appealing taste, and healthy perception. However, due to their highly perishable nature, appropriate preservation technologies must be developed to meet the consumer’s demand for healthy, additive-free, microbiologically safe, and high quality fresh fruits and vegetables. The preservation technologies based on modification or control of pressure alters the normal atmospheric pressure of the preservation environment. The materials to be preserved are subjected to either very high or low pressure to extend their shelf life. The mechanism, advantages, and limitations of pressure modification-based preservation methods such as high hydrostatic pressure, hyperbaric treatment, vacuum cooling, hypobaric storage, and vacuum packaging focusing on their applicability to fresh fruits and vegetables have been reviewed. This review suggests that these technologies have potential to extend the shelf life and achieve a better preservation of the quality of fresh fruits and vegetables.     

果蔬采后纳米复合涂膜保鲜研究进展

果蔬采后纳米复合涂膜保鲜技术是一种新型的保鲜方法, 通过在果蔬表面形成一层纳米级别复合涂膜, 降低果蔬呼吸作用和防止微生物侵入污染, 从而延长保质期和维持品质。本文梳理了果蔬涂膜保鲜机制, 阐述了蛋白质、脂质、多糖、生物抗菌剂4类基质的纳米涂膜保鲜技术在果蔬保鲜中的应用。综合得出, 纳米复合涂膜具有抑菌、延缓果实衰老, 增强果实硬度、可溶性固形物等优点。目前常用的纳米材料包括纳米ZnO、纳米TiO2等金属氧化物、纳米纤维素等, 纳米复合涂膜应用阶段仍处于初级阶段, 纳米材料的功能和毒性还未完全掌握, 可能存在迁移风险。未来研究将重点优化涂膜材料、改进涂膜制备技术、扩大应用范围和安全性评估等方面, 本文将为纳米涂膜果蔬保鲜技术开发提供参考。     

应用于鲜切果蔬中的保鲜技术研究进展

鲜切果蔬因其方便、健康、新鲜等特点日益受到人们的青睐,销售量逐年增加。鲜切果蔬又称为切割果蔬、半加工果蔬、调理果蔬等,通常是指改变了蔬菜、水果物理形状、但仍然保持其新鲜状态的果蔬制品或果蔬混合产品。其生产过程一般要经过清洗、分级、修整、切分、洗涤、干燥、包装、贮存、配送等工序,可供消费者直接食用或餐饮业使用。鲜切果蔬保鲜技术对果蔬的色泽、气味、质地、营养成分、组织状态等感官方面得以最大的保留,减少果蔬因经过清洗、去皮、等机械处理过程导致的品质改变。本论文主要对现阶段鲜切果蔬的保鲜技术研究进展进行综述,其主要技术包括物理、化学和综合保鲜技术,以期为今后更深入的研究与探索提供参考与借鉴,并对未来发展方向进行了展望。     

不同贮藏方式对果蔬营养品质影响的研究进展

果蔬是人体获得维生素和矿物质等营养物质的主要来源,但是果蔬采后依然进行活跃的新陈代谢,导致营养物质的损失,其损失程度和速率主要受到果蔬不同贮藏方式的影响。本文阐述了不同贮藏方式对果蔬营养品质的影响及其研究进展,并从保持营养的角度对不同贮藏方式的应用前景进行了展望,以期为果蔬贮藏保鲜提供有价值的参考。      

鲜切果蔬中致腐微生物污染及其非热杀菌的研究进展

新鲜果蔬经过切割处理后,组织极易变软、腐烂,致使产品品质下降。鲜切果蔬的腐烂主要是由微生物生长繁殖所引起的。新鲜果蔬表面一般存在的致腐菌主要包括:欧文氏菌(Erwinia)、假单胞菌(Pseudomonas)、黄单胞菌(Xanthomonas)、芽孢杆菌(Bacillus)等细菌以及灰酶(Bortytis)、青霉(Penicillium)、根霉(Rhizopus)和黑曲霉(Aspergillus)等霉菌。目前应用于鲜切果蔬中的主要非热杀菌技术主要有物理杀菌、植物源杀菌和生物杀菌。据此对引起鲜切果蔬腐烂的致腐微生物种类的文献进行综述,并对控制鲜切果蔬腐烂的非热杀菌技术进行了论述。      

果蔬烫漂护色技术应用研究进展

烫漂护色是果蔬在干燥、油炸、冷冻及储存等加工处理前的一个重要的操作单元。烫漂的主要目的是钝化果蔬中引起不良变化反应的氧化酶,防止色泽劣变。烫漂方法主要包括化学法和物理法。化学试剂的残留对人的身体健康存在一定的威胁。传统的烫漂技术(热水及蒸汽烫漂)存在传热速度慢、营养损失大、水消耗量巨大、污水处理困难等缺点。因此,急需开展新的烫漂技术的研究。本研究对各种新型烫漂技术的原理、研究进展、应用现状和局限性等进行了分析和综述,主要包括微波、红外线、欧姆加热、射频、超高压等,以期为果蔬烫漂护色技术研究方向提供启示。     

一氧化氮在果蔬保鲜中的应用研究进展

一氧化氮(Nitric oxide,NO)是近年来发现的一种小分子信号物质,其在采后保鲜方面的应用是近年研究的焦点,研究人员发现利用NO短时熏蒸能够增强果蔬的保鲜效果,延长果蔬货价期。对NO应用于果蔬保鲜领域的研究进展情况进行了阐述。     

Recent advances in modified atmosphere packaging and edible coatings to maintain quality of fresh-cut fruits and vegetables

