Effects of age and gender on adolescents'' food habits and preferences

This study explored food habits and preferences of 222 French adolescents of 10 to 20 years old. They completed a questionnaire about their eating habits and quoted 10 of their favourite and 10 of their most disliked foods or beverages. They also mentioned any change in their preferences.

These results show that food habits and tastes are mostly related to age and gender. Girls pay more attention to dietetics and snack less than boys. Young adolescents prefer bland and familiar foods whereas older ones learn to appreciate ‘adult’ foods. As they grow older, children snack more, skip more meals and seem more interested in foreign foods. Before puberty teenagers reject many foods they previously liked. After puberty they begin to appreciate some foods they didn't like before. Their food repertoire widens at this period because of social and cognitive influences.     

Estimation of the effect of food irradiation on total dietary vitamin availability as compared with dietary allowances: study for Argentina

The purpose of this work was to evaluate whether irradiation treatment of all foods, for which this treatment is of recognised technological usefulness, would have any detrimental effect on total dietary vitamin availability for consumption by the Argentinian population. Per capita availability of foods produced in or imported into Argentina that could be usefully irradiated and which are usually consumed in the country was recorded from FAO food balance sheets. The vitamin content of the foods and the vitamin losses occurring under good irradiation practices were gathered from the literature. The nutritional impact of vitamin losses due to irradiation was estimated by comparing results to the Recommended Dietary Allowances of the US National Research Council. The vitamins studied were: A, D, E, K, ascorbic acid, thiamine, riboflavin, niacin, pyridoxine, biotin, cyanocobalamin, folacin and pantothenic acid. Results showed that, even if irradiation was applied to every food which could be usefully treated, vitamin availabilities would exceed 100% of the respective RDA and so no adverse nutritional impact would be expected, except for folacin and vitamin D. However, typical availabilities of folate and vitamin D are less than the RDA. Synthesis of vitamin D in the skin from 7-dehydrocholesterol would suggest no nutritional problem. Available data on folic acid losses due to food irradiation are incomplete and suggest the need for further experimental research. © 1998 SCI.     

Monitoring of 29 weight loss compounds in foods and dietary supplements by LC-MS/MS

Because of the rapid growth in dietary supplement availability and public concern for weight control, the investigation of foods and various dietary supplements illegally adulterated with weight loss compounds has become increasingly important. A total of 29 weight loss compounds, including sennoside, sibutramine, ephedrine and their analogues, found to be adulterated in foods and dietary supplements were simultaneously examined by LC-MS/MS. The 188 samples were collected between 2009 and 2012 in South Korea, and method validation was performed to determine the adulterants to the weight loss compounds. LODs, LOQs and linearity ranged from 0.03 to 7.5 ng ml^?1, from 0.08 to 30.00 ng ml^?1, and from 0.990 to 0.999, respectively. The results showed that nine weight loss compounds, namely bisacodyl, desmethylsibutramine, didesmethylsibutramine, ephedrine, fluoxetine, pseudoephedrine, sennoside A, sennoside B and sibutramine, were detected in 62 of all collected samples and were found in order of frequency as follows: sibutramine, 25.7%; sennoside A, 22.9%; sennoside B, 20.0%; fluoxetine, 8.6%; desmethylsibutramine, 7.1%; bisacodyl, ephedrine, and pseudoephedrine, 4.3%; and didesmethylsibutramine, 2.9%. Sibutramine, which was the most frequently found adulterant, ranged in levels from 0.03 to 132.40 mg g^?1 (2010), from 0.88 to 76.2 mg g^?1 (2011), and from 0.07 to 0.24 mg g^?1 (2012). Although the concentrations of most compounds ranged widely, some compounds such as bisacodyl and fluoxetine were found at high concentrations in several samples.     

膳食纤维在焙烤食品中应用

该文简介膳食纤维物化特性及生理功能性质。目前,在焙烤食品中应用膳食纤维主要来源于大豆、谷物、果蔬,膳食纤维在小剂量添加范围内对面筋网络结构和面团有一定改良作用,但若大剂量添加,会对面团特性产生副作用;因此适宜添加膳食纤维能延缓面包陈化率,增大面包和糕点体积,改善饼干咀嚼性,及满足人们对高膳食纤维、低能量焙烤食品需求。     

Impact of food consumption habits on the pesticide dietary intake: Comparison between a French vegetarian and the general population

