Effects of calcination temperature on microstructures and photocatalytic activity of titanate nanotube films prepared by an EPD method

Titanate nanotube films are fabricated on F-doped SnO(2)-coated glass substrates via an electrophoretic deposition method using hydrothermally prepared titanate nanotubes as precursors. The effects of calcination temperature on the microstructures and photoactivity of as-prepared titanate nanotube films are investigated and discussed. The results indicate that the intercalated sodium ions (Na(+)) in the as-prepared titanate nanotubes are easily removed during the electrophoretic deposition. The phase transformation of titanate to anatase and diffusion of Na(+) ions from glass substrates into films occur at 400?°C. With increasing calcination temperature, the crystallization of anatase enhances and sodium content in the films increases. At 500?°C, the tubular structure still holds and the films show the highest photocatalytic activity probably due to their good crystallization, large specific surface areas and tubular structures.     

复合电沉积制备SnO2/TiO2薄膜及其光电催化性能

为了寻求廉价、高效和稳定的光催化剂,用复合电沉积技术在紫铜片上制备了Sn/TiO2薄膜,经300℃热氧化使之形成SnO2/TiO2复合电极.利用SEM,XRD对薄膜进行了表征,以甲基橙为模型化合物,对复合电极的光催化和光电催化性能进行了测定.研究表明:该薄膜由0.3~1μm的颗粒构成,每个颗粒又由纳米晶粒形成;电极具有多孔结构,膜中的SnO2以两种不同的晶体结构存在;在薄膜质量相等的情况下,SnO2/TiO2薄膜的光催化活性是纯TiO2粒子膜的2.87倍;外加一定偏压下,其催化性能大幅度提高.     

Effects of Fe-doping on the photocatalytic activity of mesoporous TiO2 powders prepared by an ultrasonic method

Highly photoactive nanocrystalline mesoporous Fe-doped TiO(2) powders were prepared by the ultrasonic-induced hydrolysis reaction of tetrabutyl titanate (Ti(OC(4)H(9))(4)) in a ferric nitrate aqueous solution (pH 5) without using any templates or surfactants. The as-prepared samples were characterized by thermogravimetry and differential thermal analysis (TG-DTA), X-ray diffraction (XRD), N(2) adsorption-desorption measurements, UV-visible adsorbance spectra (UV-vis) and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). The photocatalytic activities were evaluated by the photocatalytic oxidation of acetone in air. The results showed that all the Fe-doped TiO(2) samples prepared by ultrasonic methods were mesoporous nanocrystalline. A small amount of Fe(3+) ions in TiO(2) powders could obviously enhance their photocatalytic activity. The photocatalytic activity of Fe-doped TiO(2) powders prepared by this method and calcined at 400 degrees C exceeded that of Degussa P25 (P25) by a factor of more than two times at an optimal atomic ratio of Fe to Ti of 0.25. The high activities of the Fe-doped TiO(2) powders could be attributed to the results of the synergetic effects of Fe-doping, large BET specific surface area and small crystallite size.     

Enhanced photocatalytic activity of C-N-codoped TiO2 films prepared via an organic-free approach

An organic-free sol-gel method was developed to synthesize crack-free, high surface roughness and visible-light-active C-N-codoped TiO(2) films. These films were subsequently evaluated for its photodegradation efficient using stearic acid as the model pollutant compound. The current approach avoids the use of hazardous organic solvents and employs carbon black as the carbon source as well as a template to increase the surface roughness. The presence of carbon and nitrogen species in TiO(2) was studied and discussed. The concentrations of carbon and nitrogen dopants in the TiO(2) films were affected by calcination temperature and the concentration of carbon black. Optimal visible light photocatalytic activity was observed for C-N-codoped TiO(2) film at 10.0 wt.% C, which was more than double that of the N-doped TiO(2) film. The enhancement in visible light photocatalytic activities of the C-N-codoped TiO(2) films was attributed to the synergistic effects of carbon and nitrogen dopants, and high surface roughness of the prepared films.     

