水位变化诱发粉土边坡失稳离心模型试验

粉土具有明显的非饱和土力学特性,坡内外水位变化诱发粉土边坡失稳是常见工程灾害之一。分别针对坡内和坡外水位变化诱发的粉土边坡失稳情况,开展了相应的离心模型试验研究,结合非饱和土力学相关理论分析和数值模拟,揭示了粉土边坡在两种情况下的变形及失稳模式和发生机制。结果表明：当坡内水位超过1/3坡高后,在坡内渗流作用下,粉土边坡呈现逐级侵蚀剥落、从坡脚向坡顶、由浅层向深层的多级滑坡失稳;坡外水位上升将导致松散粉土边坡发生显著湿陷变形,而坡外水位骤降将造成粉土边坡的多重浅层牵引式滑坡。粉土边坡的失稳模式和发展与粉土的非饱和土力学特性密切相关。最后根据模型试验结果提出了相应的粉土边坡渗流失稳工程控制措施。     

降雨特性对土质边坡失稳的影响

 通过降雨诱发土质边坡失稳的模型试验及已有研究成果来探讨降雨特性对边坡失稳的影响,并以此来选取出合适的雨量预警参数。研究结果表明：高强度降雨较易使边坡产生流滑破坏且冲蚀现象较为明显;而低雨强长历时的降雨较易使边坡深层土体的孔隙水压力增加,因此较易产生滑动型破坏且滑坡体的规模也较大;此外,降雨型滑坡存在“门槛累积雨量”。该研究成果揭示了降雨入渗对边坡稳定性的作用机制,并以此建议采用降雨强度与累积雨量作为雨量预警基准所需的参数,其中降雨强度参数可用时雨量表示,时雨量可用以衡量流滑型滑坡和泥石流灾害,而累积雨量则有助于评估滑动型滑坡的灾害。     

增湿条件下黄土陡坡变形特性及稳定性分析

降雨入渗诱发的黄土边坡病害屡见报道,黄土遇水软化以及近坡表非饱和区基质吸力降低是边坡失稳的主要原因。本文采用有限差分数值计算软件,通过软件内置语言编制相关计算程序,考虑降雨过程中非饱和区基质吸力、非饱和渗透系数以及土体强度参数的变化情况,并采用自定义非饱和土强度折减法对降雨过程中黄土陡坡稳定性进行评价。研究结果表明:降雨入渗对非饱和黄土陡坡的稳定性影响很大,随降雨历时增加,湿润锋线不断向坡体内部推进,非饱和区基质吸力减小,边坡安全系数降低;边坡最大水平位移出现在坡脚处,潜在滑动面呈现出浅层滑动趋势。     

考虑降雨影响的非饱和土基坑边坡突变失稳分析

降雨入渗往往是非饱和土基坑边坡失稳的主要诱发因素之一,同时边坡失稳又具有突发性。基于突变理论提出了考虑降雨入渗影响的非饱和土基坑边坡稳定性分析方法。根据分析边坡稳定性的塑性极限方法的上限理论建立了边坡失稳尖点突变模型,并得出边坡突发式滑坡的特征关系式,用突变理论对非饱和土边坡稳定进行了初步研究。研究表明,基坑边坡失稳是一种突发性的破坏,外界环境的变化(如降雨入渗导致土体抗剪强度的降低)是基坑边坡发生突发性破坏的决定性因素。     

持续小强度降雨入渗对非饱和土边坡稳定性的动态影响

以含水量作为土体抗剪强度的主要控制参量,分析了边坡含水量和抗剪强度随降雨时间的变化特性,建立了持续小强度降雨入渗条件下非饱和边坡土的总凝聚力和内摩擦角与时间的关系.随着降雨持续进行,边坡降雨影响区域扩大.通过FLAC3D进行强度折减,得到了持续降雨过程不同时间段的边坡动态安全系数和边坡失稳前的持续时间.工程计算结果表明,持续小强度降雨条件下边坡临界滑动面仍处在非饱和状态.     

