Prediction and verification of melting front in GTA weld pool of full-penetration

A thermal conduction model is applied to speed up the numerical analysis of the temperature distribution and the weld pool geometry of full penetration in gas tungsten arc （GTA） welding. With considering both top and bottom flee surface deformation of full-penetrated weld pool, three-dimensional weld pool with melting front and solidification front is predicted. Welding experiments are conducted to measure the melting front curves at the top surface and the longitudinal section of the weld. It shows that the predicted and measured results are in good agreement.     

周期超声对铝合金TIG焊缝成形影响机制分析

超声可以影响铝合金TIG焊熔池结晶与焊缝成形,文中对超声场下铝锂合金TIG焊缝成形的机制进行了分析.文中分析了超声作用下焊缝宏观形貌及熔池上表面振动的变化,并通过有限元分析了超声对熔池流动的影响.周期超声使焊缝出现周期性的凸起,焊缝熔宽有变小趋势.超声使熔池上表面振动幅度增大,周期超声使熔池上表面产生周期性的振动.对焊缝周期性凸起产生的机制进行分析.结果表明,声流使熔池流动速度增大,熔池边缘熔体流动状态变化,熔池凝固后在熔池边缘产生凸起.周期超声周期性地影响熔池的流动及凝固,因此熔池边缘产生周期性凸起.     

基于视觉的MAG焊接熔池的标定

焊接熔池几何尺寸能够在一定程度上反映熔透信息,准确可靠的检测出熔池几何尺寸,对于实现熔透控制具有重要的意义.在MAC(metal active gas)焊中,由于熔敷金属在试件表面堆积,使熔池表面与试件上表面形成一定的倾角,导致基于视觉传感器检测到的熔池长度尺寸出现了误差.文中分析了产生误差的原因,给出了修正误差的方法,并从熔池侧面测量了熔池表面的倾角.根据测量得到的数据,对从熔池正前方检测到的熔池长度尺寸进行了修正,得到了较准确的熔池长度.     

Simultaneous observation of keyhole and weld pool in plasma arc welding with a single cost-effective sensor

The dynamic behaviors of the keyhole and weld pool are coupled together in plasma arc welding, and the geometric variations of both the keyhole and the weld pool determine the weld quality. It is of great significance to simultaneously sense and monitor the keyhole and the weld pool behaviors by using a single low-cost vision sensor in plasma arc welding process. In this study, the keyhole and weld pool were observed and measured under different levels of welding current by using the near infrared sensing technology and the charge coupled device （CCD） sensing system. The shapes and relative position of weld pool and keyhole under different conditions were compared and analyzed. The observation results lay solid foundation for controlling weld quality and understanding the underlying process mechanisms.     

大功率光纤激光焊熔透状态模糊聚类识别方法

熔透是评价激光焊接质量的重要因素,但在焊接过程中难以直接检测熔透状态.以大功率光纤激光焊接304不锈钢紧密对接焊缝为试验对象,研究一种基于熔池红外热像的熔透状态识别方法.采用红外摄像机摄取焊接区域熔池动态图像,提取熔池特征量,应用模糊聚类算法分析熔池特征量与熔透状态之间的关系,使用模糊C-均值（FCM）和Gustafson-Kessel（GK）两种模糊聚类法建立熔透状态识别模型.激光焊接试验结果表明,熔池表征与熔透状态之间存在密切关联,通过GK模糊聚类算法建立的模型对熔透状态能达到78%以上的识别率,为大功率光纤激光焊接过程熔透状态的识别和控制提供试验依据.     

Weld pool vision sensing and image processing for GMAW

It is difficult to acquire satisfied weld pool image by CCD sensor during gas metal arc welding(GMAW), for arc disturbs violently, welding current is great and working frequeacy is high. By using CMOS vision sensor to GMA W process, the vivid weld pool image is collected at any time, furthermore, whose gray compression ratio is controllable by sensor hardware circuit developed. Acquired weld pool image is firstly pre-processed by using Wiener filter and Ostu threshold segmentation algorithm. Subsequently separation between weld pool intage and cathode mist region is conducted by means of mathematical morphological algorithm, and the edge of weld pool image is extracted by using Prewitt algorithm.     

