Effects of Al2O3 addition on microstructure and luminescence of transparent germanosilicate glass-ceramics with incorporated spinel Ga-oxide nanocrystals

Ga-oxide spinel nanocrystals are wide band gap systems, which can be incorporated in a glass matrix by phase separation mechanisms. In suitable conditions, this kind of processes can give rise to transparent nanostructured glass-ceramics with UV excitation and luminescence properties potentially interesting in several technological areas. Nanophase size dispersion and volume fraction have been demonstrated to be controllable, at some extent, by suitable thermal treatments for nucleation and nano-crystallization in low-alkali gallium germanosilicate system. Here we report the results on the role of Al₂O₃ additions on the microstructure and optical response of the glass-ceramics fabricated in this system. Data of differential scanning calorimetry, X-ray diffraction, transmission electron microscopy, absorption and fluorescence spectroscopy show that Al₂O₃ addition, up to 4.5 mol%, turns out to have a considerable impact on the size and number density of precipitated nanocrystals, which are solid solutions of γ-Ga_2-xAl_xO₃ resulting from the partial incorporation of Al³⁺ ions into the crystalline phase. We show that the use of Al₂O₃ as an additive in the composition of gallium germanosilicates facilitates glass melting and leads to glass-ceramics with significantly modified photoluminescence characteristics such as decay lifetime and integrated intensity of light emission. The possible reasons are discussed.     

Influence of composition and microstructure on transparency and diffusivity in ion-exchangeable spinel glass-ceramics

Ion-exchangeable, transparent spinel glass-ceramics are presented and discussed here for the first time. To retain transparency with increasing crystallinity, spinel glass-ceramics must have uniform crystallization of small (~9 nm) crystallites, not large spherulitic structures comprised of small crystallites. To obtain such a uniform microstructure, the amount of total nucleating agents (ZrO₂ + TiO₂) in the precursor glass composition must be greater than 5 mol%. With small changes in composition and significant differences in microstructure, the demarcation between transparent and opaque glass-ceramics is distinct as is the decrease in K diffusivity during ion-exchange from the transparent (14.7 microns²/h) to the opaque (11.2 microns²/h) compositions. Understanding how to retain transparency during ceramming and increase diffusivity during chemical strengthening is critical in designing materials for many real-world applications. Ion-exchangeable, transparent spinel glass-ceramics are presented and discussed here for the first time. To retain transparency with increasing crystallinity, spinel glass-ceramics must have uniform crystallization of small (~9 nm) crystallites, not large spherulitic structures comprised of small crystallites. To obtain such a uniform microstructure, the amount of total nucleating agents (ZrO₂ + TiO₂) in the precursor glass composition must be greater than 5 mol%. With small changes in composition and significant differences in microstructure, the demarcation between transparent and opaque glass-ceramics is distinct as is the decrease in K diffusivity during ion-exchange from the transparent (14.7 microns²/h) to the opaque (11.2 microns²/h) compositions. Understanding how to retain transparency during ceramming and increase diffusivity during chemical strengthening is critical in designing materials for many real-world applications.     

A novel Nd3+-doped MgO-Al2O3-SiO2-based transparent glass-ceramics: Toward excellent fluorescence properties

Generally, glass-ceramics have superior properties compared to their parent glasses. Here, we prepared a novel Nd³⁺-doped MgO-Al₂O₃-SiO₂-based transparent glass-ceramics with excellent fluorescence properties. The effects of Nd₂O₃ content on the structure and properties of glass-ceramics were studied, aiming to provide a key guidance for preparing this transparent glass-ceramics. The results revealed that the glass stability increased originally and then decreased with increasing Nd₂O₃ content, so did the variation of wavenumbers in infrared spectra. And these glass-ceramics are mainly composed of cordierite with residual glassy phase. The three phenomenological intensity parameters (Ω_2,4,6) and radiative properties were estimated by Judd-Ofelt theory, and the values of Ω₂ first decreased and then increased with increasing Nd₂O₃ content. Three main emission peaks ascribed to the transitions from ⁴F_3/2 to ⁴I_9/2, ⁴I_11/2, ⁴I_13/2 at 898, 1057, 1330  nm were observed, respectively. The branching ratios for ⁴F_3/2→⁴I_11/2 transition increased as the Nd₂O₃ content raised, and the fluorescence lifetimes of the ⁴F_3/2 level were found to increase first and then decrease with Nd₂O₃ content (from 181 to 726 μs). The excellent fluorescence properties indicate that this novel glass-ceramics can be used as a potential solid-state optical functional material for 1.06 μm laser emission.     

