超薄硅双面抛光片加工效率的提升

用于5G通信芯片支撑层的超薄硅双面抛光片的生产是一个需要攻克的难题。该产品的技术难点在于,硅片厚度低至100μm,薄如纸张,采用传统粘蜡抛光工艺,加工效率极低且碎片率极高,同时硅片几何参数无法保证,成品率较低。由于磨削工艺可有效减少硅片表面的损伤层、改善几何参数,所以针对超薄硅片的加工,采用贴膜抛光工艺可以保证抛光的效率和成品率。在硅片腐蚀后采用磨削+贴膜抛光的工艺,解决了超薄硅双抛片加工效率低、碎片率高、几何参数难以保证、成品率低的问题。     

用于调焦调平测量系统中的硅片表面形貌模型

以硅片表面的平整度(flatness)和硅片表面的全场厚度范围(TTV)等参数为基础,建立了硅片表面的理论形貌模型。根据调焦调平测量系统指标等确定了调焦调平测量系统的有效频带,并设计了相应的滤波器。对硅片表面的理论形貌进行滤波后,得到用于调焦调平测量的硅片表面形貌的模型。由于该模型包括硅片表面在一个曝光视场内的模型和全场模型,并以SEMI标准和ITRS预测的相关参数为基础,因此不受实验条件影响,适用范围广,可用于调焦调平测量系统的模拟测试以及相关光刻工艺的分析。     

抛光工艺对硅片表面Haze值的影响

随着超大规模集成电路的快速发展,硅片表面的Haze值对于现代半导体器件工艺的影响也越来越受到人们的重视.通过实验研究了精抛光工艺参数对硅片表面Haze值的影响规律.结果表明,随着抛光时间的延长,硅的去除量逐渐增大,硅片表面Haze值逐渐降低;同时抛光过程中机械作用与化学作用的协同作用对Haze值也有较大影响.随着抛光液温度的降低与抛光液体积流量的减小,化学作用减弱,硅片表面Haze值逐渐减小.而随着抛光压力的增大,机械作用逐渐起主导作用,硅片表面Haze值逐渐降低.但当Haze值降低到某一数值后,随着硅去除量的增大、抛光液温度的下降、抛光液体积流量的降低、抛光压力的增大,硅片表面的Haze值基本保持不变.     

硅片CMP抛光工艺技术研究

介绍了硅片机械-化学抛光技术,重点分析了10.16 cm硅片抛光加工过程中抛光液的pH值、抛光压力和抛光垫等因素对硅片抛光去除速率及表面质量的影响.通过试验确定了硅片抛光过程中合适的工艺参数,同时对抛光过程中出现的各种缺陷进行了分析总结,并提出了相应的解决方案.     

硅片表面磨削技术的应用研究

随着IC制造技术的飞速发展,为了增加IC芯片产量和降低单元制造成本,硅片直径趋向大直径化,原有的传统研磨工艺已不适应大直径硅片的加工,人们开始研究用硅片自旋转表面磨削方法来代替传统的研磨方法。通过实验的方法,对切割后的硅片表面进行磨削,获得了较理想的表面效果,达到了减少抛光去除量和抛光时间的目的。     

ULSI制造中硅片化学机械抛光的运动机理

从运动学角度出发，根据硅片与抛光垫的运动关系，通过分析磨粒在硅片表面的运动轨迹，揭示了抛光垫和硅片的转速和转向以及抛光头摆动参数对硅片表面材料去除率和非均匀性的影响．分析结果表明：硅片与抛光垫转速相等转向相同时可获得最佳的材料去除非均匀性及材料去除率．研究结果为设计CMP机床，选择CMP的运动参数和进一步理解CMP的材料去除机理提供了理论依据．     

线切割硅片表面探究

硅片的表面损伤层,关系到切割后破片率及面的形状等。通过对硅片表面分析,发现硅片表面呈蜂窝状,有大孔、小孔和微孔。硅片侧面边缘呈山峰山沟状,并伴随有裂纹,从外向里分为表面镶嵌层和缺陷应力层。通过对硅片表面损伤的形成机理研究,发现通过以下调整可以减小表面损伤和提高表面质量:一是减小切割时的晶体所受到的垂直压力;二是调整碳化硅的直径分布系数,圆度系数,堆积密度。     

离子束抛光硅片纳米级微观形貌的原子力显微镜研究

本文报道了用原子力显微镜（ＡＦＭ）研究多种Ａｒ￣＋离子抛光参数Ｓｉ（ｌｌｌ）表面的微观粗糙度和三维微观形貌特征，发现用离子束抛光方法可以显著地改善硅片表面的微观粗糙度，抛光效果与离子束能量、束流强度、抛光时间和束流入射角度等有关。用４００ｅＶ离子能量、１００ｍＡ束流强度、６０°入射角离子束照射２小时后再改用３５０ｅＶ、８０ｍＡ束流强度以同样入射角照射２小时的样品，在１μｍ×１μｍ范围表面微观粗糙度（ＲＭＳ）值可达到０．３ｎｍ左右。而当小入射角（＜２０°）照射时抛光效果很差，其表面明显地呈现出直径约几十到几百ｎｍ凹坑的蜂巢状形貌特征。     

