Performance Analysis of the Clipping Scheme with SLM Technique for PAPR Reduction of OFDM Signals in Fading Channels

Since one of major problems of OFDM-based systems is high peak-to-average-power ratio (PAPR) of its transmitted signal, many PAPR reduction techniques and combined schemes with individual techniques have recently been developed. Among various techniques, the clipping technique has been widely used as a practical scheme owing to its low computational complexity and simplicity in implementation, while the selected mapping (SLM) technique is known to provide good PAPR reduction performance without signal distortion. Generally, the combined scheme of two PAPR reduction techniques, which are the clipping and the SLM, is expected to provide the enhanced performance of PAPR reduction, because the clipping noise of combined scheme would be less than that of single clipping technique, when the SLM technique is employed before clipping. However, the performance of clipping scheme with SLM technique has not been evaluated for practical systems over fading channels. In this paper, the performance of the clipping scheme with the SLM technique is theoretically analyzed and compared with simulation results over fading channels. The performance of combined scheme is analyzed with various clipping ratios, phase sets for SLM, and modulation schemes over flat and frequency selective fading channels. In addition, the effects of the clipping at the receiver and the oversampling on the BER performance are discussed. Based on the results of analysis, therefore, one can design the effective clipping scheme with the SLM technique for the PAPR reduction of OFDM-based systems.     

Modified selected mapping technique for PAPR reduction of coded OFDM signal

High peak-to-average power ratio (PAPR) of the transmitted signal is a major drawback of orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM). In this paper, we propose a modified selective mapping (SLM) technique for PAPR reduction of coded OFDM signal. In this technique, we embed the phase sequence, which is used to lower the PAPR of the data block, in the check symbols of the coded OFDM data block. It is shown that we can achieve both PAPR reduction from the SLM technique as well as error performance improvement from the channel coding with no loss in data rate from the transmission of side information. In addition, approximate expression for the complementary cumulative distribution function (CCDF) of the PAPR of the modified SLM technique is derived and compared with the simulation results.     

Control information transmission without resource consumption for PAPR reduction of OFDM signal

A peak-to-average power ratio (PAPR) reduction method for orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) signals is proposed that requires no additional resources to transmit side information. The approach used to reduce PAPR is based on selected mapping (SLM). SLM produces several candidates of OFDM symbols, the subcarrier phases of which are rotated, and the OFDM symbol that yields the minimum PAPR is selected and transmitted to the receiver. To cancel the rotation used to generate the original signal at the receiver, transmission of side information using a time slot is usually required. This decreases the efficiency with which data can be transmitted. The proposal is to modify SLM so as to implant the side information into the OFDM data symbol. This results in no efficiency loss. Additionally, the error rate in estimating the side information is extremely low when enough subcarriers are used to carry the side information. The performance of the method is confirmed by numerical simulation. The PAPR improvement equals that of the original SLM. The implanted side information was transmitted with high reliability.     

A computationally efficient selected mapping technique for reducing PAPR of OFDM

In orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) system, high value of peak-to-average power ratio (PAPR) is an operational problem that may cause non-linear distortion resulting in high bit error rate. Selected mapping (SLM) is a well known technique that shows good PAPR reduction capability but inflicts added computational overhead. In this paper, using Riemann sequence based SLM method, we applied reverse searching technique to find out low PAPR yielding phase sequences with significant reduction in computational complexity. Additionally, we explored side-information free transmission that achieves higher throughput but sacrifices PAPR reduction. Finally, to overcome this loss in PAPR reduction, we proposed application of Square-rooting companding technique over the output OFDM transmitted signal. Simulation results show that the proposed method is able to compensate the sacrifice in PAPR and achieved PAPR reduction of 8.9 dB with very low computational overhead.     

Combining discrete cosine transform with clipping for PAPR reduction in intensity-modulated OFDM systems

In this paper, the peak-to-average power ratio (PAPR) of orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) signal is reduced by combining the discrete cosine transform (DCT) with clipping in optical intensity-modulated direct-detection (IM/DD) OFDM systems. First, the data are transformed into new modified data by DCT. Second, the proposed scheme utilizes the clipping technique to further reduce the PAPR of OFDM signal. We experimentally demonstrate that the optical OFDM transmission system with this proposed scheme can achieve significant performance improvement in terms of PAPR and bit error rate (BER) compared with the original optical OFDM systems.     