基于ABAQUS非饱和膨胀土边坡降雨入渗分析

降雨是诱发边坡失稳的主要原因之一,研究降雨引发滑坡机理分析具有重大现实意义。文章基于ABAQUS有限元软件模拟非饱和土边坡降雨入渗分析,结合滤纸法试验推导出适用于贵州省某区域非饱和膨胀土的土水特征曲线拟合公式;结合流固耦合理论和强度折减理论探究了降雨入渗下非饱和土边坡渗流场、位移场及稳定性的变化规律。结果表明:非饱和土基质吸力与含水率呈负相关;降雨入渗过程边坡地下水位差异抬升产生水平渗流力作用以及土体吸力减小强度降低是引发边坡失稳的主要原因。     

降雨入渗条件下非饱和黏土边坡稳定性分析

大量研究表明,主要且直接诱发边坡失稳的主要因数是降雨,雨水入渗对非饱和土质边坡稳定性的影响最大。分析非饱和黏土边坡基质吸力和渗流场影响,采用有限元软件FLAC2D建立非饱和黏土边坡的数值模型,研究计算在降雨强度不同条件下,降雨时间相同和降雨总量相同这两种情况对边坡稳定性的影响。结果表明:非饱和黏土边坡内部的剪应变增量随降雨强度的变大而增大,边坡的位移也和降雨强度呈正相关关系,降雨强度越大越容易造成黏土边坡表层失稳。     

降雨入渗对泥岩–土混填路堤稳定性的影响

 降雨入渗是诱发泥岩–土混填路堤边坡失稳的主要因素之一,为了揭示降雨对泥岩–土混填路堤边坡稳定影响的变化规律,选取济邵高速公路一典型路段的泥岩–土混填路堤边坡进行人工降雨模拟试验,对边坡土体中的孔隙水压力、边坡土压力和变形进行监测;探讨雨水入渗对路堤边坡稳定性的影响,推断滑坡的形成机制和预测边坡的稳定发展趋势。原位综合监测和数值分析结果表明：降雨入渗影响下泥岩–土混填路堤边坡的滑动变形区的变形量以坡面最大。裂缝的出现使得雨水更容易进入深层土体,土体吸水崩解、软化,强度急剧下降,使得边坡的稳定性安全系数在降雨后显著降低。     

降雨诱发不同类型土质滑坡研究综述

不同土体类型,降雨诱发土质滑坡成因机理、变形破坏特征、启动条件等存在明显区别。若降雨型滑坡研究未按滑坡土体类型进行区分,不利于深入认识降雨型滑坡,故开展降雨诱发不同类型土质滑坡研究具有重要意义。对填土、黄土、碎石土、膨胀土及其他特殊土等土质边坡在降雨作用下的滑坡机理、破坏模式及预警判据进行了详细的综述,讨论了目前存在的主要问题,并对今后的研究方向作了展望。指出降雨作用下不同类型土质滑坡特征、降雨诱发特殊土滑坡变形破坏过程及降雨诱发不同土质滑坡预警判据等方面尚有待深入研究。相关成果对降雨型滑坡的研究与防治具有参考价值。     

降雨入渗对泥岩-土混填路堤稳定性的影响

降雨入渗是诱发泥岩-土混填路堤边坡失稳的主要因素之一,为了揭示降雨对泥岩-土混填路堤边坡稳定影响的变化规律,选取济邵高速公路一典型路段的泥岩-土混填路堤边坡进行人工降雨模拟试验,对边坡土体中的孔隙水压力、边坡土压力和变形进行监测;探讨雨水入渗对路堤边坡稳定性的影响,推断滑坡的形成机制和预测边坡的稳定发展趋势.原位综合监测和数值分析结果表明:降雨入渗影响下泥岩-土混填路堤边坡的滑动变形区的变形量以坡面最大.裂缝的出现使得雨水更容易进入深层土体,土体吸水崩解、软化,强度急剧下降,使得边坡的稳定性安全系数在降雨后显著降低.     

