Chemical composition of extractives from Abies nordmanniana

Wood and bark fromAbies nordmanniana were studied for chemical composition of the extractives. The wood contained very low amounts of lipophilic and polar components. The lipophilic fraction of the extractives was composed of fatty acids, resin acids, alcohols and sterols, and the polar fraction was composed of monosaccharides and lignans. The bark contained very high amounts of lipophilic and polar components in comparison with the wood. The composition of lipophilic fraction did not significantly vary from the respective wood extract. Glycerol, gallic acid, sucrose, catechin isomers, gallocatechin isomers were identified in addition to monosaccharides and lignans among numerous components of the polar fraction of the bark. Successive extractions with benzene, ether, hot water and ethanol amounted up to 30% of the bark. Total solubles exceeded 50% of the bark by the treatment of the extractive-free bark with 1% hot NaOH. There were no significant differences between the samples prepared from young and old trees for the yields of the consecutive extractions and 1% NaOH solubility. However, Stiasny number determined as a measure of the phenol content (condensed tannins) was found to be much higher in the old samples than in the young ones.

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Chemische Zusammensetzung der Extraktstoffe aus Abies nordmanniana

Zusammenfassung Holz und Rinde vonAbies nordmanniana wurden extrahiert und die Extraktstoffe analysiert. Das Holz enth?lt sehr geringe Anteile an lipophilen und polaren Komponenten. Die lipophile Fraktion besteht aus Fetts?uren, Harzs?uren, Alkoholen und Sterolen. Die polar Fraktion enth?lt Monosaccharide und Lignane. In der Rinde war der Anteil beider Fraktionen sehr hoch; in ihrer Zusammensetzung unterschied sie sich allerdings nur unwesentlich von den Holzextrakten. Unter den zahlreichen Substanzen der polaren Fraktion der Rindenextrakte wurden neben Zuckern und Lignanen auch Glycerin, Gallens?ure, Succrose, Catechin-Isomere und Gallocatechin-isomere identifiziert. Die sukzessive Extraktion der Rinde mit Benzol, Ether, Hei?wasser und Ethanol führte zu 30% Extraktausbeute. Eine nachfolgende Behandlung mit 1%iger hei?er NaOH führte zu einem Gesamtanteil l?slicher Substanzen von über 50%. Zwischen ?lteren und jüngeren B?umen wurden anhand der Extraktzusammensetzung und Ausbeute keine wesentlichen Unterschiede festgestellt mit Ausnahme der Stiasnyzahl, die in Extrakten aus alten B?umen sehr viel h?her lag als bei jungen B?umen.

     

Chemical composition of the terpenoids in wood and knots of Abies species

Oily constituents were obtained from sapwood and knots of Abies balsamea and A. alba using steam-distillation, and the chemical compositions were determined by gas chromatography and gas chromatography–mass spectrometry. The oily constituents of sapwood and knots of A. balsamea were mainly oxygenated diterpenes with manoyl oxide (1), epi-13-manoyl oxide (2), manool (3), and epi-13-manool (4). Moreover, 2 and 3 were found to be components in A. alba. The constituents of sound knots were dominated by oxygenated diterpenes, together with 2 and 3. Comparison of the content of oxygenated diterpenes from the material revealed that dead knots of A. balsamea contained a large quantity of 4, which was higher than in sapwood. Knots of both Abies spp. contained large quantities of oxygenated diterpenes that were also higher than in sapwood.     

The composition of the extractives from unaffected and heartrot affected heartwood of Acacia mangium Willd

A. mangium has been studied by a successive extraction of the wood with a series of solvents with increasing polarity, followed by GC, GC/MS and DC studies of the fractions obtained. The study of the extractives of sound and affected wood with respect to yield and composition cannot explain the influence of the heartrot fungi on wood components in detail. Differences mainly have been found in the more polar fractions (acetone/water and ethanol/water, respectively). The content of lipophilic extractive constituents is with about 0.6–0.7% rather low and does not differ between sound and affected heartwood. The composition of the lipophilic extractives is not very different either.