This study aims to compare the pesticide residue dietary intake of the French general population and the vegetarian population, separated into five specific diets: omnivorous (OMN), lacto-vegetarian (LV), ovo-lacto-vegetarian (OLV), pesco-lacto-vegetarian (PLV) and vegan (VG). Theoretical Maximum Daily Intakes (TMDIs) based on Maximum Residue Levels (MRLs) were calculated as a percentage of the Acceptable Daily Intake (ADI). Among the 421 pesticides studied, only 48 had TMDI above ADI for at least one population subgroup. An excessive exposure was noticed for 44, 43, 42, 41 and 30 pesticides in the OLV, VG, OMN, LV and PLV groups, respectively, versus 29 in the general population. Meat and egg products consumption was responsible for higher intakes of organochlorine pesticides in the general population than in the vegetarian population (TMDI = 348% versus 146–183% ADI for aldrin). However, as the limited consumption of animal-origin commodities was largely offset by a higher fruit, vegetable and cereal intake in the vegetarian diets, vegetarians appear to be preferentially exposed to pesticides, for which fruit, vegetables and cereals are the main contributors, such as tri-allate, chlorpyrifos-methyl and diazinon. This study illustrates that consumption habits have a real impact on pesticide exposure in terms of intake levels, number and type of pesticides, representing a potential risk of dietary exposure. Except for organochlorine compounds, the vegetarian population may be more exposed to pesticide residues than the general population due to specific dietary habits. Thus, this population should be considered for risk assessment of pesticide residues.     

Dietary habits of the population of rural Galicia (NW Spain): Towards the development of a dietary education programme

This study was aimed to evaluate the diet of the population of rural Galicia (NW Spain) to detect groups at risk and thereby aid the development of nutritional and dietary education policy.     

中学生快餐膳食能量调查分析与评价

以深圳市某中学二年级150名学生为调查对象,通过调查问卷,选择有10种最具代表性的快餐套餐作为样品,测定其大量营养素含量并计算其提供的膳食能量.根据膳食营养素推荐摄入量,对每类快餐提供的总膳食能量及能量结构做出评价.评价结果表明,对中学生来说,西式快餐和部分高档中式快餐总能量过剩,而日式快餐总能量则不足:方便面能量结构不合理,而水饺则为能量和营养素相对平衡的快餐食品.     

豆渣水溶性膳食纤维的最新应用

膳食纤维对人体健康具有特殊的生理功能，膳食纤维类食品日益受到消费的欢迎。从豆渣中制备水溶性膳食纤维的研究也日益成熟。所以，本综述了国内水溶性膳食纤维作为一种功能性的食品添加剂在食品中的广泛应用。     

Dioxins, furans and dioxin-like PCBs: Occurrence in food and dietary intake in France

PCDD/Fs and DL-PCBs contamination data in food products consumed in France collected from national monitoring programmes (2001-04) and representing analytical results for almost 800 individual food samples were combined with food consumption data from the French national dietary survey to estimate PCDD/Fs and DL-PCBs dietary intakes, expressed as toxic equivalents (WHO-TEQs). The mean PCDD/Fs and DL-PCBs intakes were estimated as 1.8 and 2.8 pg WHO-TEQ kg^-1 b.w. day^-1, respectively, for adults (aged 15 years and over) and children (aged 3-14 years). The main contributors to total intake were fish and milk products for both children and adults (48 and 31% for adults and 34 and 43% for children, respectively). DL-PCBs constituted the largest contributor to contamination in most foodstuffs. A life-long intake estimate showed that a non-negligible part of the French population (between 20 and 28%) had an intake above the tolerable monthly intake for dioxins and dioxin-like PCBs of 70 pg WHO-TEQ kg^-1 b.w. month^-1.     

燕麦高纤食品基料在挂面中的应用

把燕麦高纤食品基料应用在挂面中,研究了燕麦高纤食品基料添加量为10％、20％、30％以及加入添加剂时,对燕麦高纤挂面质量指标、感官品质、加工性能的影响。     

Estimate of dietary exposure to sulphites in child and adult populations in the Basque Country

Sulphites are widely used as a preservative and antioxidant additive in food. The aim of this study was to assess dietary sulphite intake in adults aged 35–65 years and in children aged 4–18 years living in the Basque Country, northern Spain. We determined sulphite concentrations in 909 samples covering 16 food types. The maximum permitted levels were exceeded in 17% of samples. Making recommended assumptions for non-quantifiable results, estimates of mean lower and upper bounds were calculated for sulphite concentrations in each food type. These sulphite data were combined with consumption data derived from 8417 adults from the European Prospective Investigation in Cancer and Nutrition cohort in Gipuzkoa, recruited in 1992–1995 using a diet history method, and 1055 children from the Basque Country Nutrition Children Survey, conducted in 2004–2005 using two 24-h recall questionnaires to assess diet. The results were compared with the acceptable daily intake (ADI) proposed by the Joint Expert Committee on Food Additives (JECFA). The mean dietary exposure to sulphites was 0.08 mg kg^?1 bw day^?1, only 11% of the ADI in the overall group of children (4–18 years old), but the acceptable intake was exceeded by 4% of 4–6 year olds. For the adults (35–65 years old), the mean dietary exposure was 0.31 mg kg^?1 bw day^?1, 45% of the ADI, but the acceptable intake was exceeded in 14.6% of cases. The major contributing foods were minced meat and other meat products for children and wine for adults.     