Boroaluminosilicate glass-ceramics containing mullite-type Cr3+:Al4B2O9 nanocrystals with broadband near-infrared luminescence

Multi-component silicate glass is an ideal matrix for fabricating glass-ceramics because of its excellent physical-chemical stability and high optical transmittance. In this paper, a series of Cr³⁺ doped multi-component silicate glasses were designed for the preparation of glass-ceramics that crystalizes mullite-type Cr³⁺:Al₄B₂O₉ nanocrystals. When excited at 450 nm, the obtained GCs exhibit a broadband NIR luminescence band covering a spectral region from 650 to 1200 nm. Two different crystallographic sites of Cr³⁺ in Al₄B₂O₉ nanocrystal are considered to account for the observed broadband luminescence. Due to the controllable size and uniformly dispersion of precipitated nanoparticles, this boroaluminosilicate glass-ceramic could find potential applications as monolithic near-infrared light sources in solid-state light emitting devices.     

Persistent luminescence of Eu/Dy-doped Sr2MgSi2O7 glass-ceramics processed by aerodynamic levitation

Glass beads of the Sr₂MgSi₂O₇ stoichiometric composition and a non-stoichiometric composition with higher SiO₂/SrO ratio doped with Eu₂O₃/Dy₂O₃ were prepared through aerodynamic levitation coupled to CO₂ laser heating. The glass beads were subsequently treated at 1100 ºC to produce glass-ceramics with Sr₂MgSi₂O₇: Eu²⁺, Dy³⁺ as the main crystalline phase. The doped glasses exhibit red emissions; after crystallisation, the corresponding glass-ceramics emit blue light under UV excitation. The starting glass composition considerably affects the crystallisation process, resulting in Sr₂MgSi₂O₇ glass-ceramics with very different microstructures which, in turn, have a significant influence on the luminescence properties. The photoluminescence emission spectra of the glass-ceramics under UV light show a broadband emission (λ = 400–500 nm) with a main peak assigned to the typical Eu²⁺ transition under excitation at 365 nm. Both the intensity of the emission and the persistence time significatively increase on decreasing temperature. Glass-ceramics from the non-stoichimetric glass composition co-doped with 1Eu₂O₃/0.5Dy₂O₃ (mol%.) provided the longest persistence times.     

Eu3+ doped ferroelectric CaBi2Ta2O9 based glass-ceramic nanocomposites: Crystallization kinetics,optical and dielectric properties

We report Eu³⁺ doped transparent glass-ceramics (GCs) containing bismuth layer-structured ferroelectric (BLSF) CaBi₂Ta₂O₉ (CBT) as the major crystal phase. The CBT crystal phase was generated in a silica rich glass matrix of SiO₂-K₂O-CaO-Bi₂O₃-Ta₂O₅ glass system synthesized by melt quenching technique followed by controlled crystallization through ceramming heat-treatment. Non-isothermal DSC study was conducted to analyze crystallization kinetics of the glass in order to understand the crystallization mechanism. The optimum heat-treatment protocol for ceramization of precursor glass that has been determined through crystallization kinetics analysis was employed to fabricate transparent GCs containing CBT nanocrystals, which was otherwise difficult. Structural analysis of the GCs was carried out using XRD, TEM, FESEM and Raman spectroscopy and results confirmed the existence of CBT nanocrystals. The transmittance and optical band gap energies of the GCs were found to be less when compared to the precursor glass. The refractive indices of the GCs were increased monotonically with increase in heat-treatment time, signaling densification of samples upon heat-treatment. The dielectric constants (ε_r) of the GCs were progressively increased with increase in heat-treatment duration indicating evolution of ferroelectric CBT crystals phase upon heat-treatment.     