玻璃固载TiO2/纳米纤维素复合薄膜的制备及其光催化性能

将微晶纤维素溶解于NaOH-尿素的低温溶液中形成纤维素溶液,在水浴中再生形成纳米纤维素溶液.然后将纳米纤维素溶液与TiO2(P25)混合,并添加少量的钛酸正丁酯作为交联剂形成复合溶液.将制备得到的复合溶液通过流延法固载到玻璃片表面形成玻璃固载的TiO2/纳米纤维素复合膜.通过SEM、XRD表征了复合膜的形貌与结构.将玻璃固载的TiO2/纳米纤维素复合膜在紫外光下进行光催化降解甲基橙(MO)以评估复合膜的光催化性能,研究了纳米TiO2含量对复合膜光催化性能的影响,复合膜的重复使用性能以及光降解的动力学过程.结果表明:复合膜对MO的光催化降解能力可达90％以上,与纯TiO2粉末相当,并重复使用3次光催化性能基本保持不变.复合膜对甲基橙的降解动力学符合一级动力学特征.当纳米TiO2相对于纤维素的质量分数为33.3％时,光催化活性最高,动力学速率常数为0.035min-1.     

Effects of peptizing conditions on nanometer properties and photocatalytic activity of TiO2 hydrosols prepared by H2TiO3

TiO₂ hydrosols were prepared from metatitanic acid (H₂TiO₃) by chemical precipitation–peptization method under various peptizing conditions. The effects of peptizing conditions on nanosized properties and photocatalytic activity of TiO₂ hydrosols were investigated. The crystal structure, crystallinity, particle size distribution, and transparency (T%) of as-obtained hydrosols were characterized by means of X-ray diffraction, transmission electron microscopy, light-scattering size analyzer, and UV–vis transmittance spectra. The results showed that the properties of hydrosols depended on peptizing conditions including a molar ratio of H⁺/Ti, temperature, and solid content. The photoactivity of TiO₂ hydrosols was evaluated in terms of the degradation of rhodamine B (RhB) in aqueous solution, and formaldehyde (HCHO) and methyl mercaptan (CH₃SH) in gaseous phase. The results showed that increase in H⁺/Ti ranging 0.19–0.75 led to the decrease in particle size and the increase in transparency. With increasing of temperature, particle sizes increased while the transparency and photoactivity decreased steadily when the temperature was higher than 65 °C. The particle size, transparency and photoactivity of the hydrosols hardly depended on solid content when it was not less than 2%. It should be confirmed that the hydrosols with higher crystallinity, smaller particle size and higher transparency could have the higher photoactivity for the degradation of RhB, CH₃SH, and HCHO. In this study, the optimal peptizing conditions were determined to be H⁺/Ti = 0.75, temperature = 65 °C and solid content = 2–6%.     

叠层式TiO2/SnO2复合纳米薄膜制备及其光电性能研究

采用溶胶-凝胶法在不同基体表面制备了叠层式TiO2/SnO2复合纳米薄膜.用扫描电子显微镜(SEM)、X射线衍射(XRD)对复合薄膜表面形貌和晶体结构进行表征.采用紫外-可见吸收光谱法和电化学方法来研究复合薄膜光学与光电化学性能特征.结果表明,所制备的叠层式TiO2/SnO2复合纳米薄膜表面连续、均匀、致密;XRD分析表明纳米TiO2为锐钛矿型结构,SnO2为金红石型结构;紫外-可见吸收光谱测试表明叠层式TiO2/SnO2复合纳米薄膜较纯TiO2薄膜的吸收范围拓宽;稳定电位随时间变化曲线(OCP-t)结果表明,叠层式TiO2/SnO2复合纳米薄膜光照下其光电化学性能高于纯TiO2薄膜;同时,光照后叠层式TiO2/SnO2复合纳米薄膜能有效储存TiO2先生电荷,延续对不锈钢基体的光生阴极保护性能.经比较,叠加3层SnO2的TiO2/3SnO2复合纳米薄膜改善光电性能最佳.     