SLM based PAPR reduction of OFDM signal using new phase sequence

One of the main issues of orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) is the high peak-to-average power ratio (PAPR) of the transmitted signal which adversely affects the complexity of power amplifiers. The selected mapping (SLM) technique is one of the promising PAPR reduction techniques for OFDM. In this reported work, rows of normalised Riemann matrices are selected as phase sequence vectors for the SLM technique. MATLAB simulations show PAPR reduction of around 2.3 dB using the proposed method compared with methods reported in the literature.     

An Adaptive Clipping and Filtering Technique for PAPR Reduction of OFDM Signals

In recent years, many peak-to-average power ratio (PAPR) reduction techniques have been proposed for orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) signals. Among various techniques, the iterative clipping and filtering (ICAF) technique has been considered as a practical scheme, and widely used owing to its non-expansion of bandwidth, low computational complexity, and simplicity in implementation without receiver-side cooperation. However, the performance of conventional ICAF technique is degraded, because the same signals are iteratively clipped with a fixed clipping threshold (CT) in every clipping operation. In this paper, we analyze the performance of conventional ICAF technique, and then propose an adaptive ICAF scheme, which clips the signal with an adaptively modified CT in every clipping operation to achieve enhanced PAPR reduction of OFDM signals. Simulation results show that the proposed scheme significantly outperforms the conventional scheme, in PAPR reduction of OFDM signals at the same number of iterations.     

SLM‐based PAPR reduction method using partial data circulation and side information insertion in OFDM systems

In this paper, two selected mapping (SLM)‐based schemes are proposed to reduce the peak‐to‐average power ratio (PAPR) in the orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) systems. One is SLM‐based partial data circulation (PDC) scheme. The other is SLM‐based PDC with hamming coded side information (SI) scheme. In the PDC scheme, the partial samples within the data sequence are scrambled by circularly shifting to obtain a set of candidate sequences and, then, each sequence is combined with the corresponding SI to form the candidate OFDM symbol. With the selection of the candidate OFDM symbols with the lowest PAPR, the PAPR of the transmitted signal could be greatly reduced. In the other scheme, hamming code is used to protect the SI to improve the system performance. Simulation results show that the proposed method could reduce PAPR and it has a better bandwidth efficiency and less modules of inverse fast Fourier transform than that with the SLM‐based dummy sequence insertion scheme. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

A Modified SLM Scheme With Low Complexity for PAPR Reduction of OFDM Systems

In this paper, we propose a new peak-to-average power ratio (PAPR) reduction scheme of orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) system, called a modified selected mapping (SLM) scheme, which considerably reduces the computational complexity with keeping the similar PAPR reduction performance compared with the conventional SLM scheme. The proposed scheme is analytically and numerically evaluated for the OFDM system specified in the IEEE 802.16 standard. For the OFDM system with 2048 subcarriers, the proposed scheme with 4 binary phase sequences can reduce the complex multiplications by 63.5% with the similar PAPR reduction compared with the SLM scheme with 16 binary phase sequences.     

Transforming the Statistical Distribution of Wireless OFDM Signal for PAPR Reduction

To reduce the high peak-to-average power ratio (PAPR) of orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) signal, a novel nonlinear companding transform (CT) scheme is proposed in this paper. This scheme can reallocate both the amplitude/power as well as statistical distribution of the companded signal more reasonably and flexibly than existing CT methods with low computational complexity. By choosing an appropriate companding parameter, it can provide more effective PAPR reduction but at the price of a minimal amount of bit-error-rate (BER) performance degradation caused by the companding distortion. The closed-form expressions including the achievable PAPR gain, signal attenuation factor, and corresponding selection criteria for the companding parameter were derived. Computer simulations demonstrate that the scheme significantly improves the overall performances of OFDM system in terms of PAPR, BER and bandwidth efficiency under the multipath fading channel or with the high power amplifier.