不锈钢焊接凝固裂纹温度场的数值模拟

进行不钢焊接凝固裂纹温度场分析与数据模拟。首先将电弧民辐射状对称并呈高斯分布的二维热流作用于工件表面,解决了电弧产热问题;其次,通过液淬法测试金属的固相分数随温度变化率,得到了凝固热放率;最皇采用增大热传导系数的方法,考虑了熔池内流体流动对整个温度场的影响。在此基础上,建立了二维焊接凝固裂纹温度场计算模型。此外,采用有限元方法计算了二维焊接凝固纹温度场,并研究了焊接规范参数及材料的热物理性能对 影     

液相分离对T2紫铜/316L不锈钢接头组织及性能的影响

采用钨极氩弧焊填充纯铜焊丝进行T2紫铜/316L不锈钢异种金属焊接工艺试验,分析了接头微观组织的形成机制. 结果表明,使用纯铜焊丝时,铁-铜液相分离对铜/钢焊缝组织的形成起主导作用. 以铜为基体的焊缝中分布着大量由铁-铜初次液相分离形成的富铁球,在其内部还分布有标志着铁-铜二次液相分离的富铜相. 富铁球内的析出相在表面能梯度和密度差的作用下,向富铁球中心呈球状聚集. 由于成分和所处区域的冷却速率不同,富铁球呈现不同的形貌. 基于熔池边界凝固理论,分析了接头铜/钢界面未混溶区宏观偏析机制. 填丝焊时,熔池边缘形成非等温边界. 纯铜焊丝制备接头铜/钢界面处液态钢母材的温度高于熔池主体,导致岛状和半未混溶区的形成. 接头的铜侧存在由粗大晶粒和正常尺寸晶粒组成的软化区,拉伸试样均断裂于此,抗拉强度达到铜母材的81.7%.     

Study on the microstructure and mechanical properties of Nd:YAG pulsed laser beam weld of UNS-C17200 copper beryllium alloy

In this study, the microstructure of Nd:YAG pulsed laser welding of copper beryllium sheet has been investigated by tensile and hardness tests, optical and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and X-ray diffraction (XRD). The SEM images reveals three distinct solidified structures due to various thermal gradients occurred in the fusion zone. The XRD patterns show that the preferred solidification directions are like other FCC materials. Tensile strength of the weld metal is lower than that of the base metal since the CuBe phase precipitates during solidification. The effects of pulsed laser parameters on the weld pool dimensions were also studied. The results show that by applying constant pulse energy, focused beam diameter should be kept as low as possible to obtain the weld pool with the highest penetration and the least width. Moreover, the effect of passive layer on the reflectivity of surface by incident beam was investigated. It was found that weld pool increases when the laser energy is high due to multiple internal reflections.     

可调拘束实验测量的焊接凝固裂纹阻力曲线的有限元法修正

利用有限元法对横向可调拘束实验进行了数值模拟,得到了不同弯曲应变条件下熔池尾部的局部应变,结果表明：在进行可调拘束实验过程中,焊接熔池尾部确实存在应变集中,从而对实验测得的平均应变即材料凝固裂纹阻力进行了修正．此外,将横向可调拘束实验模拟得到的局部应变与采用高速摄影和可调拘束相结合测量得到的局部应变进行了对比,能够较好的吻合．同时,计算了不锈钢SUS310焊接凝固裂纹驱动力,并与修正后的阻力曲线进行比较,预测了凝固裂纹敏感性,预测结果与实验结果相符．说明利用横向可调拘束实验结合数值模拟方法,能够定量预测焊接凝固裂纹．     

Measurement of surface temperature of weld pools by infrared two colour pyrometry