Color-tunable and white emission of Tm3+ doped transparent zinc silicate glass-ceramics embedding ZnO nanocrystals

Tm³⁺ doped zinc silicate glass-ceramics composed of SiO₂-Al₂O₃-ZnO-K₂O-Tm₂O₃ embedded with ZnO nanocrystals were successfully fabricated by melt-quenching method with subsequent heat treatment. Tm³⁺ ions and ZnO nanocrystals were introduced as blue and yellow luminescence centers, respectively. The effects of heat treatment, excitation wavelength and Tm³⁺ doping concentration on the photoluminescence behaviors of these glass-ceramics were studied. Short-time (5 minutes) heat treatment was considered as the optimal heat treatment time, which facilitates simultaneously emitting narrow blue peak located at 453 nm and a broad yellow band centered at 580 nm. Blue and yellow emissions could be attributed to the ¹D₂ → ³F₄ transition of Tm³⁺ and Zn_i/O_i-related defect emission of ZnO nanocrystals, respectively. The combination of these two emissions allows the realization of white light emitting in the glass-ceramic samples. Furthermore, tunable luminescent color and chromaticity coordinates, including yellow, white and blue, can be realized by varying the pumping wavelengths as well as the content of Tm³⁺ dopant in the glass matrix. Nearly perfect white light emission with Commission Internationale de l'Eclairage coordinate (x = 0.33, y = 0.32) was achieved for the 0.05 mol% Tm³⁺ doped glass-ceramic embedding ZnO nanocrystals by heat treatment at 750°C for 5 minutes under the excitation of 360 nm. These luminescent glass-ceramics doped with Tm³⁺ ion and ZnO nanocrystals could be a promising candidate for white light emitting devices under near-ultraviolet excitation.     

Ca2+/Sr2+/Ba2+ dependent phase separation,nanocrystallization and photoluminescence in fluoroaluminosilicate glass

Fluoride phase separation is the initial stage of nanocrystallization in oxyfluoride glasses, and it is a key step in achieving transparent glass-ceramics with good luminescence. In this work, we combine molecular dynamics (MD) simulations and experimental studies to investigate the phase separation, nanocrystallization and photoluminescence in fluoroaluminosilicate glass and glass-ceramics containing alkali earth fluoride (MF₂). The results reveal different phase separation behaviors due to the field strength difference of M²⁺. The composition and size similarity between the fluoride-rich regions in the MD simulated glass and the fluoride nanocrystals in the experimental prepared glass-ceramics are observed, suggesting that the separated fluoride phase is the structural origin of the observed MF₂ nanocrystals. Besides, in order to understand the M²⁺ dependent glass structural features, the crystallization temperatures, the luminescent properties of Eu³⁺ and Eu²⁺ doped glass-ceramics, and the lasing performance of Er³⁺ doped glass-ceramics are discussed. Based on these comprehensions, some strategies are proposed to help to efficiently design oxyfluoride glass with desired luminescence performance.     

Chemically Strengthened Low Crystallinity Black Glass-Ceramics with High Liquidus Viscosities

Strong, black materials are needed for electronic device backs and appliance facings. While glass-ceramics have good strength and toughness, their liquidus viscosity is too low to enable economical forming of these devices by the fusion or slot draw methods. Thus, we invented a new class of low crystallinity glass-ceramics with 10–20 nm crystallites in the Fe₂O₃-TiO₂-MgO system. These materials were formed into transparent glasses and then heat treated to make black opaque glass-ceramics containing magnetite, pseudobrookite, and/or ε-Fe₂O₃. The ε-Fe₂O₃ phase exhibited extensive solid solution (ss) between Fe₂O₃ and MgTiO₃. The blackness and opacity of the ε-Fe₂O₃ glass-ceramics peaked at a ceram temperature of 750°C where the Fe²⁺ in the crystallites was maximized, resulting in peak Fe²⁺-Ti⁴⁺ charge transfer absorption. The liquidus viscosity was increased to more than 100 kPa*s by optimizing the base glass composition and minimizing the amount of crystallinity, thereby enabling fusion formability. These fusion formable glass-ceramics had strengths exceeding the best commercially available glasses after ion exchange. This work provides a new class of low crystallinity fusion formable glass-ceramics with high strength.     