强化膳食纤维挤压膨化食品加工工艺的研究

以玉米和荞麦为主要原料,强化膳食纤维开发研制挤压膨化休闲食品,并对挤压工艺参数进行了优化。实验首先采用单因素法考察了不同含量的膳食纤维对产品口感的影响;然后采用Box-Behnken实验设计方法进行实验设计,依据所得的实验数据建立了膨化度(Y1)与物料湿度(X1)、机筒温度(X2)和螺杆转速(X3)的相关数学统计模型:Y1=0.119179 0.016455X1-0.018315X3 0.028592X12 0.027734X32;通过对实验数据进行响应面分析,确定了挤压工艺的最佳参数:物料湿度为12.7%,机筒温度为120℃,螺杆转速为274r/min。分析表明,不溶性膳食纤维经挤压蒸煮后降低了17.9%。     

膳食纤维结构与功能的原子力显微镜研究

膳食纤维的功能是近年来研究的热点,而功能与其结构是密切相关的。基于此,文章主要回顾了原子力显微镜这种新型的研究手段在膳食纤维结构及其功能研究中的应用情况,并详细介绍了原子力显微镜在纤维素、木质素、果胶、树胶等膳食纤维结构研究中的一些初步成果。     

Metals in commonly eaten groceries in Western Australia: a market basket survey and dietary assessment

Children’s dietary exposure to metals has received limited attention in Australia. This study undertook a market basket survey and analysed 253 food and beverages for metals. These data were used in conjunction with recent average diet data for children in Western Australia to model dietary metals exposure, with mean metals intakes calculated for boys and girls aged 8, 12, 13 and 16 years. Results show that for some metals, including cadmium, nickel and manganese, dietary intake guidelines have been exceeded in younger children. The mean modelled cadmium intake in children aged 8 years was almost 60% of the World Health Organisation (WHO) guideline and exceeded the European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) guideline. Nickel and manganese intake was higher in younger children than reported in international studies. Modelling based on the 95% percentile of dietary consumption exceeded the respective guidelines or upper level of intake for several of the metals studied. The findings from this study support the need for further investigation into the exposure of children to metals from diet and the health implications of exposure.     

Styrene in foods and dietary exposure estimates

ABSTRACT

Low levels of styrene may be found in foods as a result of possible migration from polystyrene-based food packaging and as a result of its formation during the biodegradation of a wide variety of naturally occurring compounds with structures similar to styrene. In this study, composite food samples from a recent (2014) Canadian Total Diet Study were analysed for styrene, and levels of styrene in samples of most food types were low in general with a few exceptions (e.g. 4934 ng/g in herbs and spices). Dietary exposures to styrene were estimated for different age-groups based on the occurrence data and the food consumption data for all persons, and they are 0.17–0.38 µg/kg body weight/day for children and 0.12–0.16 µg/kg body weight/day for adults, similar to air intakes (0.085–0.27 µg/kg body weight/day). Thus, for the general population, both food and air contribute similar portions of the total daily intake of styrene for all age groups. However, for the smoking population, intakes from cigarettes are still the major route of exposure to styrene.     

Lead and cadmium in foods/drinking water from Slovenian market/taps: Estimation of overall chronic dietary exposure and health risks

ABSTRACT

Approximately 3000 food samples from the Slovenian market and 2500 drinking (tap) water samples in the period 2011 ? 2016 were evaluated for the presence of toxic elements lead (Pb) and cadmium (Cd) and the overall chronic dietary exposure was assessed for each element. The highest mean concentrations were found for Pb in products for special nutritional use – dietary supplements (0.383 mg/kg) and for Cd in fish and seafood (0.117 mg/kg). The consumption data were obtained from the national study of the household budget and from the European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) summary statistics. Chronic dietary exposure was estimated deterministically. The average Pb and Cd intakes from food and drinking (tap) water ranged for children from 0.90 to 1.021 µg/kg bw/day and 4.65 to 5.65 µg/kg bw/week, respectively, and for adults, including adolescents, from 0.40 to 0.53 µg/kg bw/day and 1.98 to 2.82 µg/kg bw/week, respectively. The high consumption of cereal-based foods and vegetables contributed most to overall Pb and Cd intake in the majority of the age groups. The exposure to Pb was generally lower and that to Cd was higher compared to the average EU values. The most exposed were children, as the health-based guidance values were exceeded for both elements, which indicates a health concern. An important contribution to Cd exposure can be attributed to grains and potatoes grown in Slovenia, where the soil contains more Cd than that in other EU countries. Further efforts to reduce Pb and Cd intake are required to minimize potential health risks.     