     

Combined Selective Mapping and Binary Cyclic Codes for PAPR Reduction in OFDM Systems

In this paper, we consider reduction of PAPR in OFDM systems with BPSK subcarriers by combining SLM and binary cyclic codes. This combining strategy can be used for both error correction and PAPR reduction. We decompose a binary cyclic code into direct sum of two cyclic subcodes: the correction subcode used for error correction and the scrambling subcode for PAPR reduction. The transmitted OFDM signal is selected that achieves minimum PAPR, from the set of binary cyclic codewords. The received signal can be easily decoded without the need of any side information. Simulations show that the proposed scheme with simplex code as scrambling subcode achieves good PAPR reduction.     

VLM Precoded SLM Technique for PAPR Reduction in OFDM Systems

Orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) is perhaps the most spectrally efficient, robust transmission technique discovered so far for communication systems, and it also mitigates the problem of multipath environment. High peak-to-average power ratio (PAPR) has always been a major drawback of the OFDM systems. In this article, a new precoding technique has been proposed based on Vandermonde-like matrix (VLM) and selective mapping (SLM) to reduce PAPR in OFDM systems. VLM precoding reduces the autocorrelation of the input sequences while SLM takes an advantage of the fact that the PAPR is very sensitive to phase shifts of the signal. The main advantage of this proposed scheme is to achieve a significant reduction in PAPR without increasing the system complexity. Computer simulations show that, the proposed method outperforms the existing precoding techniques without degrading the error performance of the system.     

Selective Time-Domain Filtering for Reduced-Complexity PAPR Reduction in OFDM

A new selective time-domain filtering scheme for reducing the peak-to-average power ratio (PAPR) in orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing (OFDM) systems is proposed. The proposed scheme not only relies on conventional pilot symbol channel estimation and demodulation techniques to recover the data in OFDM systems but also uses additional pilot symbols. The proposed scheme has greatly reduced complexity compared with the selective mapping (SLM) scheme and only slightly poorer performance than the SLM scheme. The new scheme achieves significant PAPR reduction at a cost of typically 0.1–0.75 dB in signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) relative to pilot symbol OFDM not having PAPR reduction.      

A low complexity selected mapping scheme for peak to average power ratio reduction with digital predistortion in OFDM systems

One of the effective methods used for reducing peak‐to‐average power ratio (PAPR) in orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) systems is selected mapping (SLM). In this paper, a new SLM scheme called DSI‐SLM, which is a combination of dummy sequence insertion (DSI) and conventional selected mapping (C‐SLM) is proposed. Previous techniques have had some drawbacks. In DSI, increasing the number of dummy sequences to have better PAPR degrades transmission efficiency, and in C‐SLM, the complexity rises dramatically when the number of sub‐blocks increases. The proposed DSI‐SLM scheme significantly reduces the complexity because of the reduction in the number of sub‐blocks compared with the C‐SLM technique while its PAPR performance is even better. To enhance the efficiency of the OFDM system and suppress the out‐of‐band distortion from the power amplifier nonlinearity, a digital predistortion technique is applied to the DSI‐SLM scheme. Simulations are carried out with the actual power amplifier model and the OFDM signal based on the worldwide interoperability for microwave access standard and quadrature phase‐shift keying modulation. The simulation results show improvement in PAPR reduction and complexity, whereas the BER performance is slightly worse. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Reduction of the PAPR in OFDM Systems by Intelligently Applying Both PTS and SLM Algorithms

The orthogonal frequency division multiplex (OFDM) technique, which is used in the 4G communications, has a shortcoming of having a high peak to average power ratio (PAPR), and thus a lot of research has been conducted to reduce the PAPR in OFDM systems. The typical algorithms in this research area are the multi-time clipping algorithm, the \(\mu \)-law compression algorithm, SLM algorithm, PTS algorithm, and Golay complement sequence algorithm. It is found in this paper that the SLM and PTS algorithms have good performance in reducing the PAPR while having less information overhead than the Golay complement sequence algorithm, less distortion than the \({\mu }\)-law compression algorithm, and less BER than the clipping algorithm. Thus, a new PAPR reduction algorithm is proposed, which tries to intelligently apply both PTS and SLM algorithm, while utilizing their complementary advantages and avoiding their disadvantages. According to simulation results, the performance of the proposed algorithm has much better performance in reducing the PAPR than the SLM and PTS algorithms, with comparable computational complexity, BER performance, and information overhead.     