降雨触发不同级配堆积体滑坡模型试验研究

深入研究降雨条件下堆积体坡失稳规律对滑坡预测预报和防灾减灾具有重要的理论意义和工程实用价值。开发研制了降雨滑坡室内模型试验系统,对3种配制的堆积体土样进行了模型试验。研究了降雨条件下堆积体土坡的渗流、变形、破坏和颗粒运移的规律,探讨颗粒级配对堆积体土坡稳定性的影响。结果表明:坡内土体体积含水率、孔隙水压力和吸力随降雨历程响应明确;湿润锋到达后体积含水率和孔隙水压力持续增加而吸力持续减小,达到峰值后稳定;降雨停止后体积含水率和孔隙水压力立即降低而吸力逐渐增大。坡体破坏瞬时土体位移有一个加速过程。颗粒级配(含石量)对土坡破坏模式具有显著的影响;堆积体含石量为13%,19%,41%的土坡破坏模式分别为多级后退式破坏、冲蚀引起的局部浅层滑动破坏和块状滑动破坏;含石量越小,滑裂面越明显;含石量对细颗粒流失也有影响,含石量越大细颗粒流失越显著,坡脚细颗粒含量越大。     

Theoretical analysis and model test for rainfall-induced shallow landslides in the red-bed area of Sichuan

Heavy rainfall is a key cause of shallow landslides in red-bed terrains with steep topography and residual soils of degradable strength. In this study, laboratory model tests were carried out to examine the characteristics of rainfall infiltration, deformation, and failures of slopes in the red-bed area of Sichuan. The hydrological response and deformation of the slope soil during rainfall are addressed. Based on a modified Green–Ampt infiltration model, ponding along the bedrock surface is incorporated. A physically based model for shallow landslides caused by rainfall is developed. The theoretical analysis and the model test results indicate that the slope failures are related to erosion in the shallow soil layer and rainwater infiltration, particularly along preferential seepage channels. The process of rainfall-induced shallow landslides can be separated into three stages: erosion at the slope toe, tension crack formation at the slope crest, and shallow sliding. When initial underground water level is located at the bedrock surface or the preferential seepage flow quickly reaches the bedrock surface, it is easier for the soil slopes to slide along the bedrock surface than along the wetting front.     

Instrumented model slopes to investigate the effects of slope inclination on rainfall-induced landslides

Rainfall infiltration is considered as one of the most significant factors triggering slope instability as a number of slope failure occurrences have been documented during or immediately after a rainfall. The rainfall-induced slope instability is governed by a complex interaction of topographical, hydrological and geological conditions of the slopes. Hence slope inclination is vital in determining slope stability under rainfall. Although studies have been carried out to investigate the mechanism of rainfall-induced slope failure, limited compelling experimental studies have been conducted on the factors influencing the initiation of slope failure. In this study, instrumented model slopes were subjected to artificial rainfalls to investigate the effects of the slope inclination on slope stability, and a validated numerical model was developed using the test results from the instrumented model slopes. The outcomes of the study prove that the slopes become more susceptible to sudden collapse during rainfall as the slope angle increases. Further, the results highlight that when the slope inclination is 1.2 times greater than the friction angle of the soil, the failure is initiated by the loss of soil suction, and when it is smaller than or equal to 1.2 times the friction angle of the soil, the failure is initiated by the positive pore water pressure developed at the toe of the slope.     

强降雨下无黏性土坡破坏的影响因素试验研究

利用自行研制的室内水槽模型试验系统,对日本#6,#7和#8硅砂试样开展了固定降雨强度(90 mm/h)下诱发无黏性土坡破坏的模型试验;描述了强降雨条件下无黏性土坡的破坏过程,探讨了坡体厚度、前缘卸荷、土样颗粒尺寸及细颗粒含量对破坏过程的影响规律,分析了土坡破坏过程中的孔隙水压力响应特征.结果表明:①在持续强降雨作用下,...     

Response of Unsaturated Sandy Soils Under Constant Shear Stress Drained Condition

In order to understand the mechanism and conditions leading to failure of sandy slopes due to the infiltration of rainwater, constant shear stress drained triaxial tests were conducted on three sets of soil samples-normal sand, gravelly sand and silty sand-taken from natural slopes where large-scale landslides have occurred in the past. Water was infiltrated from the bottom of an initially unsaturated soil specimen under constant shear stress drained condition until failure occurred. Such a loading pattern simulated the stress path followed by a soil element on a potential failure plane on a slope subjected to rainwater infiltration. The effects of various parameters reflecting the initial condition, such as relative density, principal stress ratio, degree of saturation and infiltration rate, on the development of deformation during the infiltration process were investigated. The test results confirmed that the development of pore water pressure within the soil is the main reason for the failure of slopes during heavy rainfall. The results obtained can serve as guidelines in developing warning systems against impending rainfall-induced slope failures.     