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A. mangium wurde untersucht, wobei sukzessiv mit einer Reihe von L?sungsmitteln ansteigender Polarit?t extrahiert und die einzelnen Fraktionen mit Hilfe von GC, GC/MS und DC untersucht wurden. Die Untersuchung der Extrakte aus gesundem und befallenem Holz zeigte, da? Extraktausbeuten und Zusammensetzung den Einflu? des Pilzbefalls auf die Holzkomponenten nicht detailliert beschreiben K?nnen. Unterschied in Ausbeute und Zusammensetzung der Extrakte wurden haupts?chlich in den polaren Extraktfraktionen (Aceton/Wasser- und Ethanol/Wasser-Extrakte) gefunden. Der Gehalt an lipophilen Extraktbestandteilen ist mit etwa 0.6–0.7% eher niedrig, gesundes und befallenes Holz unterscheiden sich praktisch nicht. Auch die Zusammensetzung der lipophilen Extrakte ist kaum verschieden zwischen gesundem und befallenem Holz.

     

The composition of the extractives from unaffected and heartrot affected heartwood of Acacia mangium Willd

has been studied by a successive extraction of the wood with a series of solvents with increasing polarity, followed by GC, GC/MS and DC studies of the fractions obtained. The study of the extractives of sound and affected wood with respect to yield and composition cannot explain the influence of the heartrot fungi on wood components in detail. Differences mainly have been found in the more polar fractions (acetone/water and ethanol/water, respectively). The content of lipophilic extractive constituents is with about 0.6–0.7% rather low and does not differ between sound and affected heartwood. The composition of the lipophilic extractives is not very different either.     

The composition of volatile extractives from the wood of Juniperus excelsa, Juniperus foetidissima and Juniperus oxycedrus

J. excelsa , J. foetidissima and J. oxycedrus. Among the compounds the monoterpenes exist in minor amounts while the sesquiterpenes including their oxygenated members as well as sesquiterpene alcohols consist of the majority of the whole substances. The existence of some compounds of the oils might be attributes of the species and their sap- and heartwood. On the other side though notable differences, the essential oils of Turkish juniper woods resemble the commercial cedar wood oils.

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Die Zusammensetzung der flüchtigen Extraktstoffe im Holz von Juniperus foetidissima und Juniperus oxycedrus

J. excelsa , J. foetidissima und J. oxycedrus. Monoterpene bilden einen geringen Anteil der Extraktstoffe. Der Hauptteil besteht aus Sesquiterpenen mit deren Oxydationsprodukten. Das Vorkommen einiger der ?le k?nnte charakteristisch sein für die jeweilige Art bzw. deren Splint- und Kernholz Allerdings gleichen diese ?le, trotz geringer Unterschiede, den wesentlichen ?lbestandteilen von Kommerziellen Zedernh?lzern.

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This work was supported by the research found of the Istanbul University. Project nr: 1335/280799.     

Chemical composition of milk from a herd of Norwegian goats

The chemical composition of Norwegian bulk collected goats' milk from the University herd was analysed during one lactation period (30 weeks, 20 samples during 1983). There was considerable variation in chemical composition during the year. Fat content decreased over the first 4 months of lactation and increased during the mountain pasture period. Protein concentration decreased during the first 4 months, and then increased until the end of lactation. Lactose concentration decreased throughout lactation. Casein nitrogen (casein N) was highest at mid lactation and lowest at the beginning and end of lactation. beta-Lactoglobulin N showed the opposite trend. Citrate content showed a significantly quadratic decrease and total ash content an increase with advancing lactation. Mutual significant correlations between total P, K, Na, Ca and Mg were calculated, and all increased throughout lactation. There was significant positive correlation between concentrations of individual medium-chain fatty acids and stage of lactation. They remained more or less constant during the first part of the lactation, decreased to minima when the goats were on pasture, and increased during the last phase of lactation. Concentration of C16 fatty acid was negatively correlated with C18 and C18:1. Goat flavour intensity score and quality flavour score were highest at mid lactation, and positively correlated with the acid degree value.     

