考虑交易费用的工程招标机制设计

针对我国建设市场的现状,从交易角度出发,研究考虑工程交易成本的招标机制设计.首先结合交易费用理论和工程交易的特点将工程交易费用分为合同前交易费用和合同后交易费用;然后根据合同后交易费用的大小对工程进行了分类;最后对不同类型工程设计不同的招标机制,即零交易费用的工程招标采用最低价中标机制,考虑交易费用的工程招标采用综合招标机制.考虑交易费用的招标机制设计可有效提高我国招标交易的效率,进一步完善招投标制度.     

建设工程不同交易方式总成本比较研究

针对国内对建设工程不同交易方式的比较研究相对缺乏的现状,从交易费用理论出发,将建设工程总成本分为合同前交易费用、生产费用和合同后交易费用三个组成部分,建立建设工程交易方式总成本比较分析框架,并应用此框架对水利部太湖流域管理局第一个DB试验项目和相应等效的传统交易方式DBB进行实证分析。结果表明,该框架可为业主方选择恰当的工程交易方式提供科学的依据。     

Evaluation of enhanced design and build system a case study of a hospital project

This study involves an investigation of a hospital project which adopted an ‘enhanced design and build’ form of building procurement. The paper assesses the procurement system from the perspectives of the client, client's consultants, contractor, contractor's consultants, and contractor's subcontractors. A detailed case study of North District Hospital is described to illustrate the process of this procurement system. All the interviewees generally agreed that the hospital project was successful in meeting the time, cost, quality, functional and safety requirements set by the client. As the first project adopting the ‘enhanced design-build’ procurement system in Hong Kong, the benefits of applying this innovative procurement system were demonstrated.     

工程建设"设计-建造"总承包模式的国际动态研究

近年来,工程设计-建造模式在国际上呈现快速增长的发展趋势,从“设计-建造”模式与传统模式的对比来看,“设计-建造”模式具有很多优点。国际上对设计-建造模式的最新研究成果表明,恰当地采用设计-建造模式,能使项目在工期、费用和质量方面比采用其他模式的项目具有一定的优越性。由于自身的特点,设计-建造模式下选择承包商的程序、标准以及采用的合同条件都与其他模式下相比有很大的差别。本文还探讨了在我国推行设计-建造模式的必要性和可行性,最后提出了在我国应进行设计-建造模式研究的方向。     

交易费用与工程交易机制系统化设计

建设工程交易过程一般可分为交易合同签订前和签订后两个阶段,相应地,建设工程交易机制主要包括工程招标机制和合同激励机制,鉴于不同子项机制之间存在内在联系,有必要从整体角度对建设工程交易机制进行系统化设计。以交易费用为分析工具和纽带,基于系统视角,将建设工程交易过程中的招标机制和激励机制纳入同一研究框架,构建了建设工程交易机制设计框架模型,并探讨了有待解决的难点问题,为丰富和发展建设工程交易理论和交易机制设计方法提供参考。     

Cost-effective owner project management

The traditional effectiveness criteria for project management performance evaluation are inadequate. Projects must be managed not only effectively but also efficiently. The criticisms of North Sea project management are reviewed. The difficulties owners have with measuring management efficiency and determining ‘how much project management is enough’ are discussed. The ‘transaction-cost’ approach is introduced as a concept for analysing owner project management efficiency.     