Co-occurrence of mycotoxins in maize and maize-derived food in China and estimation of dietary intake

ABSTRACT

A total of 576 samples marketed in China, including maize, maize flour, maize grits and maize meal, was determined for the simultaneous presence of 12 mycotoxins (FB₁, FB₂, FB₃, DON, 3-DON, 15-DON, ZEN, AFB₁, AFB₂, AFG₁, AFG₂ and OTA) using a validated UPLC-MS/MS for multi-mycotoxin method. DON were the most widespread mycotoxins (63%), followed by FB₁ (57%) and ZEN (46%). 78% of the samples was contaminated with at least one of these mycotoxins. Risk assessment indicated that maize and maize-derived food intake does not pose a potential risk for general adult population with respect to individual mycotoxin. However, two or more mycotoxins were detected in 60% of all samples, and a combination of up to seven different mycotoxins was found. A particular attention should be paid to the combined exposure of mycotoxins, in this cases the estimated daily intake might increase greatly due to the high frequency of co-occurrence.     

A review of dietary exposure and toxicological information on epoxidised soybean oil (ESBO) in food-contact applications

ABSTRACT

Plasticisers have a long history of use in the industrial manufacture and processing of polymers for the purpose of increasing the flexibility and strength of the material. Approximately, 80–90% of the plasticiser market is devoted to the production of PVC, a highly versatile thermoplastic used to produce both rigid and flexible articles. Many types of plasticisers, including ortho-phthalate esters (OPE), can be added to PVC to impart flexibility. Recently, alternatives to OPEs, such as epoxy esters and aliphatic adipates, are becoming more prevalent for use in PVC-based food-contact articles. Epoxidised soybean oil (ESBO) is used as a plasticiser in flexible PVC for many food-contact articles, including food packaging and food processing equipment, from which it can potentially migrate into food and become a component of an individual’s daily diet. The purpose of this review is to provide an update on the US dietary exposure and toxicological information on ESBO used in PVC-based food-contact articles. The cumulative dietary concentration (CDC) and cumulative estimated daily intake (CEDI) for ESBO from its use as a plasticiser in PVC-based food-contact articles (i.e. gaskets for glass jar lids and film wraps) was calculated to be 2.6 mg/kg (i.e. ppm) and 0.13 mg/kg bw/d, respectively, for the general population. Some regulatory agencies have reported safety levels for ESBO, and the most conservative no observed adverse effect level (NOAEL) was identified to be 100 mg/kg bw/d (i.e. 2000 ppm) based on a two-year feeding study in rats. The current CEDI is well below these levels, supporting the safe use of ESBO in food-contact applications.     

百合膳食纤维对小白鼠消化吸收功能的影响

实验以麝香百合渣、卷丹渣和麝香百合膳食纤维为受试物,探讨其对小白鼠消化吸收功能的影响。结果表明:中、高浓度百合膳食纤维能极显著地增加小白鼠的摄食量、重量和小肠推进率(p<0.01);低浓度麝香百合渣能显著增加小白鼠摄食量(p<0.05);小白鼠的食物利用系数随灌胃浓度的增加而增加,高浓度麝香百合膳食纤维作用更为显著(p<0.05)。综上所述,百合膳食纤维能够促进小白鼠的消化吸收,并以高浓度麝香百合膳食纤维的效果最佳。     

Assessment of dietary exposure to annatto (E160b), nitrites (E249-250), sulphites (E220-228) and tartaric acid (E334) in the French population: the second French total diet study

The results of the assessment of the dietary exposure to annatto, nitrites, tartaric acid and sulphites within the framework of the second French total diet study (TDS) are reported. These 4 additives were selected from the Bemrah et al. study [Bemrah N, Leblanc JC, Volatier JL. 2008. Assessment of dietary exposure in the French population to 13 selected food colours, preservatives, antioxidants, stabilizers, emulsifiers and sweeteners. Food Addit Contam B. 1(1):2–14] on 13 food additives which identified a possible health risk for annatto, sulphites and nitrites and a lack of data for tartaric acid. Among the composite samples selected for the whole TDS, 524 were analysed for additives (a sample was analysed for a given additive when it was identified as a major contributor for this additive only): 130 for tartaric acid, 135 for nitrites, 59 for annatto and 200 for sulphites. Estimated concentrations (minimum lower bound to maximum upper bound) vary nationally from 0 to 9?mg/kg for annatto, 0 to 420?mg/kg for tartaric acid, 0 to 108?mg/kg for sulphites and 0 to 3.4?mg/kg for nitrites. Based on the analytical results, the dietary exposure was calculated for adults and children, separately, using lower bound and upper bound assumptions. The European ADIs for these 4 additives were not exceeded except for the dietary exposure for sulphites among 2.9% of the adult population, where the major contributors were alcoholic drinks and especially wine under both hypotheses (lower and upper bound).