Chemical composition of wild mushrooms collected from Alexandria,Egypt

Fourteen samples of wild mushrooms, collected during the wintertime, were identified as Agaricus campestris, Agaricus rodmani and Collybia sp. Moisture, crude protein, non-protein nitrogen, ether extract, total carbohydrates, crude fibre, vitamin C, ash and minerals (calcium, potassium, sodium, phosphorus, iron, copper and manganese) were determined. In addition, reducing sugars, non-reducing sugars, starch, glycogen and mannitol were determined. Variations in chemical constituents were found to be due to stage of development and type of mushroom.The different types of wild mushroom had similar distributions of amino acids. They contained all the essential amino acids in varying amounts.     

Chemical composition of soil solution

Soil solutions were obtained by a liquid displacement technique and their principal ionic constituents were determined. Increases in ionic concentration of the soil solution were observed over a period of 53 days and were due almost entirely to calcium. magnesium and nitrate ions. These increases are assumed to be caused by nitrification.     

Bark extractives from spruce as constituents of plywood bonding agents

The principles of the use of tannins and resins extracted from wood bark have been known since the 1950's. But only in recent years research on tannins has become lively. The literature review at the beginning of this paper concentrates mainly on the latest investigations in this field. The experimental part investigates the amount and quality of spruce bark extracts and their suitability as extenders in plywood adhesives. The use of chemically treated bark (bark dispersion) in plywood gluing is studied in the last part. If spruce bark is extracted with distilled water, the extract yield is 11.2% at the most, but when 10% of NaOH is added the yield increases to 40.0%. The extract content of drum-debarked pulpwood bark was clearly lower than that of unfloated logs, debarked in the sawmill. The results obtained reinforce the earlier belief that spruce bark extract can substitute Quebracho as an extender for plywood adhesives. Bark dispersion can also be used for this purpose. Exterior-grade birch plywood can be manufactured, using glues which contain spruce bark extract and dispersion. The extract and dispersion can also substitute part of the phenolic resin in the glue mixture, up to 20% at best, without any deterioration in the quality of gluing.     

Phenolic extractives of cones and berries from Turkish coniferous species

The composition of phenolic compounds was studied in the cones and berries of coniferous species which are growing in Turkey. Total amount of phenolics was determined as 0.68?C3.69?mg?g^?1 in Abies species, 0.06?C1.70?mg?g^?1 in Pinus species, 0.54?mg?g^?1 in Picea orientalis, 3.31?C6.39?mg?g^?1 in Cupressus species and 0.20?C0.60?mg?g^?1 in Juniperus species. Under the same experimental conditions no detectable amount of phenolic compound was found in the cones of Cedrus Libani and in some Juniperus berries. Flavanoids, especially catechin, were the predominant compounds in all of the cones and berries. Lignans were determined only in the cones of Abies species. 3,4-dihydroxybenzoic acid was found in all cones except P.?brutia and Picea orientalis.     

Chemical composition and cellular structure of cork from Agonandra brasiliensis from the Brazilian Cerrado

European Journal of Wood and Wood Products - Agonandra brasiliensis, ivory wood, is a tree species from the Brazilian cerrado with a bark featuring a thick cork layer. The present study aimed to...     

Chemical composition and nutritive value of leaf protein concentrate from leucaena leucocephala

Leaf protein concentrate (LPC) was prepared from Leucaena leucocephala leaf meal (LLM). The recovery of LPC was 7.6 % and analysis showed that the LPC contained 65.91 % crude protein compared with 29.15 % of the LLM, ash content was 17.56% while levels of essential amino acids-lysine, histidine, arginine, isoleucine and leucine—were 5.57, 2.34, 5.88, 5.42 and 10.8% on a dry matter basis, respectively. The LPC had higher in-vivo digestibility than the LLM with values being 63.20 and 48.82%, respectively. The LPC diet supported growth in rats but gave lower nutritive indices than the control diet of soya bean and Guinea corn.     