IBM开发废硅片的处理技术

据www.IBM.com披露,该公司成功开发了一种可回收瑕疵硅片的处理技术。并将处理过的废弃硅片变成太阳能面板的生产材料。该处理工艺的发明者Eric White称,硅片表面需要新工艺加水和磨砂片来处理,然后放置在洁净环境中待用,完成一块8英寸硅片的处理只需要1分钟。处理后的硅片最终可用于太阳能电池的生产。IBM的伯灵顿工厂和纽约East Fishkill工厂已开始应用这种新处理技术,预计可节约200多万美元。IBM开发废硅片的处理技术$《集成电路通讯》编辑部     

抛光液中缓蚀剂对铜硅片的影响

以硝酸铁为氧化剂选用不同缓蚀剂对铜化学机械抛光用抛光液的缓蚀效果进行了研究.通过测试不同缓蚀剂作用下铜的电化学极化曲线,来获得的腐蚀电流值和计算不同缓蚀剂的缓蚀效率.采用表面粗糙度为1.42nm的铜硅片进行静腐蚀和抛光实验,利用ZYGO粗糙度仪测试了硅片表面的粗糙度变化,并采用原子力显微镜分析腐蚀表面形貌.研究结果表明,在以硝酸铁为氧化剂的酸性环境中,苯丙氮三唑(BTA)作为铜抛光液的缓蚀剂具有良好的缓蚀效果.根据电化学参数计算出1.5wt%硝酸铁溶液中添加0.1wt%BTA的缓蚀率达99.1%;无论在静腐蚀还是在抛光过程中,在抛光液中添加BTA均可避免硅片严重腐蚀,使表面光滑.     

VB GaAs抛光片几何参数控制技术研究

在VB(垂直布里奇曼法)GaAs材料加工过程中,切割、研磨、化学腐蚀、抛光等工序对VB GaAs抛光片的几何参数有着不同程度的影响.通过试验对比,找出了影响不同几何参数指标的关键工艺,其中切割和化学腐蚀是控制VB GaAs晶片翘曲度的关键工艺,而抛光是控制VB GaAs总厚度变化和总指示读数的关键工艺.研究表明,通过调整切割速度、化学腐蚀速率和抛光速率等工艺参数,能够有效地控制VB GaAs抛光片的几何参数.     

A model for wafer scale variation of material removal rate in chemical mechanical polishing based on viscoelastic pad deformation

It is well known that within-wafer nonuniformity (WIWNU) due to the variation in material removal rate (MRR) in chemical mechanical polishing (CMP) significantly affects the yield of good dies. The process control for a batch CMP operation is further complicated by wafer-to-wafer nonuniformity (WTWNU) caused by MRR decay when a number of wafers are polished with the same unconditioned pad. Accordingly, the present work focuses on modeling the WIWNU and WTWNU in CMP processes. Various material removal models suggest that the MRR is strongly influenced by the interface pressure. It is also well known that the viscoelastic properties of the pad play an important role in CMP. In the present work, an analytical expression for pressure distribution (and its associated MRR) at the wafer-pad interface for a viscoelastic pad is developed. It is observed that under constant load, which is typical during main polishing in CMP, the spatial distribution of the interface pressure profile may change with time from edge-slow to edge-fast, depending on the combination of wafer curvature, down pressure, and pad properties. For constant displacement operations, the pressure profile retains its edge-slow or edge-fast characteristics over time. The analytical model predictions of MRR based on viscoelastic pad properties also correlate very well to existing experimental observations of MRR decay when an unconditioned pad is used to polish a number of wafers. Based on these observations, it may be conjectured that the viscoelastic material properties of the pad play a primary role in causing the observed MRR decay. The analytical results obtained in the present work can also provide an estimation of evolution of thickness removal distribution over the entire wafer. This may be used for determining the optimum thickness of the overburden material and its polishing time, and for effective control of CMP processes.     