Synthesis and Structural Probing of Eu3+ Doped BaYF5 Nano-Crystals in Transparent Oxyfluoride Glass-Ceramics

Transparent oxyfluoride glass-ceramics containing Eu: BaYF₅ nano-crystals in the newly developed SiO₂–K₂CO₃–BaF₂–YF₃–Sb₂O₃ glass system are synthesized by melt quenching method followed by optimized ceramization process. The X-ray diffraction, transmission electron microscopy, and field emission scanning electron microscopy confirmed the precipitation of tetragonal BaYF₅ nano-crystals in glass matrix. The coexistence of Eu²⁺ and Eu³⁺ ions in both glass and glass-ceramics are ascertained from their emission and excitation spectra. The in situ formation of divalent europium (Eu²⁺) along with Eu³⁺ during high temperature synthesis under ambient atmosphere is explained through optical basicity model. The Eu³⁺ emission from upper excitation states (⁵D₃₋₁) and reduced asymmetry ratio (R = I_ED/I_MD) in glass-ceramics have established the dopant ion incorporation into fluoride nano-crystalline environment. The observed luminescence properties of Eu:BaYF₅ are compared with that of Eu:BaYF₅ nanocrystals containing transparent glass-ceramics and their marked differences are discussed.     

Microstructure and ion-exchange properties of transparent glass-ceramics containing Zn2TiO4/α-Zn2SiO4 nanocrystals

Transparent glass-ceramics have particular properties compared with their precursor glasses, and have promising potential applications in many fields. Titanium-relative phases are frequently employed as nucleation agents for crystallization of glass-ceramics, and rarely been precipitated as functional nanocrystalline phases in glass-ceramics. In this work, transparent glass-ceramics containing Zn₂TiO₄ and/or α-Zn₂SiO₄ nanocrystals are investigated. It turns out that Vickers hardness of these glass-ceramics increases with the precipitation of Zn₂TiO₄ and α-Zn₂SiO₄ nanocrystals. Despite the blocking effect of nanocrystals precipitated in the glass-ceramics, structural and compositional modification of the residual glass induced by the precipitation of these nanocrystalline phases facilitates the K-Na ion-exchange, leading to the enhanced depth of layer and further improved Vickers hardness of the glass-ceramics.     

Nucleating role of P2O5 in nepheline-based transparent glass-ceramics

The nepheline-based transparent glass-ceramics are promising candidates for cover glass applications in electronic displays owing to their superior mechanical properties (than glasses) and ability to be chemically strengthened. However, our poor understanding about the kinetic and thermodynamic drivers controlling their crystallization processes usually results in their opacification and development of large internal stresses. The present work focuses on the development of nepheline-based nanocrystalline transparent glass-ceramic designed in the Na₂O–Al₂O₃–SiO₂ ternary system nucleated with P₂O₅. The temporal evolution of the phosphate and nepheline nanocrystal formation has been followed using X-ray diffraction, scanning/transmission electron microscopy, and energy-dispersive spectroscopy. The incorporation of P₂O₅ in the glass structure leads to the phase separation resulting in the crystallization of nanocrystalline Na₃PO₄ as an intermediate phase; thus, acting as a nucleating site for volume crystallization of nepheline. The optimization of nucleation and growth profile in the designed composition results in the formation of a transparent glass-ceramic with high optical transmittance (91.5 ± 0.1%).     

Phase transitions and upconversion luminescence in oxyfluoride glass ceramics containing Ba4Gd3F17 nanocrystals

Novel transparent Er³⁺ doped oxyfluoride glass-ceramics containing Ba₄Gd₃F₁₇ nanocrystals were prepared by melt quenching followed by heat treatment of as-prepared glasses. The phase composition and microstructure were investigated by X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Intense upconversion luminescence (UCL) was detected. Longer characteristic decay times and splitting of the luminescence bands compared to the precursor glass indicated the incorporation of erbium ions in the crystalline phase. The spectroscopic properties of glass ceramics were compared with single phase cubic and rhombohedral Ba₄Gd₃F₁₇ ceramics. The unit cell parameters and atomic positions in the rhombohedral phase were calculated using Rietveld refinement. The local environment of Er³⁺ and the phonon energy of both polymorphs were analyzed using luminescence and Raman spectroscopy. In the glass ceramics, a phase transition from distorted metastable fluorite to ordered rhombohedral Ba₄Gd₃F₁₇ was observed and resulted in the enhancement of the efficiency of UCL.     