Chemical composition of developing carob pods

Chemical analyses of the fruit of two carob varieties were made during 1969 at fortnightly intervals during the six months preceding harvest. The sugar content of the pods increased rapidly from the end of May onwards while the crude protein and crude fibre contents decreased. Sucrose increased from about 2·5% in late March to about 35% at harvest in mid-August. The main increase in sugar content occurred after the pod had attained its full size in late May.     

Chemical and biochemical composition of caviar from different sturgeon species and origins

The chemical and biochemical composition of caviar in 22 specimens of wild caught and of 2 farmed animals were measured. The results include grain size, protein and fat content, fatty acid composition of triglycerides and phospholipids, as well as the concentrations of relevant heavy metals and chlorinated hydrocarbons. The average protein content varied between 26.2 and 31.1% (wet weight) and fat from 10.9 to 19.4% (wet weight) with lowest values for caviar from farmed sturgeon. The triglycerides and phospholipids contained more n-3 fatty acids, especially eicosapentaenoic and docosahexaenoic acid than n-6 fatty acids. The copper and zinc concentrations varied between 1.20 and 1.69 and 10.3 and 12.4 mg/kg (wet weight), respectively. These values reflect the elevated requirement of sturgeons for these components. Lead content varied between 0.06 and 0.15 mg/kg (wet weight). The cadmium concentrations were less than 5 micrograms/kg (wet weight) leading to the conclusion that no accumulation took place in the eggs. The concentrations of sigma DDT and sigma PCB were extremely high in caviar from Huso huso compared to the samples of the other species thus reflecting the different food habits leading to increased bio-accumulation.     

Chemical composition of orange oil concentrates

Concentrated oils were prepared by vacuum distillation from coldpressed Valencia orange oil and analysed quantitatively by capillary GLC. The influence of that process on oxygenated compounds was studied. The contents of total aldehydes and alcohols, measured by GLC, increased linearly with concentration of the cold-pressed orange oil upon six- to tenfold. Therefore, any of these compounds can be used to evaluate the degree of concentration.     

Chemical composition of Egyptian sweet potatoes

Two Egyptian sweet potato varieties were studied. The study showed considerable differences in chemical composition between the two varieties. The mineral found in the highest concentration was calcium, followed by magnesium, iron, copper, zinc and manganese.The chemical composition of sweet potato protein isolates indicated that the pulp had high protein content. The maximum solubility of nitrogen was at pH 12 and 17 amino acids were separated from the protein isolate of both peel and pulp of the Giza 69 variety and from the pulp of the Abees variety. The protein isolate of the Abees variety had only 16 amino acids.     

Chemical composition of tobacco seeds (Nicotiana tabacum L) from Argentina

The lipid constituents, free fatty acids, triglycerides, sterol esters and free sterols of 11 cultivars of tobacco from Argentina were investigated by gas-liquid chromatography. Palmitic, oleic and linoleic acids were the major components in all fractions studied. Sitosterol was the main component of the free sterol and sterol ester fractions. Oil and protein contents, as well as some physicochemical characteristics of the oils, are also reported.     

Chemical composition and anti-inflammatory activity of pectic polysaccharide isolated from celery stalks

A pectic polysaccharide called apiuman was isolated from fresh celery stalks by extraction with an aqueous ammonium oxalate followed by ultrafiltration, and was shown to consist of d-galacturonic acid (GalA, 81.0%), l-rhamnose (Rha, 2.6%), l-arabinose (Ara, 2.5%), and d-galactose (Gal, 3.6%) residues. Apiuman was found to be digestible with α-1,4-d-galacturonase to yield d-GalA, thus confirming that apiuman represents a pectic polysaccharide. The purified apiuman (AG) obtained was subjected to ion exchange chromatography on DEAE-cellulose to produce two polysaccharide fractions, AG-1 and AG-2, which had similar sugar compositions. Partial acid hydrolysis of apiuman, AG, revealed galacturonan to be at the core of the macromolecule. Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectra indicated that the backbone of apiuman appeared to represent α-1,4-d-galacturonan, with considerable amounts of l-Rha residues involved by α-1,2-linkages in the linear chain of the macromolecule core. The side chains were found to consist of Ara and Gal attached at the 4-position of the Rha residues.