降低OFDM峰均比SLM算法比较

正交频分复用（OFDM）是未来无线通信关键的技术之一,但是高峰值平均功率比（PAPR）一直是将OFDM技术实用化的一大障碍。选择映射（SLM）算法是无失真降低OFDM信号峰平比的有效方法之一。但计算复杂度高和需要发送边带信息是传统SLM算法的主要缺点。通过分析比较了多种改进方法,发现如果能够将传统SLM算法这两方面的缺点综合考虑,就能更好地改善SLM算法的性能,这将是今后研究SLM算法的方向之一。     

A hybrid technique for the PAPR reduction of NOMA waveform

Non-orthogonal multiple access (NOMA) is a great contender for future cellular modulation due to its desirable properties like massive connectivity, high data rate transmission, and high spectral efficiency. However, its peak-to-average power ratio (PAPR) is significant, which becomes a significant disadvantage for the efficient operability of the NOMA waveform compared to current techniques. Several PAPR reduction algorithms like selective mapping (SLM), partial transmission sequence (PTS), and companding techniques have been proposed to lower the PAPR of multicarrier waveforms (MCWs). PTS reduces the PAPR but has high complexity. On the other hand, SLM has a less complex framework, but its PAPR performance is not as efficient as PTS. Companding methods reduce the PAPR by compressing the signals at the transmitter, which unfortunately reduces the dynamic range of the signal. In this work, we propose a hybrid algorithm (SLM + PTS) with a companding method for the first time for the NOMA waveform, which efficiently reduces the PAPR with low computational complexity. Furthermore, we compare the performances of a host of candidate algorithms like SLM, PTS, hybrid (SLM + PTS), hybrid + A law (SLM–PTS–A law), and hybrid + Mu law (SLM–PTS–Mu law). The results of the experiments show that the hybrid + Mu law did a better job than the existing PAPR reduction algorithms.     

A Low Complexity Selected Mapping Scheme by Use of Time Domain Sequence Superposition Technique for PAPR Reduction in OFDM System

By using the time domain sequence superposition (TDSS) technique, in this paper, we propose a low complexity selected mapping (LC-SLM) scheme for the peak-to-average power ratio (PAPR) reduction of the orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) system. Unlike the conventional selected mapping (SLM) scheme which needs several inverse fast Fourier transform (IFFT) operations for an OFDM signal, the proposed scheme requires to implement two IFFT operations only. Thus, it can remarkably reduce the computational complexity. Simulation results show that the proposed scheme can achieve similar PAPR performance as the conventional SLM scheme.      

An overview of peak-to-average power ratio reduction techniques for multicarrier transmission

High peak-to-average power ratio of the transmit signal is a major drawback of multicarrier transmission such as OFDM or DMT. This article describes some of the important PAPR reduction techniques for multicarrier transmission including amplitude clipping and filtering, coding, partial transmit sequence, selected mapping, interleaving, tone reservation, tone injection, and active constellation extension. Also, we make some remarks on the criteria for PAPR reduction technique selection and briefly address the problem of PAPR reduction in OFDMA and MIMO-OFDM.     

基于选择映射SLM降低OFDM信号峰平比的改进方案

本文针对OFDM系统中高峰均比问题,在基于正交映射降低峰平比的方法上提出了一种改进方案——随机分组正交映射（Random Group Design SLM）,即在SLM前加入了对信号随机分组处理,再选择峰均比最小的一路信号作为输出,本文并对这种方法进行了多种条件下的系统仿真,实验结果表明这种方法在改善OFDM传输信号峰平比上,比SLM方法有明显的改善。