Crystallization,structure and properties of MgO-Al2O3-SiO2 highly crystalline transparent glass-ceramics nucleated by multiple nucleating agents

Generally, highly crystalline transparent glass-ceramics possess excellent physical and chemical properties compared to organic and other inorganic optical materials. We have successfully prepared highly crystalline transparent glass-ceramics in the MgO-Al₂O₃-SiO₂ system by "extreme-time" nucleation & "finite-time" crystallization processes using P₂O₅, ZrO₂ and TiO₂ as multiple nucleating agents. The results revealed that the crystallization of glass is controlled by a three-dimensional interfacial crystal growth process. These glass-ceramics mainly consisted of cordierite crystals with a residual glassy phase, and crystallinity increased with crystallization time, but light transmittance decreased with crystallization time due to enlarged grain sizes. EDS mapping revealed a uniform distribution of elements within the glass-ceramic. In the optimal preparation condition (825?°C/96?h?+?990?°C/3?h), these glass-ceramics exhibited a high crystallinity (87.3?vol. %), high transmittance (78%), and excellent mechanical properties. This work provides a roadmap for preparing highly crystalline transparent glass-ceramics for applications in optical engineering.     

Near-infrared long-lasting phosphorescence in transparent glass ceramics embedding Cr3+-doped LiGa5O8 nanocrystals

Cr³⁺ doped transparent glass ceramics of SiO₂–Ga₂O₃–Li₂O were fabricated by melt-quenching and subsequent crystallization. X-ray diffraction and transmission electron microscopy analyses evidenced that cubic LiGa₅O₈ nanocrystals were homogeneously precipitated among the silicate glass matrix. The incorporation of Cr³⁺ ions into LiGa₅O₈ nanocrystals was evidenced by absorption, emission and time-resolved luminescence spectra. Impressively, the present Cr³⁺ doped glass ceramics were demonstrated to be a new near-infrared (∼720 nm) long-lasting bulk phosphor whose luminescence can last for more than 2 h after stoppage of UV (250–350 nm) irradiation. The occurring of Cr³⁺ long-lasting phosphorescence in the glass ceramics was confirmed to be mainly due to the precipitation of Cr³⁺:LiGa₅O₈ nanocrystals from glass matrix. The filling/releasing of electrons into/from the intrinsic traps of LiGa₅O₈ nanocrystals through the conduction band of host were proposed to be responsible for the realization of the long-lasting phosphorescence of the investigated Cr³⁺ doped glass ceramics.     

Optical transmittance and energy storage properties of potassium sodium niobate glass-ceramics

In this work, 0.8(K₂O-Na₂O-2Nb₂O₅)?0.2((1-x)B₂O₃-xP₂O₅) (x = 0, 0.1, 0.2, 0.3, 0.4, 0.5) glass-ceramics have been fabricated. The effects of P₂O₅ on the microstructure and properties of the glass-ceramics were comprehensively studied. The addition of P₂O₅ promotes the transition of the glass network structure from a negatively charged [B?₄]^- tetrahedron to an electrically neutral [BP?₄] tetrahedron. With the increase of P₂O₅ content, the formation of K₂B₄O₇ is inhibited, with major phase of Na_0.9K_0.1NbO₃ and minor phase of K₂B₄O₇. It is found that the band gap width of the glass-ceramics increases from 3.34 eV to 3.52 eV firstly and then decreases to 3.43 eV. The grain size of the glass-ceramics decreases from 150 nm to 50 nm. High optical transmittance (63%), large discharge energy density (4.58 J/cm³) and large energy storage efficiency (98%) have been simultaneously obtained for K₂O-Na₂O-Nb₂O₅-B₂O₃-P₂O₅ glass-ceramics, which are potential for the applications of the transparent pulse capacitors.     

High toughness transparent glass-ceramics with petalite and β-spodumene solid solution as two major crystal phases

Lithium aluminosilicate glass-ceramics are well known for good transparency, high fracture toughness, low thermal expansion, and good ion exchange ability. In this study, new transparent Li₂O-Al₂O₃-SiO₂ (LAS) glass-ceramics with petalite and β-spodumene solid solution as the major crystalline phases were invented for favorable mechanical properties and potential for application in the hollowware, tableware, container, and plate glass industries. Crystal phases are mainly influenced by the ratio of Al₂O₃ to SiO₂ concentrations. The concentration of SiO₂ required to form specific crystalline phases in the glass-ceramics is higher than that inferred from the ternary phase diagram. Al₂O₃ content is required to be sufficiently high for the formation of crystals, instead of balancing excess amounts of Li₂O in the glass. The average transmittances of 2.0 ± 0.1 mm thickness samples in visible light regions (400–700 nm) can reach more than 80% with crystal sizes of 20–40 nm. Transmittance is significantly decreased for heat treatments around 710°C, due to the high growth rate of β-spodumene solid solution crystals. Vickers hardness, indentation toughness, and crack probabilities of transparent LAS glass-ceramics are significantly improved compared with standard soda lime silicate glass, due to the crack bridging and deflection of crystal grains.     