硅晶圆CMP抛光速率影响因素分析

化学机械抛光(CMP)技术是半导体工艺中不可缺少的重要工艺。针对硅晶圆CMP平坦性问题,系统地考察了压力、转速、抛光垫、浆料、温度等因素对硅晶圆平坦化速率的影响,从中找到它们之间的优化参数,减少CMP工艺中的表面划伤、抛光雾、金属离子沾污,清除残余颗粒,保证硅晶圆的平坦化质量。     

铜布线化学机械抛光的失效研究

分析了铜电连接在今后晶片制造中的主导作用,阐述了铜布线的结构,即在由钽作为阻挡层及采用电镀铜形成的电连接的情况下,抛光规律符合经典普莱斯顿方程;在粗抛磨料采用氧化铝,精抛配比采用武亚红提出的方案情况下,采用旋转式低速较大下压力情况下抛光,整个晶片依然存在较大的不均匀性。分析100μm线宽的碟形缺陷会逐渐减小但最后会有少许增大。整个晶片的侵蚀会和其图案密度成正比,但在同种分布情况下,精抛时间越长,则侵蚀缺陷越大。最后指出了今后发展的高速底压力会显著解决当前不均匀性问题,但失效机制分析意义依然很重大。     

Cu CMP过程中背压对膜厚一致性影响

在极大规模集成电路Cu布线的化学机械平坦化过程中,抛光后表面薄膜厚度的一致性是检验平坦化能力的重要参数。从抛光过程中晶圆所受背压方面着手,研究了在不同背压参数情况下抛光后表面薄膜的一致性,得出了在工作压力为103 mdaN/cm2(1 kPa=10 mdaN/cm2)时,最佳的背压参数为108 mdaN/cm2。采用此工艺参数进行抛光后得到的晶圆表面薄膜非均匀性为5.04%,即一致性可以达到94.96%,而且此时表面粗糙度为0.209 nm,从而得到了良好的抛光效果,为极大规模集成电路Cu布线化学机械平坦化的进一步发展提供了新的途径。     

An effort in planarising microwave plasma CVD grown polycrystalline diamond (PCD) coated 4 in. Si wafers

Large area CVD grown diamond coatings should have very smooth surface in many of its applications, like microwave power transmission windows etc. Combination of mechanical and chemical forces during polishing helps to achieve desired surface roughness of the polycrystalline diamond (PCD) coatings. Authors report the variation of pressure, slurry feeding rate, addition of chemicals and the time of polishing to observe the efficiency of chemo-mechanical polishing (CMP) technique in planarising CVD diamond material grown over 100 mm diameter silicon wafers. PCD were found to be polished by bringing down the as-grown surface roughness from 1.62 µm to 46 nm at some points on large areas. One coherence scanning interferometer was used to check the roughness at different stages of CMP. Raman spectroscopy was used to evaluate the polished PCD samples in terms of their quality, internal stress at different positions on the same wafer surface after CMP process. It was found that the well polished regions were of better quality than the less polished regions on the same wafer surface. But due to coating non-uniformity of the deposited PCD grown by microwave plasma CVD over large area, CMP could not produce uniform surface roughness over the entire 100 mm diameter wafer surface. We concluded that CMP could effectively but differentially polish large area PCD surfaces, and further process improvements were needed.     

Effects of process parameter variations on the removal rate in chemical mechanical polishing of 4H-SiC

The effects of temperature, slurry pH, applied pressure, and polishing rotation rate on the material removal rate during chemical mechanical polishing (CMP) of 4H-silicon carbide wafers using colloidal silica slurry and polyurethane/polyester fiber polishing pads have been studied. Measured removal rates varied from around 100 Å/hr to nearly 2500 Å/hr depending on the values of the various parameters. The amount of material removed was determined by measuring the wafer mass before and after polishing. Variations in temperature and slurry pH did not produce significant changes in the measured removal rates. Higher polishing pressures resulted in increased material removal rates from 200 to 500 Å/hr but also produced excessive polishing pad damage. Variations in pad rotational speeds produced the largest changes in material removal rates, from around 200 to around 2000 Å/hr for rotational speeds between 60 and 180 rpm, but the variations were non-linear and somewhat inconsistent. This CMP formula is shown to consistently produce damage free surfaces but the optimum removal rate is slow.     

An analytical dishing and step height reduction model for chemical mechanical planarization (CMP)

An analytical model for dishing and step height reduction in chemical mechanical planarization (CMP) is presented. The model is based on the assumption that at the feature scale, high areas on the wafer experience higher pressure than low areas. A Prestonian material removal model is assumed. The model delineates how dishing and step height reduction depend on slurry properties (selectivity and Preston's constants), pad characteristics (stiffness and bending ability), polishing conditions (pressure, relative velocity and overpolishing) and wafer surface geometry (linewidth, pitch and pattern density). Model predictions are in good agreement with existing experimental observations. The present model facilitates understanding of the CMP process at the feature scale. Based on the proposed model, design avenues for decreasing dishing and increasing the speed of step height reduction may be explored through modification of appropriate parameters for slurry, pad and polishing conditions. The proposed model may also be used as a design tool for pattern layout to optimize the performance of the CMP process.