Processing of fruits and vegetables generates physiological stresses in the still living cut tissue, leading to quality deterioration and shorter shelf life as compared with fresh intact produces. Several strategies can be implemented with the aim to reduce the rate of deterioration of fresh-cut commodities. Such strategies include low temperature maintenance from harvest to retail and the application of physical and chemical treatments such as modified atmosphere packaging (MAP) with low O₂ and high CO₂ levels and antioxidant dips. Other technologies such as edible coatings with natural additives, new generation of coatings using nanotechnological solutions such as nanoparticles, nanoencapsulation, and multilayered systems, and nonconventional atmospheres such as the use of pressurized inert/noble gases and high levels of O₂ have gained a lot of interest as a possibility to extend the shelf life of minimally processed fruits and vegetables. However, the high perishability of these products challenges in many cases their marketability by not achieving sufficient shelf life to survive the distribution system, requiring the combination of treatments to assure safety and quality. This review reports the recent advances in the use of MAP, edible coatings, and the combined effect of both technologies to extend the shelf life of fresh-cut fruits and vegetables.     

差异蛋白质组学在采后果蔬生物与技术研究中的应用

蛋白质组学作为联系表型与基因组序列之间的有效工具已得到了广泛的应用,差异蛋白质组学作为其中的一个分支,更适合于探讨果蔬在不同状态下的应答机制。本文综述了差异蛋白质组学的研究方法及利用其揭示采后果蔬成熟与衰老、抗病性、致敏性以及采后处理保鲜机制等方面的研究。      

壳聚糖对果蔬的抗菌保鲜效果及其应用研究进展

由于采后旺盛的生理代谢, 新鲜水果和蔬菜会出现品质劣变, 采取有效的抗菌保鲜策略是果蔬采后贮藏过程亟待解决的问题。天然大分子壳聚糖作为果蔬的活性包装材料具有来源广泛、安全和可生物降解等优点。本文综述了近年来壳聚糖基涂层/膜用于果蔬保鲜包装的抗菌保鲜效果及其对果蔬品质的影响, 首先介绍了壳聚糖的来源及应用特点以及制备壳聚糖薄膜材料的常用方法, 然后综述了壳聚糖及其与其他生物活性材料复合使用在果蔬保鲜中的应用, 并总结了使用壳聚糖基涂层/膜保鲜对果蔬外观品质、营养品质、挥发性香气物质等方面的影响; 最后, 对壳聚糖在果蔬抑菌保鲜机制方面的研究进行归纳介绍, 以期为其未来发展和应用提供新的思路。     

褪黑素在果蔬采后品质劣变中的调控作用

褪黑素是广泛存在于生物体内的一种吲哚类色胺,具有调控果蔬衰老、清除活性氧自由基、防止抗氧化酶钝化等作用。最新研究发现褪黑素可以显著延缓果蔬采后由呼吸作用、乙烯释放、蒸腾作用、自由基代谢等代谢活动导致的品质劣变。本文从果蔬采后品质劣变角度综述了褪黑素对果蔬采后生理的调节作用,从导致品质劣变的关键生理活动包括呼吸作用、乙烯合成、蒸腾作用、酶促褐变、膜脂氧化、抗性激活等方面阐述了外源褪黑素的调控机制,系统阐述了外源褪黑素对果蔬品质的影响,包括感官品质、糖酸代谢、风味变化等,以期为褪黑素在保持果蔬采后品质及相关贮藏保鲜新技术的应用奠定一定的理论基础和技术支持。     

Recent advances in the improvement of freezing time and physicochemical quality of frozen fruits and vegetables by ultrasound application

Freezing is widely used for the preservation of fruits and vegetables (FVs). Whereas, the conventional freezing method presents low process efficiency in frozen FVs. Ultrasound application is used as a supplementary technology to improve the freezing process of FVs. This reviewed paper shows the cavitation effect of ultrasound and the effect of ultrasound application on freezing time and the physicochemical quality of frozen FVs. The cavitation effect of ultrasound in the freezing process was described in detail. Compared with conventional freezing, ultrasound application in freezing of FVs can shorten the freezing time, and improve physicochemical quality including drip loss, colour, firmness, chemical compositions (ascorbic acid, total phenolic and anthocyanin), as well as microstructure. Therefore, the results of these studies illustrated that ultrasound is a potential technology to enhance freezing efficiency and retain the quality of FVs during freezing.     

气体二氧化氯在果蔬杀菌保鲜方面的研究与应用

二氧化氯是一种国际上公认的性能优良、安全无公害的杀菌消毒剂和食品保鲜剂。国内关于二氧化氯在果蔬保鲜领域的研究多局限于液体二氧化氯,气体二氧化氯在果蔬保鲜方面的研究相对较少。气体二氧化氯较液体二氧化氯有许多优势,在果蔬杀菌保鲜方面有更加广阔的应用前景。本文综述了二氧化氯的杀菌保鲜机理及气体二氧化氯的特性与优点,总结了近年来国内外关于气体二氧化氯在果蔬杀菌保鲜方面的研究,并对其应用前景进行了展望。      

超声辅助生鲜果蔬采后安全保障的研究进展

人们对天然、营养等观念的推崇,导致生鲜果蔬的消费量日渐增加。为确保生鲜果蔬采后的安全性,目前超声波作为一种物理的辅助手段逐渐受到重视。本文从超声辅助果蔬安全保障的机理入手,就超声在关乎果蔬流通安全的病原菌、病毒、农残、清洁度等方面的作用进行了综述,最后对超声技术在果蔬采后处理上的应用前景进行了展望。