Theoretical comparison of alternative delivery systems for projects in unpredictable environments

A project delivery process simulation is presented based upon empirical studies in the design‐build environment of semiconductor fabrication facilities (‘fabs’). The model captures key tasks and decisions in design, procurement and construction, as well as design criteria changes along the delivery of a R&D fab utility system. Simulation shows that to involve the specialty contractor from the project start on average expedites project delivery since it prevents delays caused by bidding and by contractors' unfamiliarity with the design product definition. Yet, in unpredictable project environments – environments in which design criteria are likely to change irrespectively of the project progress status – simulation reveals that the averages of construction rework and waste increase if design is prematurely frozen. Assuming that work methods do not change and design criteria remain uncertain, results indicate that a system that combines early contractor involvement with judicious postponement of the design start reduces the average duration of the fab utility delivery in relation to the expected duration if competitive bidding was used, with limited increase in the averages of construction rework and waste. Additional efficiency is gained when specialty contractors relax conservative assumptions on anticipated site conditions. An economic model uses simulation results to assess the tradeoffs between alternative project delivery systems for the case of R&D fabs.     

Comparing contributors to time and cost performance in building projects

Identifying the relative strengths of the linkages between procurement sub-systems and project performance was initially hypothesized to be useful for developing guidelines for the formulation of a performance-oriented construction procurement system. A comprehensive model was developed to incorporate all significant procurement sub-systems variables, together with ‘non-procurement’ related (or ‘intervening’) variables to explore and evaluate such linkages. The multiple regression technique was applied to analyze the data from 32 Hong Kong-based building projects and the results were compared with reality. The results suggest that procurement sub-systems variables are less significant than the non-procurement related variables in predicting time and cost performance levels on Hong Kong building projects.     

国际建筑总承包工程国内物资采购管理

在国际建筑总承包工程项目中,物资采购管理工作是总承包工程管理的一个重要组成部分,物资采购的质量、进度、费用直接影响总承包工程的质量、工期和造价。只有把国内物资采购的管理工作做好,才能确保国外工程的顺利完成。     

A fuzzy multi-criteria approach for critical path definition

This paper focuses on the identification of the critical path in complex projects networks. To extend the capabilities of the traditional project-scheduling approaches an innovative framework is presented, which integrates Fuzzy Logic and Multi Criteria Decision Making (MCDM) techniques. The aim is to determine the critical path taking into account not only the expected duration of the tasks, but also additional critical parameters such as: ‘duration variability’, ‘costs’, ‘shared resources’, ‘risk of major design revisions’ and ‘external risks’. To this scope, all the previously mentioned parameters are evaluated following a mathematical approach based on Fuzzy Logic and are aggregated using the ‘Technique for Order Preference by Similarity to Ideal Solution’ (TOPSIS) to define the resulting critical path. An example concerning an engineering project is also presented to better explain the potentials and the capabilities of the proposed approach.     

大数据环境下建筑供应链采购模型及仿真研究

建筑行业的供应链采购管理是建筑企业在面对激烈的行业竞争和开放式市场环境时,降低工程项目成本,提高自身利润和竞争优势的有效手段,传统工程项目的采购管理往往存在着采购效率低、采购流程不规范等缺陷,大数据技术的发展为解决传统工程项目采购问题的缺陷提供了新的思路。介绍了大数据环境下的建筑供应链采购策略,提出基于生产能力和配送及时率数据的建筑材料供应商大数据的概念,并对这些大数据的具体含义进行了详细的阐述,分析了大数据环境下的建筑供应链采购流程,针对建筑材料采购成本问题,构建了一个基于供应商大数据的承包商总采购成本最小化模型,并以北京某高校体育馆项目为例对模型进行仿真分析,得到了在获取供应商送货可靠率大数据后,承包商的最小采购成本和最优采购策略,分析了每种材料的最大送货可靠率对其采购成本的敏感度。     

Competitive Advantage In Construction: Comment

Two approaches are described which aid the selection of the most appropriate procurement arrangements for a building project. The first is a multi-attribute technique based on the National Economic Development Office procurement path decision chart. A small study is described in which the utility factors involved were weighted by averaging the scores of five ‘experts’ for three hypothetical building projects.

A concordance analysis is used to provide some evidence of any abnormal data sources. When applied to the study data, one of the experts was seen to be atypical.

The second approach is by means of discriminant analysis. This was found to provide reasonably consistent predictions through three discriminant functions. The analysis also showed the quality criteria to have no significant impact on the decision process.