溶胶-凝胶制备SnO2/TiO2复合材料及其性能研究

采用溶胶-凝胶工艺制备了SnO2/TiO2复合光催化剂.以钛酸丁脂(Ti(C4H9O)4)为前驱体,冰醋酸为螯合剂,通过水解缩聚反应制备纳米TiO2,掺杂不同比例(n(SnO2)/n(TiO2)分别为1%、2.5%、5%)的SnO2对纳米TiO2进行改性,并对1%掺杂的粉体样品进行了不同温度(350～550℃)的焙烧处理.采用浸渍提拉法制备了1%(n(SnO2)/n(TiO2))掺杂的纳米SnO2/TiO2膜.运用X射线衍射(XRD)、透射电镜(TEM)、X射线光电子能谱(XPS)、原子力显微镜(AFM)及光吸收等手段,研究了不同掺杂量、热处理温度及光照时间对TiO2相变和光催化活性的影响.研究结果表明,350℃焙烧时,1%(n(SnO2)/n(TiO2))掺杂的粉体样品出现了合适比例的锐钛矿型和金红石型的混晶结构,具有较高的光催化效率,可达96.55%.而1%(n(SnO2)/n(TiO2))掺杂的纳米SnO2/TiO2光催化膜晶粒尺寸在20～30nm左右,光催化效率为79.6%,低于相同掺杂含量的纳米SnO2/TiO2掺杂光催化剂粉体.     

溶胶-凝胶法制备TiO_2及其光催化性能研究

采用溶胶-凝胶法制备TiO2,以甲基橙为模型污染物,考察了影响TiO2光催化活性的主要因素,并采用SEM和XRD等方法对样品进行了表征.结果表明:在450℃下煅烧2h后,可以制得具有较高光催化活性的TiO2粉末.当甲基橙溶液中TiO2的质量浓度为1.0g/L时,光催化效果最佳;TiO2粉末主要具有锐钛矿型晶体结构.     

Effects of mineral tourmaline particles on the photocatalytic activity of TiO2 thin films

Titania composite thin films (T/TiO2) containing tourmaline particles were prepared by a sol-gel method, using alkoxide solutions as precursor. The tourmaline particles and thin films were characterized by X-ray diffraction, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy, and so on. The effects of tourmaline on the photocatalytic activity of TiO2 were measured with methyl orange as an objective photodegradation substance. The results showed that the photocatalytic degradation of methyl orange conformed to the first-order kinetic equation and the composite thin films had better photocatalytic activity due to the cooperation of polarity and the far infrared emission of tourmaline. The T/TiO2 thin films including 0.5 wt% tourmaline exhibited better photocatalytic activity when heat-treated at 250 degrees C for 3 h, than pure TiO2 thin films under the ultraviolet irradiation.     

Photodecomposition of Rhodamine B on TiO2/SiO2 thin films prepared by sol-gel method

Glasses showing catalytic effect have been of much interest recently because the catalytic layer is very effective in reducing of pollutants. The use of these glasses may bring reduction in cleaning costs. There are several methods of preparation of TiO₂ with good catalytic properties, but sol-gel technique offers an opportunity to enhance catalytic effect by precise optimization of the composition and microstructure of the layer. This study concerns optimization of the composition and preparation technology of catalytic layers based on SiO₂-TiO₂ system. Catalytic effect was studied using Rhodamine B as a sensor. UV-VIS and photoelectron spectroscopy were the main research tools used in this study.     

Influence of Fe ions on the photocatalytic activity of TiO2 films prepared by micro-plasma oxidation method

Microporous titanium dioxide thin films have been fabricated on titanium plates by the micro-plasma oxidation method with the electrolyte of H₂SO₄. The influence of Fe³⁺ ions addition in the electrolyte on the photocatalytic activities was investigated. The results reveal that titanium dioxide thin films produced with Fe³⁺ addition electrolyte exhibit higher photoactivity than pure electrolyte for the oxidation of rhodamine B. The removal of rhodamine B reaches 90% for 30 min when Fe³⁺ addition concentrate is 0.2 g/L. Experimental results of X-ray diffraction and atom force microscopy show that the increase in activity is related to change in the lattice parameters and cell volume.     