Abstract

In this research, two colour pyrometry was conducted to obtain the surface temperature of weld pools, in which the weld pool was photographed by a high speed camera during arc welding. Two wavelengths (950 and 980 nm) of light in the infrared range were selected from the thermal radiation light emitted from the weld pool at the instant when the arc was extinguished, using an imaging spectroscope. Consequently, in gas tungsten arc welding, it was shown that the surface temperature distribution of a weld pool is affected by the sulphur content in the base metal. It is thought that this temperature distribution is determined by the balance between the driving forces of viscous drag from the cathode jet of plasma and Marangoni surface tension. In gas metal arc welding, it was seen that the surface temperature distribution becomes uniform and the temperature is 1715–1845 K, which is obviously lower than that of the metal droplet.     

Modelling of bead hump formation in high speed gas metal arc welding

Without any presupposed mechanism, a unified three-dimensional model is developed to predict the formation of humping bead in high speed gas metal arc welding, which considers the three phase coupling of solid, liquid and gas and the effect of shear stress exerting on weld pool surface caused by arc plasma. A strong backward fluid flow in weld pool is identified as the major factor for bead hump formation. The generation of thin liquid transition zone and its premature solidification are two conditions responsible for the occurrence of humped weld. In case of low inner contact angle between the liquid metal and workpiece surface, the bead hump is still generated. With increasing welding current, the bead hump can be suppressed.     

Welding: Solidification and microstructure

Parameters that control the solidification of castings also control the solidification and microstructure of welds. However, various physical processes that occur due to the interaction of the heat source with the metal during welding add a new dimension to the understanding of the weld pool solidification. Conventional theories of solidification over a broad range of conditions can be extended to understand weld pool solidification. In certain cases, because of rapid cooling rate effects, it is not unusual to observe nonequilibrium microstructures. Recent developments in the application of computational thermodynamics and kinetic models, studies on single-crystal welds, and advanced in-situ characterization techniques have led to a better understanding of weld solidification and microstructures. Editor’s Note: A hypertext-enhanced version of this article is available on-line atwww.tms.org/pubs/journals/JOM/0306/David-0306.html For more information, contact S.A. David, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Metals & Ceramics Division, Building 4508, MS 6095, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831-6095; (865) 574-4804; fax (865) 574-4928; e-mail Davidsa1@ornl.gov.     

Solidification behaviour of laser welded type 21Cr–6Ni–9Mn stainless steel

The solidification mode and microstructures were characterised for various processing parameters for laser welding 21Cr–6Ni–9Mn stainless steel. Two heats with varying nitrogen content showed both primary ferrite and primary austenite solidification. Weld ferrite content varied from 1 to 11 vol.-%, and decreased as travel speed increased. Base metal nitrogen content affected both solidification mode and weld ferrite content. Nitrogen loss from the weld pool was found to range from 10 to 45%, and decreased with increasing travel speed. Solidification mode was dependent on both chemical composition and processing parameters. The solidification mode shifted from primary ferrite to primary austenite as travel speed increased due to increased undercooling. Solidification mode varied within welds with constant nitrogen content, and the change in solidification mode was attributed to changes in undercooling along the weld cross-section. It is proposed that the variation of solidification mode with undercooling is affected by both the solidification rate and thermal gradient.     

不锈钢焊接凝固裂纹应力应变场数值模拟结果分析

对不锈钢凝固裂纹的驱动力即熔池尾部应变场进行了模拟.首先,通过单元再生方案,消除了焊接构件中熔池变形对熔池尾部应力应变场的影响.其次,通过加大材料的线膨胀系数,考虑了凝固收缩对熔池尾部应力应变场的影响,最终得到了各种条件下的焊接应力 -应变场.此外,本文将机械应变随时间变化的关系曲线处理成机械应变随温度变化的关系曲线,从而获得了凝固裂纹驱动力,为凝固裂纹的预测奠定了基础.     