Both approaches provided identical and intuitively correct answers in the study described. Some concluding remarks are made on the potential of discriminant analysis for future research and development in procurement selection techniques.     

A simulation optimisation tool for planning of low-income housing projects

Construction of low-income housing projects is a recurring process and is associated with uncertainties that arise from the unavailability of resources. This paper presents a case study that discusses how computer simulation and optimisation are used to aid government agencies and/or contractors in planning of such projects. It illustrates the optimisation of project objectives, taking into consideration the interaction amongst involved resources. As such, total duration and the associated total costs, including direct and indirect costs, can be estimated and optimised. One Youth Habitation project that is executed in 6th of October City in Egypt is analysed in a step-by-step procedure to demonstrate the capability of proposed computer simulation and optimisation prototype (named LIHouse{_}Sim) in the modelling construction of low-income housing projects using bearing block walls with hollow core technique. The presented tool proves its practicality to contractors in estimating the time and costs of the recurring process of low-income housing construction, considering complex interdependencies between construction resources and the uncertainties associated with construction activities. The LIHouse{_}Sim prototype is used to perform a wide analysis for the alternative of the effective optimisation criteria in the bearing block walls/hollow core technique and for the genetic algorithm optimisation approach elements.     

我国设计施工总承包模式的分类研究

首先考察了目前DB模式分类的依据和框架,在此基础上结合中国国情提出以业主/承包商所承担的不同设计阶段为主要依据,将DB模式分为Develop and construct,Enhanced design-build,tradi-tional Design-build和Novation design-build四种基本类型。这四种DB类型都具有各自的优缺点和适用范围,业主应该根据工程特征和自身情况选择合适的类型来建设DB总承包工程。     

建设工程交易方式设计分析

在分析建设工程交易成本构成及将工程交易方式设计分解为工程发包方式和交易合同设计两个方面的基础上,探讨了影响建设工程交易方式设计的因素,提出了工程交易方式的设计概念框架和设计步骤,并重点分析了工程产品模糊程度变化对建设工程发包方式和合同类型设计的影响,可为建设工程交易方式设计提供科学依据。     

An empirical study of the benefits of construction partnering in Hong Kong

Many construction companies have adopted partnering in their construction projects over the past 10–15 years due to favourable project outcomes achieved. Its use in construction projects has been increasing rapidly as its benefits become more apparent and pervasive. This paper reviews the partnering literature within the construction field and tries to portray the comprehensive picture of benefits for the partnering practice. Through partnering and the active involvement of all key project parties, the project is more likely to be completed within budget, on time, and with the least number of conflicts, claims and work defects. Also, this paper reports upon the findings of a questionnaire survey of partnering benefits in Hong Kong. Seventy‐eight project participants completed a questionnaire to indicate the relative importance of partnering benefits. The perceived benefits were measured and ranked from the perspectives of the client, contractor and consultant for cross‐comparison. The results revealed that ‘Improved relationship amongst project participants’, ‘Improved communication amongst project participants’ and ‘More responsive to the short‐term emergency, changing project or business needs’ were the most significant benefits derived from the use of partnering. More partnering arrangements should be actively introduced into the construction procurement process so that every party can enjoy the full benefits of partnering.     

An alternative classification of project delivery methods used in the United States building construction industry