水热法制备稀土掺杂TiO2薄膜及光催化降解性能研究

采用水热法,以载玻片为基片制备了稀土掺杂Ti O2薄膜。以紫外光区吸光度值为指标,确定最佳制备条件为:90℃保温2h,Ti(SO4)2溶液和尿素溶液摩尔比为10∶1,稀土掺杂量为1 mL0.5 mol/L稀土盐溶液,掺杂稀土镧Ti O2薄膜有较好的光吸收性能。利用X-射线粉末衍射法(XRD)、扫描电子显微镜(SEM)及电子能谱法(EDS)对Ti O2薄膜的结构及表面特性进行表征,结果表明制备的稀土掺杂Ti O2薄膜为锐钛矿型。以紫外灯为光源,降解率为指标,罗丹明B溶液降解为模型反应,考察稀土掺杂Ti O2薄膜光催化性能,结果表明,稀土掺杂Ti O2薄膜具有较高光催化活性且明显大于纯Ti O薄膜,该薄膜对罗丹明B的光催化降解率达87%以上。     

Influence of calcination parameters on the TiO2 photocatalytic properties

Nanocrystalline titanium dioxide (TiO₂) powders with different crystal phase composition were obtained by controlled hydrolysis and post-thermal treatments. The physicochemical properties of the powders were investigated by XRD, TEM/EDS, N₂ physic adsorption and DRS. The results obtained show that the particle size and crystalline structure are parameters strongly dependent on the calcination conditions, mainly temperature and heating rate. The influence of the TiO₂ phase composition on its photocatalytic activity, concerning the methylene blue photodegradation was studied. It was found that higher TiO₂ photocatalytic activity is related with the co-existence of the three TiO₂ polymorphs: anatase, brookite and rutile.     

Enhanced photo-catalytic activity of TiO2 films with doped La prepared by micro-plasma oxidation method

Mesoporous thin titanium dioxide films have been prepared on titanium plates through micro-plasma oxidation. To increase the films' photo-catalytic activity, La ions with different concentrations (0, 0.025, 0.005, 0.075, 0.1g/L) were added into the H(2)SO(4) electrolyte solution. X-ray diffraction, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, atomic force microscopy, and scanning electron microscopy techniques were applied to characterize the modified films. A kind of typical textile industry pollutant (Rhodamine B) was used to evaluate the photo-catalytic activity of the films. The results showed that this activity of the films had been improved by adding La ions into the electrolyte solution. The enhanced photo-catalytic activities might be resulted from the increase of mesopores' number, producing more reactive sites to absorb and oxidize pollutants. Also, the improvement was related to the forming of titanium dioxide lattice distortion, which could accept more photoexcitated holes and produce more strong surface free radicals to oxidate adsorptive molecules.     

SnO2 films prepared by activated reactive evaporation

Transparent conducting films of SnO₂ doped with antimony were prepared on glass substrates by activated reactive evaporation for the first time. The sheet resistance and optical transmittance in the wavelength range 0.4–1.6 μm were studied as functions of various deposition parameters such as the ambient pressure of an 85%Ar15%O₂ mixture, the substrate temperature and the antimony doping concentration in the SnSb alloys. The sheet resistance and optical transmittance showed a strong dependence on the above-mentioned deposition parameters. The best results were obtained for a 90at.%Sn10at.%Sb alloy evaporated in 85%Ar15%O₂ at a partial pressure of about 5 × 10^?4 Torr with a substrate temperature about 350°C. These films, with a sheet resistance of 10 μ/□ had an average transmittance of 95% over the wavelength range 0.4–1.8 μm. The film thickness was about 0.25 μm. Thicker films (about 0.5 μm) had a sheet resistance as low as 1.5 ω/□ with an average transmittance 85% in the wavelength range 0.4–1.6 μm.     

Synthesis and photocatalytic property of SnO2/TiO2 nanotubes composites

SnO2/TiO2 nanotubes composite photocatalysts with different SnO2 contents were successfully synthesized by means of a simple solvothermal process. The synthesized products were characterized physically by X-ray diffraction (XRD) and high-resolution transmission electron microscope (HRTEM). The composite photocatalysts can not only make the target pollutant, methylene blue (MB), adsorbed at a high concentration level around the surface of the composites but also decrease the recombination rate of electron-hole pairs so as to achieve good photocatalytic performance. The effect of SnO2 contents on the photocatalytic activities of the composites was also investigated. The results showed that the SnO2/TiO2 nanotubes composite photocatalyst with 5 wt.% SnO2 loading had the highest photocatalytic efficiency.