焊接机器人智能过程与控制

使用高速摄影机观察焊接过程，当焊接电弧到达坡口根部边缘时，焊接电流达到脉冲电流峰值，采用CCD摄像机作为视觉传感器观察焊接熔池，CCD摄像机在较低的电流时以1ms的速度获取熔池表面图像，保证拍摄时与焊枪摆动中心同步，利用计算机处理焊接熔池图像并生成数字信号，将信号送入数控系统，数控装置采集焊接熔池特征各数，由此调整送丝速度、焊接速度、焊枪高度，控制熔滴过渡，达到对焊接过程的智能控制。     

Infrared temperature sensing of laser welding

This study investigates the feasibility of using infrared sensing devices to measure the surface temperature variation near the molten pool and to correlate this temperature variation with the changes in welding parameters. Since the properties of the welds depend upon their microstructures and compositions, the cooling rate of the weld pool exerts a strong influence on their properties. If a valuable relationship could be found, the output signal from the infrared detector might be used as a feedback signal to control the laser welding process. In the present study, a simple method of monitoring the variation of cooling rate is proposed. Using two infrared temperature sensing devices together with a personal computer, we can calculate the cooling rate variation of a specific point of welds. From the results, it is concluded that mutual relations exist between measured cooling rate and microstructures as well as the properties of welds.     

不同燃烧速率对热剂焊接焊缝显微组织的影响

报道了一种新颖的热剂焊接方法,采用该种热剂焊接方法可以在无电条件下,不借助任何辅助设备,便可十分方便的进行手工焊接作业。通过分别添加不同含量的微硅粉和硅灰石作为稀释剂对热剂反应进行调控,获得了不同燃烧速率的热剂焊条;对在不同燃烧速率下焊接所得的焊接接头进行了显微组织分析。结果表明:在高的燃烧速率下焊接时,焊缝组织中易出现缩松和夹渣缺陷;随着燃烧速率的降低,焊缝显微组织中的缩松和夹渣缺陷逐渐消除;当燃烧速率进一步降低时,焊缝组织中开始出现大量气孔缺陷。分析表明:这种显微组织的演变与不同燃烧速率下焊接熔池所经历的升温过程有关。     

电子束扫描横焊薄铌板的熔池动力学行为

在电子束焊接过程中,金属液体蒸发的反冲压力、表面张力、重力等驱动力共同作用于熔池,对焊缝成形有显著影响. 在扫描横焊的情况下,电子束作用范围的扫描摆动和重力方向的旋转使熔池的动力学行为变得更复杂. 采用试验和数值计算方法对电子束扫描横焊薄铌板的熔池形态和凝固后熔合区形貌进行研究,数值模拟得到的熔池形态和熔合区形状与试验结果吻合. 熔池流场分析结果表明,半熔透熔池的驱动力主要为液态金属蒸发引发的反冲压力;全熔透熔池的上表面Marangoni流动占主导,表面张力与反冲压力共同作为熔池流动的驱动力;重力与焊接扫描共同作用使得熔池两侧的质量分布和流场分布不对称,造成了焊缝两侧熔合线的不对称.     

基于红外透过滤光片的P-GMAW熔池图像传感

被动视觉熔池传感技术常采用窄带滤光片使熔池辐射较强而弧光较弱的某波长范围内的光进入摄像机,以抑制弧光干扰获得较清晰的熔池图像.在分析熔池辐射光谱分布、电弧光谱分布和摄像机光谱敏感曲线等影响熔池成像因素基础上,文中提出采用红外透过滤光片拍摄熔池图像,最大程度利用近红外波段熔池辐射能量高而电弧辐射弱的特点,同时透光波长范围的增加也避免了摄像机敏感性不足而导致的成像质量下降问题.P-GMAW熔池传感试验结果表明,红外透过滤光片能够较好的抑制弧光,在脉冲电流峰值和脉冲电流基值期间均可获得清晰和细节丰富的熔池图像.