Effect study of cracks on behavior of soil slope under rainfall conditions

Deep-seated landslides in slopes are often induced by rainfall due to pre-existing cracks or weak layers. A series of centrifuge model tests under rainfall conditions were conducted on slopes with different types of cracks. The histories of suction and displacement of the slope were measured during the tests to investigate the infiltration–deformation–failure process of the slopes. The wetting front curved notably near the crack under rainfall conditions. The deformation of the slope was mainly caused by the saturation of soil and crack-affected water infiltration under rainfall conditions. The displacement process of the slopes with cracks can be divided into a small displacement stage, a rapid increase stage, and a stable stage. The influence of the crack on the infiltration and deformation of the slope decreased with increasing distance from the crack. Rainfall induced significant vertical deformation near the vertical crack rather than horizontal deformation. In contrast to the oblique crack, the vertical crack on the slope top was unlikely to lead to global landslide under rainfall conditions. The deformation–failure behavior of the slope with cracks was also affected by the rainfall style and rain intensity.     

降雨条件下含软弱夹层土坡的离心模型试验研究

进行了降雨条件下含软弱夹层黏性土坡的离心模型试验。试验主要研究了降雨条件下坡体的吸力和变形规律,重点分析了软弱夹层对坡体的影响。测量了含软弱夹层黏性土坡的位移和土坡内一点的吸力。试验结果表明由于软弱夹层的遇水软化和高渗透特性,降雨后含软弱夹层黏性土坡在软弱夹层发生滑出。降雨条件下含软弱夹层黏性土坡的变形可以分为均匀变形、错动阶段和滑坡3个阶段。对降雨过程中的吸力变化与坡体应变变化进行了分析,表明可以通过坡体中各点应变的发展反推出降雨入渗时刻和分布。软弱夹层的存在造成了降雨入渗分布的变化,导致了坡体错动带在该处不再连续,并降低了边坡的稳定性。     

Clarifying the hydrological mechanisms and thresholds for rainfall-induced landslide: in situ monitoring of big data to unsaturated slope stability analysis

The development of early warning systems for landslide hazards has long been a challenge because the accuracy of such systems is limited by both the complicated underlying mechanisms of landslides and the lack of in situ data. In this study, we implemented a multivariate threshold criterion that integrates in situ monitoring data and data from unsaturated hydro-mechanical analyses as an early warning system for rainfall-induced landslides in the Wenchuan earthquake region of China. The results indicate that rainfall intensity is closely correlated with the probability of landslide occurrence. Variations in matric suction and suction stress were obtained from in situ measurements and used to quantify the soil water retention curve, which presented clear hysteresis characteristics. The impacts of rainfall infiltration on slope failure in post-earthquake landslide areas under transient rainfall conditions were quantified by hydro-mechanical modelling theories. Variations in the suction stress of unsaturated soil were used to calculate the safety factor. The influence of hydrological hysteresis processes on the slope failure mechanism was analysed. Multivariate threshold criteria that include the intensity–probability (I-P) threshold, soil moisture and matric suction based on in situ big data and unsaturated slope stability analysis benchmarks are proposed for use in an early warning system for rainfall-induced landslides.

     

雨水入渗与膨胀性土边坡稳定性试验研究

采用离心模型试验方法,完成了2组不同坡度的膨胀性土开挖边坡土工离心模型试验,比较了边坡坡度大小对其稳定性的影响,并尝试通过控制注水浸泡时间来模拟短期和长期的雨水入渗,从而再现了降雨条件下膨胀性土开挖边坡的破坏特征和破坏机制。结果分析表明膨胀性开挖边坡表层土体因雨水入渗膨胀软化,强度降低,严重削弱了边坡稳定性;鉴于膨胀性土路堑在雨水入渗后发生浅层滑动破坏,因此,单纯放缓边坡坡度并不是防治这种破坏的最有效措施,重要的是做好隔水防水等处治工作。