Crystallization control in Ni2+-doped glass-ceramics for broadband near-infrared luminesce

The research of doped photonic glass has recently attracted much attention owning to the significant applications in various fields, including lasers, photovoltaics, and optical amplification. In this work, we present the design, fabrication, and experimental implementation of a novel fluorosilicate photonic glass-ceramics with broadband luminescence. We demonstrate that precipitated nanocrystals can be tuned by changing the heat-treatment temperature. This proposal offers an excellent opportunity for controlling the local environment around Ni²⁺ dopant. Consequently, the broadband and flat emission covering a waveband from 1200 to 2400 nm with a bandwidth of 605 nm can be realized. The possible physical mechanism, which can be attributed to the gradual change of nanocrystals from K₂SiF₆ to KCdF₃ with the enhancement of the heat-treatment temperature, is also discussed.     

Controlled nano-crystallization of IR frequency-doubling Cd4GeS6 crystal in chalcogenide glass

Crystallization of IR frequency-doubling nanocrystals in chalcogenide glasses is a promising approach to achieve novel nonlinear optical materials. However, controllable glass crystallization remains challenging. In this study, IR-transparent chalcogenide glass-ceramics containing novel Cd₄GeS₆ IR frequency-doubling nanocrystals (about 60-80 nm) are fabricated through controlled nano-crystallization. Nanocrystalline structure of the Cd₄GeS₆ nano-crystallized glass-ceramics is investigated in detail through X-ray diffractometer, field emission scanning electron microscope, and Raman scattering techniques. The structural similarity of [Cd₄GeS₆] polyhedron in the network structure of as-prepared glass is found to be responsible for the nucleation of Cd₄GeS₆ crystal. A unique microstructure of Cd₄GeS₆ nanocrystals embedded GeS₂ phase-separated structure is discovered in samples thermally treated at high temperatures (370°C and 380°C). This study would not only shed more light on glass crystallization mechanism but also provide a feasible approach for the design and fabrication of new IR frequency-doubling materials through glass crystallization.     

Degradation-controlling mechanisms in natural organic acid solutions of CaO–Al2O3–SiO2–B2O3 glass-ceramics by partially substituting Ca2+ with Ba2+ and Sr2+

The degradation of environmentally friendly CaO–Al₂O₃–SiO₂–B₂O₃ (CASB) glass-ceramics, which consist of anorthite and glass phase, was investigated in three natural organic acid solutions. The results indicated that citric acid had the most significant effect on the degradation of CASB glass-ceramics. While the chemical stability of anorthite is relatively poor, the glass phase also contributed significantly to the effective degradation of CASB glass-ceramics. Subsequently, Ba²⁺ or Sr²⁺ was used for full or partial substitution of Ca²⁺ in CASB glass-ceramics, and the degradation-controlling mechanism of the substituted CASB glass-ceramics was further researched. The full substitution of Ca²⁺ in CASB glass-ceramics by the two cations resulted in the occurrence of borate [BO₄] units in the glass phases, and the interlinkage of [BO₄] with broken silicate [SiO₄] network structures caused a complementary network effect. Consequently, the degradation of CASB glass-ceramics by organic acids was reduced due to the improvements in the chemical stability of the modified glass-ceramics. Additionally, degradation control can also be achieved based on a mixed-alkali effect, originating from the partial substitution of Ca²⁺ in CASB glass-ceramics by Ba²⁺ or Sr²⁺. The degradable glass-ceramics have the potential to be applied in low-temperature co-fired ceramic technology because of their good physical properties, which include a dielectric constant of 3–5, a dielectric loss as low as 10⁻³, a coefficient of thermal expansion of 3–9 × 10⁻⁶/°C, and an average bending strength of about 47 MPa. Noticeably, the development of the degradable glass-ceramics is helpful to the low-cost and pollution-free recycling of valuable metal electrodes, which is significant for the sustainable development of electronic packaging technologies.