Although many sources describe the project delivery methods available to owners, there is little empirical data on their defining characteristics. The objective of this research was to examine patterns in contract arrangements, procurement practices and compensation terms used in the US building construction industry. Survey data were collected for projects completed between 2008 and 2013 (N = 204) from owners and contractors belonging to large US professional organizations. A latent class analysis was used to identify five distinct patterns or ‘classes’ based upon eight characteristics of the project delivery process. These classes were defined as: (I) late builder and trade involvement, with an open, cost-based selection and lump sum contract (9% of projects in sample); (II) late builder and trade involvement, with a prequalified, cost-based selection and lump sum contract (19%); (III) early builder and late trade involvement, with a prequalified non-cost based selection and guaranteed maximum price (GMP) contract (26%); (IV) early builder and trade involvement, with a prequalified, cost-based selection and lump sum design-build (DB) contract (27%); (V) early builder and trade involvement, with a prequalified, non-cost based selection and GMP DB contract (18%). Compared to existing classifications of project delivery methods, these classes are data-driven typologies that represent how participants are procured and organized into a project team. The findings have implications as an alternative classification system in project delivery research and as guidance to owners considering their project delivery options.     

Analysing construction project coalitions: exploring the application of social network analysis

The construction industry is currently in transition as a result of innovations in procurement and project management approaches, in particular, the utilization of supply chain management, and technology or work clusters in the context of partnering relationships between project coalition actors and the client organization. These new strategies require an analytical method that deals with actor interdependence and provides an appropriate level of detail and quantitative data in relation to the non‐linear, complex, iterative and interactive process that construction projects comprise. The construction project is conceptualized as a number information exchange networks, classified according to the principal project functions and supported by performance incentive and contractual relationship networks. The point centrality of the project actors within these various networks provides quantitative data and graphical representation of the governance of construction projects and the changes brought about by innovations in procurement and project management techniques. Social network analysis (SNA) provides an important new quantitative approach in the comparative analysis of procurement and project management of construction projects. SNA enables traditional project coalition management approaches to be compared with those associated with innovative management approaches. Quantitative analysis relates to the appropriateness and effectiveness of both financial incentives and contractual conditions involved in the governance of construction projects.     

建设工程项目柔性概念框架研究

建设工程项目面临很大的不确定,柔性是一种应对不确定性的有效工具。以往柔性的研究通常集中在运作管理、供应链、战略管理等领域,建设工程领域关于柔性的探讨有限,且多集中于项目的生产属性,忽视了项目的交易属性。在文献综述的基础上,工程项目的不确定性表现在:项目需求、项目管理绩效达成、交易双方相互关系3个方面;基于此,建设工程项目的柔性被划分为项目产品柔性、过程柔性和合同柔性,研究了柔性的获得渠道;建立了不同条件下建设工程项目柔性策略矩阵;并对未来建设工程项目柔性的研究做了展望。     

Alternative strategies for urban redevelopment: A case study in a squatter housing neighborhood of Ankara

Since the 1980s, the redevelopment of squatter housing settlements has been a primary policy focus of the local and central authorities in Turkey. Their strategies have adopted two different models: one approach was not effective at generating redevelopment activity and produced low quality living environments, and the other approach resulted in dislocation and gentrification. The literature stresses three issues. First, redevelopment sites are areas where market forces failed; thus, they are perceived as high risk, low-demand, and low-return investments with high transaction costs. Second, institutions that lower transaction costs boost market forces and increase economic performance in property development. Third, local authorities remain active in urban redevelopment; despite having no direct tools for local economic development, they do have tools for urban development. This study reformulates the basic transaction cost thesis and hypothesizes that local authorities can boost urban redevelopment by making changes to institutions or ‘the rules of the game’ by increasing information flow, positive externalities and perceived returns and by decreasing transaction costs, negative externalities and risks, all of which motivate land owners and house-builders. To test this hypothesis, I have conducted household surveys and semi-structured interviews with house-builders in a squatter housing neighborhood undergoing a gradual transformation. The goal of this study was to search for the impacts of the local authority’s strategies on homeowner inertia, private sector disinvestment and the implications of urban redevelopment. My findings revealed that the local authorities can produce desirable results for less attractive neighborhoods with the help of marketing, institutional strategies and effective land use planning without leading to dislocation and gentrification. Overall, this study suggests that ‘institutional’ strategies are crucial for urban policies and future urban redevelopment activities.